Solubility

-the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent.
The solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on the physical and chemical properties of the solute and solvent as
well as on temperature, pressure and the pH of the solution.

Principle of Solubility

“Like dissolves like.”

A solid that dissolves in a solvent is soluble while a solid that does not dissolve is said to be insoluble.

Miscibility

-refers to mixing liquids in one another.

Two liquids are miscible if they mix with each other completely. If two liquids do not mix completely, but form
two layers instead, they are immiscible.

The Polarity of a Molecule Based on Its Structure

There are millions of different molecules, and there are many ways to sort them. One way to classify them is based on
polarity.

Polarity means having dipoles, a positive and a negative end. Based on polarity, molecules can be polar or nonpolar.

Polar molecules have dipoles. Their dipole moments do not add up to zero (or do not cancel out). Water and carbon
monoxide are examples of polar molecules.

Nonpolar molecules do not have positive or negative ends. Their dipole moments add up to zero (they cancel out).
Carbon tetrachloride and methane are examples of nonpolar molecules.

Generally, you can tell if a molecule is polar or nonpolar based on:

 its structure or shape

 the polarity of the individual bonds present in the molecule

Steps in Determining the Polarity of a Molecule

1. Draw the correct Lewis structure and molecular geometry of the molecule.
2. Identify the polarity of each bond present in the molecule. A bond is polar when the atoms in the bond have
different electronegativities. Recall that electronegativity is the measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a
bonding pair of electrons. (You may use the periodic table to determine the electronegativity values of the atoms.)
3. Draw the dipole moment vectors for polar bonds. The dipole moment vector points to the more electronegative
atom.

4. Determine the sum of the dipole moment vectors. If the dipole moments cancel out each other, the molecule is
nonpolar; otherwise, it is polar.