“METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION OF ROAD”

The road construction types or methods are classified as below:

1. Earth road and gravel roads
2. Soil stabilized roads
3. Water bound macadam road
4. Bituminous or black top road
5. Cement concrete road

 EARTH ROAD AND GRAVEL ROADS:

All the roads do not carter for same amount of traffic volume or intensity.
Since the funds available at hand for financing the construction projects are
also meager, it is necessary to have roads which cost very less. Earth roads
and stabilized roads are typical examples of low cost roads.
These earth and gravel roads are the one we generally see in village areas,
these are built without and sub grade preparation and are generally washed
out in rainy season.
 SOIL STABILIZED ROAD:

Soil stabilized roads are built the same way as earth roads or gravel roads but
the sub grade soil is prepared by compacting to increase its California Bearing
Ratio which in turns stabilizes the road under heavy loads.
 WATER BOUND MACADAM (WBM):

The roads are constructed as follows:

Sub grade preparation

1. Preparation of existing surface
2. Spraying of binder
3. Spreading of stone aggregates
4. Rolling of first coat
5. Application of binder and aggregates for second coat
6. Rolling of second coat (if required)
7. Opening to traffic

BITUMINOUS OR BLACK TOP ROAD ARE CONSTRUCTED AS

FOLLOWS:
1. Sub grade preparation
2. Spreading of coarse aggregate and compaction
3. Base coarse preparation
4. Prime coat
5. Spreading of bituminous mix
6. Compaction of bituminous macadam
7. Sand spraying
8. Opening to traffic
 CEMENT CONCRETE ROADS ARE CONSTRUCTED AS FOLLOWS:

1. Preparation of sub grads or sub base

2. Fixing of forms
3. Placing of reinforcement
4. Mixing and laying of concrete
5. Compaction and finishing
6. Curing
7. Opening to traffic

MACHINES:
 Excavator
 Grader
 Scraper
 Bull dozers
 Asphalt paver

INSTRUMENTS:
 Total station/Auto level
 Prism
 Staff

TESTS APPLIED DURING ROAD CONSTRUCTION:

SOIL TESTS:
 In-situ moisture content
 Specific gravity of soil
 Particle size distribution
 Proctor test
 CBR test

AGGREGATE TESTS:
 Crushing test
 Abrasion test
 Impact test
 Soundness test
 Shape test
 Specific gravity and water absorption test
 Bitumen adhesion test

QUALITY CONTROL TESTS:

CEMENT:
Initial and final setting time, compressive strength test.

REINFORCING STEEL:
Determination of yield & ultimate stress, %elongation test, bend etc.
CONCRETE:
Workability test, compressive strength test, temp. monitoring of concrete.
Sieve analysis for coarse aggregates for pavement & selected fill materials, flakiness
index, aggregate impact value.