Escolar Documentos
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Magnetic Measurement
Techniques
Animesh Jain
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
US Particle Accelerator School on Superconducting Accelerator Magnets
Santa Barbara, California, June 23-27, 2003
Outline
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)/
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)
• Hall Probes
• Magnetoresistors
• Fluxgate Magnetometers
• Flux Measurements with Pick Up Coils
• Magnetic Alignment – center and direction
• Summary
USPAS, Santa Barbara, June 23-27, 2003 2 Animesh Jain, BNL
NMR/EPR Principle
• A particle with a spin and a magnetic
moment precesses around an applied field.
• The quantum energy levels are split into
several discrete levels, depending on the
spin of the particle.
• The energy gap between these levels is
proportional to the applied field.
• A resonant absorption of RF energy occurs
at a frequency corresponding to energy gap.
USPAS, Santa Barbara, June 23-27, 2003 3 Animesh Jain, BNL
NMR/EPR Principle
I = Spin
Precession γ = Gyromagnetic ratio
Applied M = Magnetic Moment
Field = γ.h.I
B
Energy = B.M
M
Spin component along the
field direction can take
Magnetic integral values from –I to
Moment +I. ⇒ Energy gap = γ.h.B
Frequency = γ.B
USPAS, Santa Barbara, June 23-27, 2003 4 Animesh Jain, BNL
Gyromagnetic Ratio
Particle γ (MHz/T) Application
–
e 28026.5 0.5 to 3.2 mT
1
H 42.576396 0.04 to 2 T
2
H 6.53569 2 T to 14 T
3
He 32.4336 Cryogenic
27
Al 11.0942 Cryogenic
USPAS, Santa Barbara, June 23-27, 2003 5 Animesh Jain, BNL
NMR Magnetometer
VCO
RF
Sample
&
Probe Hold
∆B Trigger
B Modulation
Oscillator
∆B/B ~ 10–4 to 10–3; 30-70 Hz
NMR Signal
Resonance occurs
with
at Zero value of
f and B0
matched modulating signal.
NMR signals
B0 arrive at even
B0+∆B(t) intervals.
field.
–
VHall = G ⋅ RH ⋅ I ⋅ B cos θ
VHall
G = Geometric factor
RH = Hall Coefficient
[sin(2ψ1 ) + sin(2ψ 2 )]
= 0; [ψ 2 = 90° + ψ1 ]
Based on:
R. Prigl, IMMW-11, BNL.
USPAS, Santa Barbara, June 23-27, 2003 11 Animesh Jain, BNL
Hall Measurement Specifications
H t
M2
t
V
Zero output in
Excitation detection coil
Profile (H )
is symmetric t
Based on: L. Bottura, CAS on
H Superconductivity, Erice, 2002
USPAS, Santa Barbara, June 23-27, 2003 17 Animesh Jain, BNL
Fluxgate Principle: Non-Zero Field
M M M1
M1+M2
H t
M2
t
V
Output of
detection coil
Excitation
t
Profile (H ) is
asymmetric Based on: L. Bottura, CAS on
H0 H Superconductivity, Erice, 2002
USPAS, Santa Barbara, June 23-27, 2003 18 Animesh Jain, BNL
Fluxgate Characteristics
• Highly sensitive, linear, directional device.
• Typical field range ~ a few mT.
(Limited by capability of the bias coils)
• Bandwidth: DC to ~ 1 kHz.
• Sensitivity: ~ 20 pT (~1 nT commercial).
• Accuracy: ~ 0.1%
(depends on calibration and stability)
• Used in navigation, geology, mapping of
fringe fields, etc.
USPAS, Santa Barbara, June 23-27, 2003 19 Animesh Jain, BNL
DCCT: A Special Fluxgate
detection
DC Current
coil Transformer
B Senses magnetic
bias field produced by a
coil current carrying
conductor passing
through a toroidal
core.
I Used for accurate
measurement of high
currents
Current to be excitation (~10-100 ppm typical)
measured
coil
Courtesy:
L. Bottura, CERN.
USPAS, Santa Barbara, June 23-27, 2003 20 Animesh Jain, BNL
Flux Measurements: Induction Law
Flux through a coil defined
by the surface S is:
B Φ = ∫ B⋅d S
S
Digital Votmeter:
Gives rate of change
of flux. Numerical
Integration and/or
well controlled coil
movement is needed.
Colloidal Cell
Stretched Wire Measurements
• Place ferromagnetic
• Move a stretched wire in a magnet fluid in the field
• Measure change in flux for various • Illuminate with
types of motion. polarized light
• Use expected field symmetry to • Observe with
locate the magnetic center. crossed analyzer
USPAS, Santa Barbara, June 23-27, 2003 26 Animesh Jain, BNL
Determination of Field Direction
Encoder Coil
Rotating Coils
• Angular Encoder and
Gravity Sensors
Gravity • Accuracy 50-100 µrad
Sensors • Frequent re-calibrations
BEAM
SPLITTER Mirror
& Needle
LASER
MAGNETIC OPTICAL
• For solenoids
NEEDLE FILTER
• Resolution
MIRROR
POSITION SENSITIVE DETECTOR ~ 10 µrad
Based on: C. Crawford et al., FNAL and BINP, Proc. PAC'99, p. 3321-3