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h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Thermal insulation of building envelope plays a key-role in energy saving: a growing interest is focused
Received 7 January 2016 on new materials, such as the recycled and sustainable ones. Innovative mineral fiber insulating panels
Received in revised form 3 February 2016 were developed and investigated as a strategy for building refurbishment. The thermal and acoustic prop-
Accepted 7 February 2016
erties were investigated in order to compare them to conventional solutions. The thermal conductivity
Available online 21 February 2016
was evaluated by means of a Heat Flow meter apparatus: it is in the 0.0310.034 W/(m K) range, depend-
ing on the density. The acoustic absorption coefficient and the Transmission Loss values measured by
Keywords:
means of Kundt’s Tube showed a very good acoustic behavior, when compared to conventional solutions
Mineral fiber panels
Basalt fiber
with similar chemical composition, but worse mechanical resistance, such as rock wool panels. The low
Thermal insulation value of thermal conductivity (0.0312 W/(m K) for a density of 165 kg/m3), together with other charac-
Acoustic characterization teristics such as acoustic insulation improvement, sustainability (very low presence of additives, such
Building refurbishment as resin), mechanical resistance, high resistance to fire, and finally easy application in buildings with very
Thermal insulating materials low thicknesses (927 mm) suggest this solution as a very useful one for building refurbishment, espe-
cially for historical buildings.
Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 075 585 3694; fax: +39 075 585 3697.
E-mail address: elisa.moretti@unipg.it (E. Moretti).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.048
0306-2619/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
422 E. Moretti et al. / Applied Energy 169 (2016) 421–432
Table 1 Table 2
Typical composition of standard basalt fibers [21]. Characteristics of basalt fibers used for the panel [28].
Fig. 1. Basalt-based products available on the market: (a) chopped fibers; (b) roving; (c) grids; (d) rebars; (e) the new insulating panels, net, and veil for building
refurbishment [27,28,30,31].
424 E. Moretti et al. / Applied Energy 169 (2016) 421–432
where:
s: sound transmission coefficient.
TL is determined by a two-load method [39–42]: two consecu-
tive acquisitions are carried out for each sample by modifying the
characteristics of the tube extremity (a reflective and an absorbing
material should be installed). Channels phase displacement errors
are avoided by a calibration procedure.
Three disks for each sample were tested and the mean value of
the absorption coefficient and of the TL were considered. The envi-
ronmental parameters of the laboratory (atmospheric pressure, air
temperature, and relative humidity were measured before starting
each test; the values were used in the measurement elaboration by
the Brüel & Kjær PULSE LabShop.
Fig. 2. Experimental facility for thermal measurements (Heat Flow Meter).
Fig. 3. Experimental facility for acoustic measurements: (a) absorption measurements configuration; (b) Transmission Loss configuration.
Fig. 4. The investigated samples for thermal (a) and acoustic (b) characterization.
The characteristics of all the tested samples are reported in density. As expected, the thermal conductivity coefficient of the
Table 3. samples decreases (linear fits) when the density decreases, sug-
gesting that thermal performance should be improved by using
low densities. Nevertheless, panels with a density lower than
3. Experimental results
145 kg/m3 (BF9_115 and BF9_130) could not be considered due
to their low mechanical resistance. In the next experiments, the
3.1. Thermal performance
investigated samples showed better performance, allowing a ther-
mal conductivity equal to 0.0320 W/(m K), considering a density of
Thermal conductivity results of the proposed materials are
187 kg/m3 (BF9_187new), which diminishes to 0.0312 W/(m K) for
reported in Fig. 5. In the first experimental campaign, the values
a density of 167 kg/m3 (BF9_167new).
were in the 0.03050.0345 W/(m K) range, depending on the panel
426 E. Moretti et al. / Applied Energy 169 (2016) 421–432
Table 3 The transmission loss (TL) levels measured with large tube
Description of the samples for thermal and acoustic measurements. (1001700 Hz) are showed in Fig. 7. The values are consistent with
Specimen Total thickness Density the single panel transmission loss theory [39] and are proportional
(mm) (kg/m3) to frequency and to the surface mass density of the samples (kg/
Thermal characterization m2). Furthermore the transmission loss levels of the samples are
Preliminary campaign BF9_115 9 115 in general quite low, due to the low investigated thicknesses. Much
BF9_130 9 130 more effective panels can be obtained by just increasing the sam-
BF9_145 9 145
BF9_175 9 175
ple thickness and density.
BF9_200 9 200
New developed panels BF9_167 new 9 167
BF9_187 new 9 187 4. Discussion and comparison with conventional materials for
Acoustic characterization building refurbishment
Preliminary campaign BF9_145 9 145
BF9_175 9 175 4.1. Comparison with conventional materials
BF9_200 9 200
BF18_175 18 175
BF27_200 27 200
In order to analyze the perspectives for the investigated insulat-
RW30_95 30 95 ing material, with respect to the market conditions and the future
trends, the comparison was focused on the following main groups
of thermal insulating materials: inorganic fibrous materials (such
as glass wool or rock wool), organic foamy materials, such as
3.2. Acoustic performance
expanded and extruded polystyrene (EPS and XPS, respectively)
and polyurethane (PUR), natural fibers (kenaf, cork, wood fibers,
The average normal incidence absorption coefficient (a) trends
etc.). The European market of insulating materials is indeed dom-
(combination of the large and the small tube measurements,
inated by inorganic materials and organic foams, which account
1005000 Hz) are presented in Fig. 6. The obtained values vs. fre-
for 60% and 27% of the market respectively, whereas natural fibers
quency show the typical trend of porous materials: when a porous
and new technology materials (such as aerogel based materials or
material is exposed to sound, the air molecules within the pores of
VIP – Vacuum Insulation Panels) account for less than 13% all
the material vibrate, transforming some energy into heat. At low
together [43,44]. For the comparison, traditional physical proper-
frequencies, energy losses are isothermal and so limited, whereas
ties, which describe the material behavior in terms of density,
at high frequencies, they are adiabatic and generally more signifi-
mechanical strength, thermal insulation, sound absorption, resis-
cant. In fibrous materials, most of the energy is absorbed by scat-
tance to moisture and fire, etc. were considered; moreover, other
tering from the fibers and the consequent vibration of them [7].
properties dealing with public health, like dust and fibers emis-
For all the samples, the measured values of the sound absorp-
sions, bio-persistence, and toxicity were included in the analysis.
tion coefficient were high at medium and high frequencies,
whereas low values were found at low frequencies. In general,
the normal incidence absorption coefficient increases when 4.1.1. Thermal performance
increasing thickness; nevertheless for frequencies higher than The thermal performance of the basalt fiber panels was com-
1600 Hz, BF18 shows higher values than BF27 (Fig. 6). Further- pared to the one of alternative insulating materials, taking into
more, by increasing both thickness and density, the greatest shift account the thermal conductivity. The comparison is shown in
is at low frequencies, according to refs. [41,42]. The graph also Fig. 8: for each material the representative average values and
shows the average normal incidence absorption coefficient of the the typical range were represented, according to references [43–
sample BF9 for the different densities (145, 175 and 200 kg/m3): 45], due to the high variability depending on the specific applica-
the more the density, the more the absorption coefficient. tions and the manufacturers.
Fig. 8. Comparison with insulating material used in buildings in terms of thermal conductivity (typical values at room temperature and range of variation) [43–45].
428 E. Moretti et al. / Applied Energy 169 (2016) 421–432
Basalt fiber based panels showed the best thermal insulation and the results were compared to the basalt fiber panel
performance when compared to the inorganic fibrous (glass or rock BF27_200 (200 kg/m3, 27 mm thickness) (Fig. 9(a) and (b)). A sim-
wool) or natural (kenaf, cork or wood fiber) materials. The insula- ilar trend was found for absorption coefficients (Fig. 9(a)), but the
tion performance are comparable to the ones of lightweight syn- values for rock wool are 0.10.2 higher than basalt fibers for med-
thetic materials such as expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded ium–high frequencies. Nevertheless, Fig. 9(b) shows that the trans-
polystyrene (XPS) or polyurethane (PUR). In order to obtain better mission loss levels of basalt fiber panels are higher at all
performance, new technologies such as VIP or aerogel based mate- frequencies, due to the higher surface mass density.
rials should be considered [46–50].
Fig. 9. Comparison between basalt fiber panel and rock wool panel: (a) absorption coefficient; (b) normal incidence Transmission Loss.
E. Moretti et al. / Applied Energy 169 (2016) 421–432 429
Table 4
Comparison performance between basalt fiber panels and conventional materials [28,43,44,51–58].
Basalt fiber Rock wool Glass wool EPS XPS PUR Wood fiber Cork
3
Density (kg/m ) 165–187 90–150 13–100 20–50 30–55 30–50 180 65–200
Typical Thicknesses (mm) 9–27 30–200 40–10 20–200 30–160 60–85 10–160 2–12
Thermal conductivity (W/m K) 0.031–0.032 0.033–0.045 0.030–0.045 0.029–0.041 0.025–0.035 0.020–0.027 0.038–0.041 0.037–0.050
Acoustic performance (–) Excellent Excellent Excellent Poor Poor Poor Good Good
Compression stress in correspondence of a 60 70 25 80–200 300 >130 50 85
crushing of 10% (kPa) BS EN 1607:2013
Tensile strength normal to faces (kPa) 350 >10 >10 <150 <150 >50 7.5 200
(BS EN 1607:2013)
Water vapor diffusion resistance factor, 2 1 1 25–200 80–200 50–100 5–10 5–10
l-value (–)
Fire classification (–) (EN 13501-1:2007) A1 A1–A2 A1–A2 B1–B2 B1–B2 B1–B2 E E
Temperature application range (°C) 260 to 700 100 to 750 100 to 500 80 to 80 60 to 75 50 to 120 n.a. n.a.
Additives (7%, resins) >10% 10% n.a. n.a. n.a. Glue Synthetic resins
defined by the technical standard (EN 13501-1:2007), which clas- 120 cm 60 cm [51]) could be easily applied to interior or exterior
sifies the reaction to fire considering several parameters (such as side of walls (Fig. 10(a)): a support structure is necessary for rock
the temperature increase, mass loss rate, heat release and smoke wool panels, whereas fiber basalt panels can be directly glued on
production) giving a rating from E (the worst) to A1 (the best per- the wall, whatever the thickness, due to their higher mechanical
forming, non-combustible). The basalt fiber panels (Table 4) stand resistance; at later stage a final coat (plaster) could be directly
out for their fire resistance properties: they are classified as A1 applied, also using plaster reinforcement and anti-cracking net
material (the temperature application range is very large, from based on basalt fiber (Fig. 10(b) and c).
200 up to 650 °C), whereas other conventional materials have In order to evaluate the in situ performance of the proposed
similar performance (rock and glass wools, depending on the prod- material, different existing buildings were supposed to be refur-
ucts) or worse (such as organic foamy materials, and other natural bished by using the panels: Table 5 shows the thermal transmit-
fibers). tance of different walls, with the internal application of the new
It is important to take into account the typical application thick- insulating panels in the three different thicknesses (9, 18 and
nesses: thanks to the texture of the panels (they are very rigid), the 27 mm, with a final coat of about 12 mm) and their comparison
good thermal properties and the easy installation procedure, the with the application of rock wool. It can be observed that the
basalt fiber panels can be installed in very low thicknesses innovative panels are very effective for a stone wall with a thick-
(927 mm) in comparison with other typical insulating systems ness of about 60 cm (Type 1) (U = 2.14 W/(m2 K)), where by
(see Table 4). applying only 9 mm, the thermal transmittance drops to
In order to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the materials, 1.34 W/(m2 K) (U-red. of about 38%), with a thickness increasing
different tests could be carried out. The tensile strength normal (Ds) of only 1.6%.
to faces can be evaluated as described in BS EN 1607:2013 [59]. Interesting results (U-red. of about 6364%) are obtained for
The tensile strength of the basalt fiber panels is about 350 kPa, the same wall by applying 27 mm of basalt fibers panel or
while the one of a rock wool panel with high density (about 30 mm of rock wool, but the thickness increasing is about
120 kg/m3) is of only 10–20 kPa. Also wood fiber panels have poor 4.84.9%. The same trend should be observed for a brick wall
quality when considering this property (about 7.5 kPa) [51]. and a cavity wall.
Also the compressive strength in compliance with BS EN Nowadays, the cost of the basalt fiber panels varies in 27–30 €/
826:2013 [60] can be measured in correspondence of a crushing m2, considering a thickness of 9 mm, and it is not very different
of 10%: other materials, such as expanded and extruded polystyr- from the cost of rock wool panels with thickness in the 40
ene (EPS and XPS) and Polyurethane (PUR), are more resistant than 60 mm range. Anyway, the price of the new material is expected
Basalt fiber panels. Nevertheless, the compression resistance of to decrease, thanks to the reduction of the transport costs. The inci-
basalt fiber panels is not so bad (about 60 kPa) in comparison with dence of transport is in fact very important, since the factory is
that of glass wool panels (25 kPa) and it is very similar to the com- located in China, and the target value in the short time is about
pression stress of rock wool and cork (7085 kPa). 16 €/m2, suggesting a feasible spread in the market.
Finally, the proposed panel is also an eco-compatible material: The thermal benefit of the panels application in building refur-
the chemical composition of the natural selected basalt fibers bishment can be observed also by means of in situ infrared ther-
shows a high percentage of alumina and the panel is characterized mography analysis. Two panels with different thicknesses were
by an easier recyclability when compared to rock or glass fibers, applied to a concrete wall (300 mm thick) in a building (Fig. 11):
due to very low presence of additives (resins, about 7%). the panels on the left has a total thickness of 9 mm, the second
one (on the right) is 18 mm thick. Infrared thermography was car-
ried out in winter conditions (indoor air temperature of about
4.2. Application and potential for building refurbishment
20 °C, mean outside temperature of 5 °C). The same emissivity
of the surfaces was considered. The thermogram in Fig. 11 shows
Due to their interesting properties, the innovative basalt fiber
that the mean surface temperature in M1 is about 15.4 °C, in M2
insulation panels could be an effective solution for building refur-
it is 16.7 °C, whereas in M3 (without panel) the value is about
bishment, when compared to traditional materials, such as rock
10.9 °C (M3). An increasing of about 46 °C was obtained, due to
wool and glass wool panels, especially for old buildings or flats.
the application of the mineral panels. The results are confirmed
The main advantage is their possible use in small thickness
also by experimental data (surface temperature probes were
(<3 cm), whereas the thickness of rock wool and glass wool panels
applied, as shown in the pictures).
varies in 3–10 cm range. The panels (the proposed dimensions are
430 E. Moretti et al. / Applied Energy 169 (2016) 421–432
Fig. 10. Example of the panels installation for building refurbishment: (a) NobilumÒ Termopanel; (b) NobiliumÒ ret; (c) NobiliumÒ vel.
Table 5
Thermal transmittance values of different types of conventional wall before and after refurbishment with different insulation materials.
Fig. 11. In situ application of the proposed panels: view of the investigated panels (9 mm think on the left, 18 mm think on the right) applied to a concrete wall (with a
thickness of 300 mm) and the infrared Thermography analysis.
E. Moretti et al. / Applied Energy 169 (2016) 421–432 431
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