15mel68 - Cama Lab

DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF
TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

Udayapura, Kanakapura Main Road,
Opp. Art of Living, Bangalore-560 082
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY

MANUAL
(FEM LAB-15MEL68)
6TH SEMESTER
NAME: _____________________________________________________
USN:_____________________________YEAR:_____________________
BATCH: ___________________ SEM / SECTION:_________________

INSTITUTE VISION
To strive at creating the institution a centre of highest calibre of learning, so
as to create an overall intellectual atmosphere with each deriving strength from
the other to be the best of engineers, scientists and mathematicians.
INSTITUTE MISSION
 To serve its region, state, the nation and globally by preparing students to
make meaningful contributions in an increasing complex global society.
 To encourage, reflection on and evaluation of emerging needs and priorities
with state of art infrastructure.
 To support research and services establishing enhancements in technical,
health, economic, human and cultural development.
 To establish inter disciplinary center of excellence.
 To increase the number of Doctorate holders to promote research culture on
campus.
DEPARTMENT VISION
In consistence of vision of the Institute Department of Mechanical
Engineering strive the best quality of the Teaching and Learning in Thermal,
Design and Manufacturing with Innovations, sustainable technologies,
entrepreneurship and certified courses for societal symbiosis.
DEPARTMENT MISSION
M1. To impart knowledge in basic & applied areas of Mechanical
Engineering.
M2. To empower the students by updating with latest technologies.
M3. To establish MOU’s with industries/Organisations for student’s
internship/joint research and consultancy for staff & Students.
M4. Imbibing social & ethical values in students, staff & faculty through
Personality development programs.
M5. To organize and conduct technical training courses for academicians with
industry institute interaction by utilizing the available resources

Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs):

ME PEO 1 Mechanical Engineering students are very well trained to
have knowledge and career based objectives to survive in
this competitive world.
ME PEO 2 The students are acquired additional knowledge on
interdisciplinary skills & Leadership qualities to become
an entrepreneur in anywhere in the Universe and updating
themselves with Innovating Indigenous technologies.
ME PEO 3 To motivate students to do higher studies in specific
specialised areas of mechanical Engineering & explore
possible profession in Researchers, academicians and self-
employment.
ME PEO 4 All students are convinced & attracted to do additional
certified courses beyond the University curriculum,
particularly in the field of advanced software’s, Non-
traditional machining, Desktop etc.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:
PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics,
science, engineering fundamentals, and an mechanical
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature,
and analyse complex mechanical engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex
mechanical engineering problems and design system components
or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.

PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-
based knowledge and research methods including design of
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate
techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools
including prediction and modelling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the
contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and
cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the
professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional
ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO9 Individual and team work: An ability to function on
multidisciplinary teams. Function effectively as an individual,
and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in
multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex
engineering activities with the engineering community and with
society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the engineering and management principles and
apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team,
to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the
preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long
learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO):
ME PSO1 An ability to find out, articulate the local industrial problems
and solve with the use of mechanical engineering tools for
realistic outcomes.
ME PSO2 Ability to collaborative learning to find out cost-effective,
optimal solution for social problems.

CONTENTS
Sl. Page
Title
No. No.
1. Institute Vison
2. Institute Mission
3. Department Vision
4. Department Mission
5. Program Educational Objectives
6. Program Outcomes
7. Program Specific Outcomes
8. Course Details
Course Objectives
Course Outcome
Syllabus
9. Cycle of Experiments
10. Finite Element Analysis: Designing the Future 1
11. Introduction to FEA 5
12. ANSYS 12
13. Problems on Bars 21
14. Problems on Trusses 36
15. Problems on Beams 44
16. Plane Stress Problem 63
17. Heat Transfer Problems 66
18. Dynamic Analysis of Beams & Bars 70
19. Additional Problems apart from Curriculum for Demo 80
Purpose only.
20. Additional Sheets for Solving Practice Problems 81
20. Viva Voce 91
Course Details as per CBCS Scheme- 6th Semester
Code 15MEL68 IA Marks 20
Number of Lecture Hrs / week 01 Exam Marks 80
Numbers of Practical Hrs / week 02 Exam Hours 03
Credits 02
Course objectives:
The course is intended to provide basic understanding of Modeling and Analysis techniques for
students with following aspects:
 To acquire basic understanding of Modeling and Analysis software.
 To understand the different kinds of analysis and apply the basic principles to find out the
stress and other related parameters of bars, beams loaded with loading conditions.
 To lean to apply the basic principles to carry out dynamic analysis to know the natural
frequency of different kind of beams.
PART-A
Study of a FEA package and Modeling and stress analysis of:
1. Bars of constant cross section area, tapered cross section area and stepped bar.
2. Trusses (Minimum 2 exercises of different types).
3. Beams Simply supported, cantilever, beams with point load, UDL, beams with
varying load etc. (Minimum 6 exercises different nature).
4. Stress analysis of a rectangular plate with a circular hole
PART-A
5. Thermal Analysis – 1D & 2D problem with conduction and convection boundary
conditions (Minimum 4 exercises of different types).
6. Dynamic Analysis to find
a) Fixed – fixed beam for natural frequency determination.
b) Bar subjected to forcing function.
c) Fixed – fixed beam subjected to forcing function

PART-C
7. Demonstrate the use of graphics standards (IGES, STEP etc.) to import the model from
modeler to solver.
8. Demonstrate one example of contact analysis to learn the procedure to carry out contact
analysis.
9. Demonstrate at least two different type of example to model and analyse bars or plates
made from composite material
Reference Books:
1. A first course in the Finite element method, Daryl L Logan, Thomason, Third
Edition.
2. Fundaments of FEM, Hutton – McGraw Hill, 2004
3. Finite Element Analysis, George R. Buchanan, Schaum Series
Scheme for Examination:
PART-A 32 Marks (8 Write-up + 24)

PART-B 32 Marks (8 Write-up + 24)
Viva Voce 16 Marks
TOTAL 80 Marks
COURSE OUTCOMES: At the end of the course, the student shall be able to:
CO’s Statement
1. Demonstrate the basic features of an analysis package.
2. Use the modern tools to formulate the problem, and able to create geometry, discretise,
apply boundary condition to solve problems of bars, truss, beams, plate to find stress
with different loading conditions.
3. Demonstrate the deflection of beams subjected to point, uniformly distributed and
varying loads further to use the available results to draw shear force and bending
moment diagrams.
4. Analyse the given problem by applying basic principle to solve and demonstrate 1D
and 2D heat transfer with conduction and convection boundary conditions.
5. Carry out dynamic analysis and finding natural frequencies for various boundary
conditions and also analyse with forcing function.
CO – PO Mapping:
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
CO1 3 3 2 1 3
CO2 3 3 3 1 2 1 2 3
CO3 3 3 3 1 2 1 2 3
CO4 3 3 3 1 2 1 2 3
CO5 3 3 3 1 2 1 2 3
1. Slightly (Low) 2. Moderate (Medium) 3. Substantial (High)

Cycle of Experiments
Week Date Experiment Name
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Modeling & Analysis Lab (FEM Lab) 15MEL68
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS: DESIGNING THE FUTURE
A plethora of tools and technologies are employed in design & engineering, but one of them shines
brighter than the rest for its versatility and capability to optimize designs even before the first prototype
is constructed: Finite Element Analysis (FEA), otherwise known as Finite Element Method (FEM).
This method of engineering is one of the most important tools used by many industries such as Rolls-
Royce., General Electric and almost all automotive industries in order to study several of the key aspects
of any design process: stress, structural, life, vibration, dynamics, thermal aspects, thermo-mechanics,
aeromechanics, optimization and robustness analysis.
In fact, it is one of the most important technical capabilities employed, second only to Computer Aided
Design (CAD). FEA is an extremely prevalent Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) technique used in
several industries, such as the oil, automotive, aerospace, construction industries, and even used by
biomedical and textile businesses.
The Methodology of Finite Element Analysis
This analytical methodology has been used since the 1960s. In the years since its first use, Finite Element
Analysis has grown and developed into a standard of design engineering worldwide. It has spawned
several commercial software packages which are used around the world, such as: ABAQUS, ANSYS,
NX Nastran and Autodesk Inventor to name a few. Whilst the applications and technological capabilities
may vary between different pieces of software, the cornerstone principle of the methodology is a
constant.
In first step of the FEA process, the user generates a computer model of the geometry of the real object
which is to be analyzed. Next, the component is segmented into a huge number of individual elements
(usually hundreds of thousands) with a basic shape, such as cubes or prisms. Material properties are
assigned to each element and this model is subjected to various conditions, such as external forces or
loads.
Simple mathematical equations then predict the behavior for each of the elements. Using computational
methods, all of these behaviors are combined and the overall behavior of the actual object is predicted,
from the stresses acting on a component to the vibration of each part.
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, DSATM, Bengaluru-82 Page 1 of 90

The Keystone of Engineering Design
Currently, finite element methods are so embedded within the world of engineering that even an
undergraduate mechanical engineering student would have already worked with a FEA package, such
as ANSYS or ABAQUS, during his or her academic studies. Efforts are currently being made on an
international scale by universities in conjunction with leading companies in order to train the next
generation of design engineers.
This software allows students to work in multinational teams in order to design the next generation of
automobiles. Students commonly use finite element techniques in order to evaluate their designs, such
as gauging the strength of the chassis design in the event of a crash.
Rear axle of automobile
Finite element models are typically deployed to evaluate everything from a full vehicle in motion/NVH
(Noise, Vibration & Harshness)/Durability of car engine in its operational environment, to the welding
and bolts that keep the chassis and the car seats together.
Garbage In-Garbage Out

However, a word of caution for amateur users! FEA method is not without fault and a bad assessment
due to an inferior element selection or an inaccurate load selection can result in all kinds of failures. This
directs us to the most paramount and significant principle of finite element methods: ‘Garbage In-
Garbage Out’.

CFD Overview
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical
analysis and data structures to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. Computers are used
to perform the calculations required to simulate the interaction of liquids and gases with surfaces defined
by boundary conditions. With high-speed supercomputers, better solutions can be achieved. Ongoing
research yields software that improves the accuracy and speed of complex simulation scenarios such
as transonic or turbulent flows. Initial experimental validation of such software is performed using
a wind tunnel with the final validation coming in full-scale testing, e.g. flight tests. Numerical
simulations of fluid flow will enable-
 architects to design comfortable and safe living environments

 Designers of vehicles to improve the aerodynamic characteristics
 Chemical engineers to maximize the yield from their equipment
 Petroleum engineers to devise optimal oil recovery strategies
 Surgeons to cure arterial diseases (computational hemodynamic)
 Meteorologists to forecast the weather and warn of natural disasters
 Safety experts to reduce health risks from radiation and other hazards
 Military organizations to develop weapons and estimate the damage
CFD Applications

Ansys Software Capabilities

1. INTRODUCTION TO FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Most often the Mathematical models result in algebraic, differential or integral equations or
combinations thereof. Seldom these equations can be solved in closed form (Exact form), and hence
numerical methods are used to obtain solutions, finite difference method is a classical method that
provides approximate solution to differential equations with reasonable engineering accuracy. There are
methods of solving mathematical equations that are thought in traditional numerical methods courses. A
finite element method is one of the numerical methods of solving differential equations. The FEM is
originated in the area of structural mechanics and has been extended to other areas of solid mechanics
later to other fields such as heat transfer, fluid dynamics and electromagnetic devices. In fact, FEM has
been recognized as a powerful tool for solving partial differential equations and integral differential
equations; in the near future it may become the numerical methods of choice in many engineering and
applied science areas. One of the reasons for FEM popularity is that the method results in computer
programs versatile in nature that can be used to solve many practical problems with least amount of
training. Obviously there is a danger in using computer programs without proper understanding of the
theory behind them and that is one of the reasons to have a thorough understanding of the theory behind
the Finite element methods.
1.2 PROCEDURE OF FEM:

The general descriptions of the finite element method can be detailed in a step by step procedure. This
sequence of steps describes the actual solution process that is followed in setting up and solving any
equilibrium problems.
A. DESCRETISATION OF THE CONTINUUM:

The continuum is the physical body, structure or solid being analyzed Decartelization may be
simply described as the processes in which the given body is subdivided into an equivalent
system of finite elements. The finite element may be triangles or quadrilaterals for a 2-D
continuum. For a 3-d continuum the finite elements may be either tetrahedral or hexahedral in
shape and the elements could be linear quadratic or cubic in order.
B. SELECTION OF THE DISPLACEMENT NODES:

The assumed displacement functions or models represent only approximately the actual or the
exact distribution of the displacement, for example the displacement function is commonly
assumed in a polynomial form and practical condition limit the number of terms that can be
retained in the polynomial.
The simplest displacement model that is commonly employed is a linear polynomial.
There are three inter related factors that influence the selection of the displacement model. First
the type and the degree of the displacement model must be chosen. Second the particular
displacement magnitude describes the model must be selected. Third the model should satisfy
certain requirements that ensure that the numerical results approach the correct solutions.
C. DERIVATION OF THE ELEMENT STIFFNES MATRIX USING A VARIATION

PRINCIPALE:
The stiffness matrix consists of the coefficients of the equilibrium equations derived form the
material and geometric properties of an element and obtained by the use of principle of minimum
potential energy. The stiffness relates the displacement at the nodal points to the applied forces
at the nodal points. The distributed forces applied to the structure are converted into equivalent
concentrated forces at the nodes. The equilibrium relation between the stiffness matrixes [K], the
nodal force vector {Q}, and the nodal displacement vector {q}, is expressed as a set of
simultaneous linear algebraic equations.
[K] {q} = {Q}
D. ASSEMBLY OF THE ALGEBRAIC EQUATION FOR THE OVER ALL

DESCRITISED CONTINUUMS:
This process includes the assembly of the overall or the global stiffness matrix for the entire body
from the individual element stiffness matrices, and the overall global forces or load vector from
the element nodal force vectors.
In general, the basis for an assembly method is that the nodal interconnections require that the
displacements at the node to be the all elements adjacent to that node.
The overall equilibrium relations between the total stiffness matrix [K], the total load vector {R}
and the nodal displacement vector for the entire body {r} will again be expressed as a set of
simultaneous equations. [K] {r} = {R}

E. SOLUTIONS FOR THE UNKNOWN DISPLACEMENTS:

The algebraic equations assembled are solved for the unknown displacement. In linear
equilibrium problems, this is a relatively straightforward application of matrix algebra
techniques. However, for nonlinear problems the desired solutions are obtained by a sequence of
steps, each step involving a modification of stiffness matrix and load vector.
F. COMPUTATION OF THE ELEMENT STRAINS AND STRESS FROM THE NODAL

DISPLACEMENTS:
In the cases the magnitude of the primary unknown that is the nodal displacements, will be all
that are required for an engineering solutions.
More often, than not other quantities derived from primary unknowns, such as strain and / or
stresses, must be computed.
1.3 TYPES OF ELEMENTS:

Few important FEM elements are as follows.
TRUSS: Slender element (length>>area) which supports only tension or compression along its
length, essentially a I D spring,
BEAM: Slender element whose length is much greater that its transverse dimension which
supports lateral loads, which cause flexible bending.
TORSION: Similar to beam element but support torsion and will have circular cross section.
2D SOLID: Element whose geometry definition lies in a plane and applied loads also lie in same
plane. Plane stress occurs for structures with small thickness compared with its in plane
dimension – stress components associated with the out of plane coordinate are zero. Plain strain
occurs for structure where the thickness becomes large compared to its in plane dimensions –
strain component associated with the out of plane coordinate are zero.
PLATES: Element whose geometry lies in the plane with loads acting out of the plane which
causes flexural bending and with both in plane dimension large in comparison to its thickness –

two dimensional state of stress exists similar to plane stress except that there is a variation of
tension to compression through the thickness.
SHELLS: Element similar in character to a plate but typically used on curved surface and
supports both in plane and out of plane loads – numerous formulations exist.
3D SOLID: Element classification that covers all elements obeys the strain displacement and
stress strain relationships.
1.4 ADVANTAGES OF FEM:

 Can readily handle complex geometry:
 Can handle complex analysis types:
Vibration
Transients
Non linear
Heat transfer
Fluids
 Can handle complex loading:
Node – based loading (point loads).
Element based loading (Pressure, thermal, Inertial forces).
Time or frequency dependent loading.
 Can handle complex restraints:
Indeterminate structures can be analyzed.

 Can handle heterogeneous materials:

Every element in the model could be assigned a different set of material properties.
 Can handle bodies of non-isotropic Materials
Orthotropic
Anisotropic
 Special material effects are handled:
Temperature dependent properties
Plasticity
Creep
Swelling
 Special Geometric effects can be modeled:
Large displacements
Large rotations
 Contact (gap) conditions.
1.5 DISADVANTAGES OF FEM:

 A specific numerical result is obtained for a specific problem. A general closed form solution,
which would permit one to examine system response to changes in various parameters, is not
produced.
 The FEM is applied to an approximation of the mathematical model of a system (the source of
so-called inherited errors)
 Experience and judgment are needed in order to construct a good finite element model.
 A powerful computer and reliable FEM software are essential. Input and out put data may be
large and tedious to prepare and interpret.
 Numerical problems:
Computers only carry a finite number of significant digits.
Can help the situation by not attaching stiff (small) elements to flexible (large) elements
 Susceptible to user –introduced modeling errors:
Poor choice of element types
Distorted elements
Geometry not adequately modeled
 Certain effects not automatically included:

Buckling
Large deflections and rotations
Material non linearities
Other non linearities
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF FEM:

 High speed computers and larger memory requirements
 Obtaining material properties for anisotropic materials
 Incapable of handling incompressible fluids
 Proper interpretation of results is more important as large output data is available
 Larger unwanted data
 Selection of proper mesh size
 Limited development in the fields of contact, fracture mechanics etc.
1.7 ERRORS IN FEM:

FEM errors take at place at 3 stages of solution:
 Errors during conversion of mathematical model to solid model
 Discretization error
 Solution error
1.8 FEM: A DESIGN TOOL

 Easily applied to complex, irregular shaped objects composed of several different materials and
having complex boundary conditions.
 Applied to steady state time dependent, Eigen value problems
 Applicable to linear and nonlinear problems.
 Number of general purpose FEM package are available
 FEM can be coupled to CAD programs to facilitate solid modeling and mesh generation
 Many FEM S/W package future GUI interfaces, auto mashers and sophisticated post processors
and graphics to speed the analysis and makes pre and post processing more friendly

1.9 FEM: BENEFITS TO ORGANISATIONS

 Reduced testing and redesign costs there by shortening of product development cycle.
 Identify issues in designs before tooling is committed
 Refine components before dependences to other component prohibit change.
 Optimize performance before prototyping
 Discovers design problems before litigation’s
 Allow more time for designers to use engineering judgment and less time for further thinking

2. ANSYS
2.1 INTRODUCTION:
The ANSYS computer program is large scale multi-purpose finite element program, which may be used
for solving several classes of the engineering analysis. The analysis capabilities of the ANSYS include,
the ability to solve the static and the dynamic structural analysis, steady state and transient heat transfer
problems, mode frequency and buckling Eigen value problem, static or time varying magnetic analysis
and various types of fields and coupled- field applications. The program contains many special features
which allow non linearity or second effects to be included in the solution, such as plasticity large strain,
hyper elasticity, creep, swelling, large deflections, contacts, stress stiffening, temperature dependency,
material anisotropy, and radiations. ANSYS has been developed, other special capabilities, such as sub
structuring, sub modeling, random vibration, free convections fluid analysis, acoustic, magnetic,
piezoelectric, coupled field analysis, and design optimization have been added to the program. These
capabilities contribute further to make ANSYS – a multipurpose analysis tool for various engineering
disciplines.
ANSYS is a commercial FEM package having the capabilities ranging from a simple, linear, static
analysis to a complex nonlinear, transient dynamic analysis. It is available in three modules. Each
module is applicable to mechanical structural analysis; similarly, Ansys/Flotran is CFD software
applicable to fluid flow. The advantage of ansys compared to other competitive software’s is, its
availability as a bundle of pre, post and processors. Typical ansys program includes 3 stages.
 Pre – processing
 Solution
 Post processing
PRE-PROCESSING:
In this stage following tasks can be carried out
 Building the solid model
 Selecting the proper element type
 Giving of the condition like forces, pressure displacements etc.
 Selection the suitable analysis type

PROCESSING:
In this stage a suitable solver can be selected
Different solvers available with ansys are
 Frontal solver: It is the default and direct solver and can be used when DOF<50000 DOF. It
is the default solver.
 Sparse direct solver: It is also a direct solver and can be used to 500000 DOF and faster
compared to frontal solver. Works better for non linear problems.
 PCG solver: It is an iterative solver applied up to 1000000DOF and faster compared to frontal
solver
 ICCG solver: It is also an iterative solver and can be used up to 1000000DOF; it is faster
compared to PCG solver and can be used for larger models where the convergence is difficult.
Also works for infinitive matrix size and multi field problems.
 JCG solver: It is an iterative solver and applied to single field’s problems.
POST PROCESSING:
In this stage
 Primarily data (Nodal displacement) results can be viewed or listed.
 Secondarily or derived data (Stress, strains von mises stresses, Principle stresses etc) can be
plotted on the graphic window or can be listed.
 Data can be queried.
 Vector plots are possible.
 Animations of results can be done.
 Hard copy(print)
 Multiple plots are possible
 The out put data can be exported to files or external display.
2.2 ANSYS MENUS:

By default, Ansys opens 6 menus. They are
a. Utility menu
b. Main menu
c. Input window
d. Tool bar

e. Graphic window
f. Output window
Utility Menu:
This menu contains all important options as follows
File:
The file contains
 Clear & start : To clear data base and starting new job
 Resume form : To resume the previously stored job
 Save as save the data base as file name .db
 Read the input form : If input is taken from outside programmed file
 Switch out put : To external file or by default to graphic window
 Import: To import externally created solid models. By default files in .iges format is
supported with out any additional software. By additional software, files from CATIA,
UNIGRAPHICS and PRO/E can be imported.
 Export : To export to use in other software’s
 Exit : To close the ansys session
Select:
This is varying important options for viewing the results or applying the boundary conditions. The parts
of the model can be selected and can manipulate for data. This option contains.
 Entities: Entities to be selected like key points, lines, nodes, elements, areas, volumes etc.
 Components : Naming and grouping the selected components
 Every thing: selecting only that particular part.
 Ever thing below : selecting the entities below that
List:
This option can be used for listing the elements, nodes, volumes, forces, displacements etc.
Plot:
This option is used to plot the areas, volumes, nodes, elements, etc

Plot controls:
This option is vary important and contains
 Pan Zoom Rotate : It opens another menu through which zooming and rotation of the
model is possible
 View Settings: By default Z plane is perpendicular to viewer. By this option view setting
can be changed
 Numbering: This is useful for setting on/off the entity numbering (elements, nodes, areas,
volumes etc)
 Symbols: To view the applied translations, forces, pressure, etc this option should be used
to set them on.
 Style: sectioning, vector arrow sizing and real structural appearance is possible through
this
 Window controls: window positioning (layout) is possible with this
 Animation : Animation is can be done for the output data using this option
 Device option: wire frame model can be observed through this
 Hard copy: Data can be either to Printer or any external file
 Capture image: To capture the graphic window output to a .bmp file format
 Multi plot window layout: To view the results in more than one window
Work plane:
By default Z plane is perpendicular for data input. For any changes in the global X, Y, & Z planes, the
work plane should be rotated to create the model or view the results.
Parameters:
These are the scalar parameter represented with the values. Ex: b=10
Macros:
These are the grouping of ansys commands to full fill particular work. These can be taken equivalent to
C, C++ & Java functions.

Help:
This is varying important option. From this total ansys help can be obtained. It contains
 Table of contents: From this user can navigate to analysis guides, elements, commands,
operation, verification manual etc.
 Index : used to navigate to commands manual, analysis, theory manual through index
 Help on: This is vary important to work with ansys. One can type in for any any command
help
 Word search: Data can be searched for any data or command usage in the entire ansys
package.
Main Menu:
This menu contains
 Pre-Processor: This sub option can be used to build and mesh the model through
proper element selection and boundary condition.
 Solution: This option can be used solve the matrix equation through proper solver
 Post-Processor: This option is used to interpret the results.
 Design optimization : This option is used to optimize the structure
 Time history Processor: For dynamic Problems, Result can be viewed through this
option.
 Run status: This option can be used to find the status of the model, time it takes for
execution, computer Processor capabilities, wave front size etc.
Input Window:
This can be used to input commands or named selection
Tool bar:
This contains option like saving the file, resuming the file data base, quitting the ansys session and
graphic type.
Graphic window:
This is where the model creation and plotting of results carried out.
Out put window:

This shows the status of the work being carried out.

2.3 ANSYS FILE TYPES:

By default ansys file is saved with an extension of db. This extension represents the content of the file.
For example if the file name is GAT
 gat.db:It is the default file name. It stores all the data for model and output post processor
results
 gat.dbb: Back up file for .db file
 gat. Element matrices
 gat.err: Error file
 gat. Log: Stores all the commands used
 gat.rst: Results file
 gat.Grph: Graphic file for display unit
2.4 SWAP DATA BASE & SCRATCH SPACE:
 Swap space: Generally ansys programs are vary big to accommodate in the real memory (RAM).
So certain amount of hard disk space is used to store the ansys programs. The virtual memory
space is called swap space.
 Data base space: space used to store the model data, material properties, loads etc. Usually real
memory is used for this purpose.
 Scratch space: This is the virtual memory taken from hard disk to the internal calculation, Matrix
storage, Boolean operation etc.
2.5 WORK PLANE:

Although the curser appears as a point on the screen, it actually represents a line through space, normal
to the screen. In order to be able to pick a point with the curser, you first need to define an imaginary
plane that, when intersected by the normal line of the curser, will yield a unique point in a space. This
imaginary plane is called as working plane
A working plane is an infinite plane with an origin, a 2D co ordinate system, a snap increment and a
display grid. You can define only one working plane at a time (creating a new working plane eliminates
the existing working plane) the working plane is separate from the co ordinate systems, for example the
working plane can have a different point of origin and rotation then the active co ordinate system Work
plane can be positioned wherever required and model can be created.

2.6 COORDINATE SYSTEM

The ANSYS program as several types of co ordinate systems each used for a different reason
 Global and local coordinates systems are used to locate geometry items (nodes , key points, etc)
 The display coordinates systems determine the system in which geometry items are listed or
displayed.
 The nodal coordinates system defines the degree of freedom directions at each node and the
orientation of nodal results data.
 The element coordinates system determines the orientation of material properties and element
results data.
 The results coordinates system is used to transform nodal or element results data to a particular
coordinates system for listings, displays, or general post processing operations (POSTI).
2.7 SCALAR PARAMETERS:

These are useful to change the model dimensions at any time. These are useful when macros or batch
programs are coded. For example in b=10 is considered as a scalar parameter. For optimization the model
should be represented in scalar parameters.
There is another way to set parameters is *b=10 and can be changed any time.
2.8 MACROS:
These are grouping of commands for particular purpose. These are equivalent to functions in C and sub
routines in FORTRAN. They are vary powerful and are based on APDL (ansys parametric Design
language). To get expertise with ansys, one should through with usage of macros.
2.9 MODELING:
This is the important step of creating the physical object in the system. They are two types of modeling
in ansys.
 Direct modeling
 Solid modeling

Direct Modeling:
In this approach the physical structure is represented by nodes and elements directly. The
problems are solved once after the boundary conditions are applied. This approach is simple and
straight forward. Takes vary little time consumption. But this can be applied only for simple
problems. When the problems becomes complex, this method is tedious to apply.
Solid Modeling:
Models are directly created either using ansys pre processor or imported from popular CAD
software like Mechanical desktop, Pro/E, CATIA, SOLID WORKS, etc, once the structural
model is created, by using Mesh tool, the model can be meshed and problem can be solved by
applying the boundary conditions. In ansys solid modeling is carried out using two methods.
They are
Bottom up Approach:
To create a model, Entities are required. Key points, lines, Areas, Volumes are the entities
in ansys if the model is constructed through Key points to lines, from lines to areas and
areas to volumes the approach of modeling is called bottom up approach. This approach
is useful when models are complex,
Top down Approach:
A 3D Model can be created directly using the volumes. Once volume is created, all the
entities below the volumes (areas, lines, Key points) are automatically created. This
approach is easy but can be applied to simple Problems.
2.10 GRAPHIC DISPAYS:

There are two methods available for graphic displays:
 Full Mode display: This option can be used with all the elements
 Power Graphics: The Power graphics method is the Default when the ANSYS GUI is on.
This method is valid for all elements types except for circuit elements. Power graphic
method offers significantly faster performance than the full Model method
2.11 ELEMENT TABLE:

The primary data (Nodal displacement data) results are directly available for all elements in the post
processor. The secondary data or derived data (stresses, strains, von-Mises stress, Principal stress etc) is
available only for solid elements (The problems where the solid model is created and meshed) directly

through nodal solution results in post processor, But not available to line elements (like link, Beam
elements etc) To get secondary data for line elements, we need to define the elements table for the
particular element to get the required data. For example to get axial stress for the link element, you must
go to ansys help, Type link1 and see the link1 output definitions ( Table 4.1-2) and sequence number for
the link1(Table 4.1.3). Through the post processor, you have to create, Element table>Define>by
sequence number-LS1 and Plot >Element Table>LS1 Gives the axial stress for the problem.

3. PROBLEMS ON BARS
Problems on Axial Loading
3.1 For the simple bar shown in fig determine the displacements, stress & reaction. The
diameter of bar is 50 mm, Length is 300 mm, & the Young’s Modulus is E = 2.1e5 N/mm2.
Take load P = 1500N.
Procedure:
1. Ansys Main Menu – preferences – select structural – ok.
2. AMM – Preprocessor – Element Type – Add/Edit/Delete – add – ok – close.
3. AMM – Preprocessor – Material Properties – Material Models – Structural – linear – elastic –
isotropic – EX=2.1e5 – ok – exit.
4. AMM – Preprocessor – Sections – add – Real Const. No. 1 – c/s area = (22/7*50**2/4) – ok.
5. AMM – Preprocessor – Modeling – create – Keypoints – In Active CS – 1 KP = 0, 0 – 2 KP =
300, 0 – ok.
6. AMM – Preprocessor – Modeling – create – Lines – lines – straight lines – pick 1 & 2 - ok.
7. AMM – Preprocessor – Meshing – size controls – Manual size – Lines – Picked line – select line
1 – set NDIV = 10 - ok.
8. AMM – Preprocessor – Loads – define loads – apply – structural – displacement – on nodes –
pick 1st node – apply – All DOF – ok.
9. AMM – Preprocessor – Loads – define loads – apply – structural – Force/Moment – on nodes –
pick -- node – apply – select FX= + 1500 – apply – ok.
10. AMM – Solution – solve – current LS – ok – close – close (Solution is done).
11. AMM – General Post Processor – Element Table – define table – add – set label = Stress, Set
Item, comp = By sequence no., LS, LS, 1,(type 1) – ok.
12. AMM – Genera lPost Processor – Element Table – list element table – select Stress – ok.

(Theoretically, Stress, = P/A = 1500 / (22/7*50**2)/4 = 0.76394 N/mm2)

13. AMM – General Post Processor – list results – Nodal Solution – DOF solution – select All DOF
– ok.
P.L
(Theoretically, dl   )
A.E
14. AMM – General Post Processor – list results – reaction solutions – select all items – ok. (At node
1 = -1500 N)
15. AMM – General Post Processor – plot results – deformed shape – select def + undeformed – ok.
(Blue line - deformed shape, white line - undeformed)
16. AMM – General Post Processor – plot results – contor plots – line elem results – Select lab I =
stress, Select lab J = stress (deformed only) – ok.
17. Plot controls – Animate – deformed shape – ok.
18. File – save as – select the directory – Give file name as - Axial1 – ok.
*** Note: - To list Node Nos. , Reactions, BC’s etc...

a. Plotctrls – Numbering – click on node numbers, element/attributes – select element nos. – Ok.
b. Plotctrls – symbols – all BC’s
c. Plot – Multi-plots. (To get the original structure).
Experiment Number:
Aim of the experiment:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type
Diagram of the Element

:
Degrees of Freedom :
b) Real Constants
Area of cross section: Thickness:

c) Material Properties
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:
Co-efficient of thermal Expansion:
d) Modelling
Keypoints/Nodes co-ordinates:
FE Model:
e) Loads
Boundary Conditions @ Keypoints/Nodes:
Forces/Moments/Temperatures:
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS
Nodal Displacements (mm) Support Reactions (N)

NUMBER
Theoretical Numerical Theoretical Numerical

b) ELEMENTAL SOLUTIONS
Elemental Stresses (N/mm2)

NUMBER
Theoretical Numerical

3.2 For the stepped bar shown in fig determine the displacements, stress & reaction. Given:
A1 = 900 mm2, A2 = 600 mm2, E1 = 2e5 N/mm2 & E2 = 0.7e5 N/mm2
Procedure:
1. Ansys Main Menu – preferences – select structural – ok.
2. AMM – Preprocessor – Element Type – Add/Edit/Delete – add – ok – close.
3. AMM – Preprocessor – Material Properties – Material Models 1 – Structural – linear – elastic –
isotropic – EX=2e5 – Add New Material number – Material Model 2 - Structural – linear –
elastic – isotropic – EX = 0.7e5 - ok – exit.
4. AMM – Preprocessor – sections – add – ok – Real Const. No. 1 – c/s area = 900 – Apply – RC
2 = 600 – ok.
5. AMM – Preprocessor – Modeling – create – Keypoints – In Active CS – 1 KP = 0, 0 – 2 KP
= 600, 0 - 3 KP = 500, 0 – ok.
6. AMM – Preprocessor – Modeling – create – Lines – lines – straight lines – pick 1 & 2 KP’s –
apply – pick 2 & 3 KP’s - ok.
7. AMM – Preprocessor – Meshing – create – elements – element attribs – pick line 1 – set RC = 1
& Material model = 1 – ok – select line 2 - set RC = 2 & Material model = 2 – ok
8. AMM – Preprocessor – Meshing – size controls – Manual size – Lines – Picked line – select line
1 – set NDIV = 10 - apply – select line 2 – set NDIV = 10 - ok.
9. Repeat the procedure as carried out in previous example.
Experiment Number:
Software used:

PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Area of cross section:
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:
d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads

III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

3.3 For the stepped bar shown in fig determine the displacements, stress & reaction. Given: A1 =
2400 mm2, A2 = 600 mm2, E1 = 70e3 N/mm2 & E2 = 200e3 N/mm2.
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:

d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

3.4 For the tapered bar shown in fig. Determine the displacement, stress and reaction in the bar.
Data: - A1 = 1000 mm2, A2 = 500 mm2 & E = 2e5 N/mm2
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:

d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

3.5 Determine the Nodal displacement and Maximum stress in a 1D stepped bar made of
aluminum & steel subjected to point load and thermal load with the boundary conditions as
shown. TO = 20° C & TF = 60° C, EAl = 70e9 N/m2 & Esteel = 200e9 N/m2,Area of Aluminum, AAl
= 900 mm2 & A steel = 1200 mm2, αAl = 23e-6/°C , αsteel = 11.7e-6/°C , & P = 300e3 N
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type
Diagram of the Element :
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:

Poisson’s ratio:
d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

3.6 Determine the Nodal displacement and Maximum stress in a 1D stepped bar made of steel and
aluminum subjected to point load and thermal load with the boundary conditions as shown.
TO = 20° C & TF = 80° C, E steel = 2e5 N/mm2 & EAl = 0.7e5 N/mm2 Area of steel, A steel = 1000
mm2 & AAl = 500 mm2 αsteel = 11.7e-6/°C , αAl = 23e-6/°C & P = 5e5 N
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:

d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

4. PROBLEMS ON TRUSSES
4.1 Two bar truss shown in fig. Determine the nodal displacements and the stress in each member.
Take E = 210e9 Pa, Area A= 0.01 m2.
1m
100 KN
1m
1. Preference…….Structural.
2. Preprocessor…..Element Type….Add…Select, Link 2D-Spar1….Close.
3. Preprocessor. Real constants…Add…. Enter, Area- 0.01….OK.
4. Preprocessor….Material properties…Structural….Linear…Elastic…Isotropic…..Enter, E =
210 e 9.
5. Preprocessor…Modeling…Create…..Nodes….Node 1 ( 0,0,0), Node 2(0,1,0),

Node 3 (1, 1, 0).
6. Preprocessor….Modeling….Create…Elements
7. Solution…..Define loads…Apply….Structural….Displacement…On Nodes…Fix All

DOF……OK.
8. Solution…Define loads...Apply...Structural…Force/Moment….On Nodes…OK…Enter, FY -

-100000……OK.
9. Solution…..Solve….Current LS….OK…..Soln is done….Close.
10. General postprocessor…..Plot results…Contour plot….Nodal soln….DOF soln…. Y –

Component Displacement……DMX: – 0.188E -03, SMN: -0.182E-03.
11. General postprocessor…..Element table….Define table…Add…Element table item – SAXL

LS, by sequence No…..select. LS1….OK. Select, SAXL LS1...Close.
12. General postprocessor….Plot result….Contour plot….Element Table….SAXL…OK. DMX

– 0.188 E -03. SMN - - 0.141 E +08, SMX – 0.100 E +08.

Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:
d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads

III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER


4.2 Consider the four bar truss shown in fig. It is given that E = 200 GPa and area A = 200 mm2
for all the elements. Determine the deformation, Maximum stress and the reaction forces in
the truss system.
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:

d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

4.3 A small railroad bridge is constructed of steel members, all of which have a cross sectional area
of 3250 mm2. A train stops on the bridge and the loads applied to the truss on one side of the
bridge are as shown. Estimate how much the point R moves horizontally because of this
loading. Data: - E = 2e5 N/mm2, Poisons ratio = 0.3, Determine the following:
iii. Stress in each member, ii. Nodal displacements, iii. Reaction Forces
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:

Poisson’s ratio:
d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER


NUMBER

5. PROBLEMS ON BEAMS
5.1 Compute for the shear force & bending moment diagrams for the cantilever beam shown in
fig. Also find the deflection, Maximum stress, Bending moment & Shear force. Assume
rectangular c/s 60 mm X 90 mm, L = 2 m, P = 4 KN, E = 200 GPa.
4 KN
90mm
60mm
2m
1. Preference……….Structural.
2. Preprocessor…….Element Type…..Add….Beam 2 node 188……OK.
3. Preprocessor…. Material properties…. Material models ………. Structural… Linear….

Elastic…. Isotropic… Enter E= 2e5, poison’s ratio = 0.3
4. Preprocessor……Modeling…..Create….Key points ….In active CS…..Key point1

(0,0,0)…Apply….Key point 2(2000,0,0)……OK.
5. Preprocessor……sections……beam……common section… B-90, H-60……Preview……OK
6. Preprocessor….Modeling….Create….Line….Straight Line…OK.
7. Preprocessor….Meshing….Mesh tool….Mesh…..OK……Save DB.
8. Solution….Define load…Apply….Structural….Displacement…On Nodes…Fix All DOF

…OK.
9. Solution….Force/ moment….On Key point….Enter, Fy: -4e3….OK.
10. Solution…..Solve….Current LS….OK…..Solution done….Close.
11. General postprocessor….Plot result….Nodal soln….DOF soln….Y-component….DMX=

14.632, SMN = 14. 632.
12. General post processor…..Plot control…..style….Size & shape…Disp 9 Element….Tick /

….OK.
13. General post processor…..Contour plot….Nodal soln…Stress…..Von Misses
stress…..OK…..DMX= 14.642, SMY=98.765.

14. General postprocessor…Element table…Define table…Add… Element table Item…

SMISC…….By Sequence No….SM1SC, 6…..Apply……
SMISC….By sequence No….SMISC, 12….Apply.
Plot result…..Line element result……DMX= 0.355 e -3, SMN= -75.188, SMX=75.188.
15. General post processor….Contour plot… Line element result……..OK……………………

MIN= -0.800E+07.
16. General post processor….Element table….Define table….Add…….SMIC…..By Sequence

No SMISC, 31…Apply…
SMISC….By Sequence No SMISC, 36 ….OK…Close.
17. General postprocessor…….Plot result…..contour plot….Line element result …..OK…..

MAX = -4000.
18. General post processor……List result….Reaction soln …. Select All items…OK.
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:

Poisson’s ratio:
d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER
Shear Force (N) Bending Moment (N-mm)

NUMBER

5.2 Compute for the shear force & bending moment diagrams for the beam shown in fig. & find
the reactions at the support. Breadth and depth of the section is 150mm and 200 mm
respectively. E=2e5 N/mm2
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:

d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

5.3 Compute shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown in the fig. and find
the reactions at the supports. Breadth and Depth of the section are 300 mm and 450 mm
respectively, E=2e5 N/mm2.
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:

d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

5.4 Compute shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown in the fig and find
the reactions at the supports. Breadth and Depth of the section are 150 mm and 200 mm
respectively, E=2e5 N/mm2.
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:

d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

5.5 A 2m long cantilever with rectangular section 60 mm X 90 mm is subjected to UDL 4 kN/m
throughout its length. Determine the maximum bending stress and its deflection.
Take E = 200 GPa.
4 KN/m
90mm
60mm
2m
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:

d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

5.6 A 3m long simply supported with rectangular c/s 50 mm X 70 mm is subjected to a point load
P = 20 kN at mid of the beam. Determine maximum bending stress and its deflection.
Take E = 200 GPa.
70mm
50mm
3m
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:

d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

5.7 Compute shear force and bending diagrams for the beam shown in fig. and find the reactions
at the supports. Assume rectangular 200 mm X 300 mm, Height = 300 mm, E = 2e5 N/mm2.
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:

d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

5.8 Compute shear force & bending moment diagrams for the beam shown in fig. & find the
reactions at the supports. Assume rectangular c/s area of 200 mm X 300 mm, Height = 300
mm, E = 2e5 N/mm2.
20 KN/m
30 KN
A C D E B
1 m 3 m 1 m
1 m
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:

d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

5.9 Compute shear force & bending moment diagrams for the beam shown in fig. & find the
reactions at the supports. Assume rectangular c/s area of 200 mm X 300 mm, Height = 300
mm, E = 2e5 N/mm2.
10 KN/m
150 KN-m
2.5 m 2.5 m
5 m
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:

d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

6. PLANE STRESS PROBLEMS
6.1 Find the stress concentration factor for the following square plate of 100 mm X 100mm plate
subjected to uniaxial tensile loading. Consider the plate thickness equal to 10 mm.
Take E = 2e5 N/mm2, υ = 0.3.
*** Element type – PLANE 42 (2D elements) or solid 8-node 82
20mm
1OO KN 100 KN
100 mm
100 mm t = 10mm
1. Preferences……………Structural.
2. Preprocessor…………Element Type…..Add…..Solid Quad 4 node 42…..OK.
3. Preprocessor…….Option….K3….Plane stress/ with thickness…..OK.
4. Preprocessor…….Real constants……Add….Thickness….10….OK….Close.
5. Preprocessor……Material properties….. Material model …. Structural…. Linear… Elastic…

Isotropic…..Enter, E = 2e5….OK.
6. Preprocessor……Modeling….Create…Key points….In active CS…..Enter, key point 1(

0,0,0)…Apply….Key point 2(50,0)….Apply…Key point 3(50,50)….Apply…Key point 4
(0,50)……OK.
7. Preprocessor……Modeling….Create….Areas…Arbitary….Through key points…OK.
8. Preprocessor….Modeling….Create….Areas….Circle…..Solid circle…Enter, Radius 10….OK.
9. Preprocessor….Modeling…Operate….Booleans…..Subtract…..Areas….Pick Bigger
area….then, smaller area….OK.

10. Preprocessor….Meshing… Mesh tool…..Mesh….OK.
11. Preprocessor….Meshing…Mesh tool….O free…..Refine…..Pick all…Refine mesh at

elements….3…..OK.
12. Solution…..Define loads…Apply….Structural….Displacement….Symmetric BC…..On

lines…Select, LH side and bottom side of the model….OK.
13. Solution….Define loads….Pressure…On lines….Select RH side of the rectangle…….-

20….OK.
14. Solution…..Solve…..Current LS…..Soln done…OK…Close.
15. General postprocessor….Plot result….Nodal soln…Stress…Von Misses

stress…..OK………SMX = 62.244.
16. General postprocessor….Plot result…Nodal soln…DOF soln…X – component of

displacement….DMX = 0.004329, SMX = 0.004329.
17. General postprocessor…..List results….Reaction soln…. Node…..Fx….Fy..
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:

Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:
d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) RESULTS
Stress Concentration Factor

NUMBER

7. HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS
7.1 2-D HEAT CONDUCTION PROBLEM
7.1.1 Solve the 2-D heat conduction problem for the temperature distribution within the
rectangular plate. Thermal conductivity of the plate, KXX=401 W/ (m-K).
Step 1: Ansys Utility Menu

File – clear and start new – do not read file – ok – yes.
Step 2: Ansys Main Menu – Preferences. Select – THERMAL – ok
Step 3: Preprocessor
Element type – Add/Edit/Delete – Add – Solid – Quad 4 node 55 – ok – option – element
behavior K3 – Plane stress with thickness – ok – close.
Material Properties – material models – Thermal – Conductivity – Isotropic – KXX – 401.
Modeling – Create – Area – Rectangle – by dimensions – X1, X2, Y1, Y2 – 0, 10, 0, 20 – ok.
Meshing – Mesh Tool – Mesh Areas – Quad – Free – Mesh – pick all – ok. Mesh Tool – Refine– pick
all – Level of refinement – 3 – ok.
Loads – Define loads – apply – Thermal – Temperature – on Lines – select 1000 C lines – apply– DOFs
to be constrained – TEMP – Temp value – 1000 C – ok.
Loads – Define loads – apply – Thermal – Temperature – on Lines – select 1000 C lines – apply– DOFs
to be constrained – TEMP – Temp value – 2000 C – ok.
Step 6: Solution
Solve – current LS – ok (Solution is done is displayed) – close.
Step 7: General Post Processor

Plot results – contour plot – Nodal solu – DOF solu – Nodal Temperature –– ok
Step 8: PlotCtrls – Animate – Deformed results – DOF Solution – Temperature – ok.

7.2 1-D HEAT CONDUCTION PROBLEM
7.2.1 The exterior wall of a building is constructed of four materials: 12mm thick gypsum board,
75mm thick Fiber glass insulation, 20mm thick plywood and 20mm thick hardboard. The
inside & outside temperatures are 20˚C and -10˚C respectively. The convective heat
transfer coefficients on the inner & outer surfaces are 6W/m2K and 10W/m2K. Determine
the heat flux and the temperature distribution. Take K for Gypsum = 0.176W/mK, K for
Fiber glass = 0.036W/mK, K for Plywood = 0.115W/mK and K for hardboard =
0.215W/mK.
Hardboard
Plywood
Fiber
Gypsum
Glass
1 12 75 20 20 1
PROCEDURE:
1 File > Change jobname > Enter ‘Heat Transfer 1’.
2 Ansys Main Menu > Preference > Thermal > OK.
3 Ansys Main Menu > Preprocessor > Element type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add > Element Type-
Thermal Mass- Link > 3D Conduction 33 (Reference no. 1) > Apply > 3D Convection 34
(Reference no. 2) > OK > Close.
4 Ansys Main Menu > Preprocessor > Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete > Add > Select Type 1
link 33 > Real constant set no. 1 > C/s Area =1 m2 > Ok > Select Type 2 link 34 > Real constant
set no. 2 > C/s Area = 1m2 > OK > Close.
5 Ansys Main Menu > Preprocessor > Material Properties Material Models > Thermal >
Convection > Enter the value of HF=6 > Material (in the Toolbar) New Model > Define Material
ID=2 > Ok > Conductivity > Isotropic > Enter the value of Kxx=0.176 > New Model > Define
Material ID=3 > Ok > Conductivity > isotropic > Enter the value of Kxx=0.036 > New Model
> Define Material ID=4 > Ok > Conductivity > isotropic > Enter the value of Kxx=0.115 > New

Model > Define Material ID=5 > Ok > Conductivity > Isotropic > Enter the value of Kxx=0.215
> New Model > Define Material ID=6 > Ok > Convection > Enter the value of HF=10 > Close.
6 Ansys Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Nodes > Inactive CS > Node no. 1:
X=0,Y=0, Z=0 > Apply > Node no. 2: X=0.001, Y=Z=0 > Apply > Node no. 3: X=0.013,
Y=Z=0 > Apply > Node no. 4 > Node no. 4: X=0.088, Y=Z=0 > Apply > Node no. 5: X=
0.108,Y=Z=0 > Apply > Node no. 6: X=0.128,Y=Z=0 > Apply Node no. 7: X=0.129, Y=Z=0
> OK.
7 Ansys Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Elements > Elem Attributes > Select
Element Type no. = 2 Link 34 > Material no. = 1 > Real Constant Set no. = 2 > OK.
8 Ansys Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Elements > Auto numbered > Thru
Nodes > Pick 1 & 2 > Ok (Repeat step 7 and step 8 alternatively to set element attributes for
conduction along the wall and outside convection. For conduction, Element Type no. = 1 Link
33, Material no. = 2,3,4 & 5, Real constant set no. = 1. For outside surface convection, Element
Type no. = 2 Link 34, Material no. = 6 and Real constant set no. = 2) Ansys Main Menu > Solution
> Analysis type > New Analysis > Select Steady state > OK.
9 Ansys Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Temperature >
On nodes > Select 1 > ok > Select ‘TEMP’ > Enter the value of temp as 20˚c > Apply > Select
node 7 > ok > Select ‘TEMP’ > Enter the value of temp as -10˚C > ok > Close.
10 Ansys Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS > Ok > Solution done > Close.
11 Ansys Main Menu > General Postprocessor > List Results > Nodal Solution > DOF Solution >
Temperature > OK.
12 Ansys Main Menu > General Postprocessor > List Results > Reaction Solution > OK.
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type
Diagram of the Element :

b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:
d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS
Nodal Temperatures (mm) Heat Flux (W/m2)

NUMBER

8. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF BEAMS & BARS
Note:
Solve the entire dynamic problems in SI units only. (Eg. E in N/m2, ρ in kg/m3, L in m, T in s)
8.1 Modal Analysis of Cantilever beam for natural frequency determination. Modulus of
elasticity = 200 GPa, Density = 7800 kg/m3

Step 2: Pre-processor
Preference……….Structural.
Preprocessor…….Element Type…..Add….Beam 2 node 188……OK.
Preprocessor……Material properties……Material
model….Structural….Linear….Elastic….Isotropic….Enter, E=2e11, poison’s ratio 0.3 (optional)
……Close.
Preprocessor……Modeling…..Create….Key points ….In active CS…..Key point1 (0,0,0) … Apply
…. Key point 2 (1,0,0)……OK.
Preprocessor……sections……beam……common section … B=.01, H=.01 …… Preview …… OK
Preprocessor….Modeling….Create….Line….Straight Line…OK.
Preprocessor…..Meshing…..Size controls…..Manual size…..No. of divisions…..20
Preprocessor….Meshing….Mesh tool….Mesh…..OK……Save DB
Step 5: Solution
Solution – Analysis Type – New Analysis – Modal – ok.
Solution – Analysis Type – Block Lanczos – Analysis options – no of modes to extract – 10 – no of
modes to expand – 10 – ok – (use default values) – ok.
Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement – On Keypoints – Pick first
keypoint – apply – DOFs to be constrained – ALL DOF – ok.

Result Summary

Read Results – First Set
Plot Results – Deformed Shape – def+undeformed – ok.

PlotCtrls – Animate – Deformed shape – def+undeformed-ok.

Read Results – Next Set
Plot Results – Deformed Shape – def+undeformed – ok.
PlotCtrls – Animate – Deformed shape – def+undeformed-ok.
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:
d) Modelling
FE Model:

e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a)
NUMBER Natural Frequencies (Hz) Mode Shapes

8.2 (Cantilever beam subjected to forcing function) Conduct a harmonic forced response
test by applying a cyclic load (harmonic) at the end of the beam. The frequency of the load
will be varied from 1 - 100 Hz. E = 200 GPa, Poisson’s ratio = 0.3, Density = 7800 kg/m3.

Step 2: Pre-processor
Preference……….Structural.
Preprocessor…….Element Type…..Add….Beam 2 node 188……OK.
Preprocessor……Material properties……Material
model….Structural….Linear….Elastic….Isotropic….Enter, E=2e11, poison’s ratio 0.3. ……Close.
Preprocessor……Modeling…..Create….Key points ….In active CS…..Key point1 (0,0,0) … Apply
…. Key point 2 (1,0,0)……OK.
Preprocessor……sections……beam……common section … B=.01, H=.01 …… Preview …… OK
Preprocessor….Modeling….Create….Line….Straight Line…OK.
Preprocessor…..Meshing…..Size controls…..Manual size…..No. of divisions…..20
Preprocessor….Meshing….Mesh tool….Mesh…..OK……Save DB.
Step 5: Solution
Solution – Analysis Type – New Analysis – Harmonic – ok.
Solution – Analysis Type-Analysis options – Solution method – FULL – DOF-Print out format – Real
+ imaginary – ok – (use default values) – ok.
Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Displacement – On Keypoints – Pick first
keypoint – apply – DOFs to be constrained – ALL DOF – ok.
Solution – Define Loads – Apply – Structural – Force/Moment – On Keypoints – Pick second
KP – apply – direction of force/mom – FY – Real part of force/mom – 100 – imaginary part of
force/mom – 0 – ok.
Solution – Load Step Opts – Time/Frequency – Freq and Substps... – Harmonic frequency range
– 0 – 100 – number of substeps – 100 – B.C – stepped – ok.
To plot the results type the following commands in command prompt:
/POST26
NSOL,2,2,U,Y, UY_2
NSOL,3,2,U,Z, UZ_2

STORE,MERGE
PLVAR,2
PLVAR,3
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:
d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads

III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS
NUMBER Frequencies (Hz) Mode Shapes

8.3 Determine the first two axial modes of the Stepped Bar given below. Modulus of elasticity =
200GPa, Poisson’s ratio = 0.3, Density = 7800 kg/m3.
Hint: Divide each member into 50 divisions. Ignore the bending modes and plot only the axial modes.
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:

Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:
d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor

8.4 Determine the natural frequencies of the cantilever beam. Plot the first 3 bending modes.
Modulus of elasticity = 200 GPa, Poisson’s ratio = 0.3, Density = 7800 kg/m3.
Hint: Divide each member into 50 divisions. Ignore the axial modes and plot only the bending modes.
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:

d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor

Additional problems apart from curriculum for demonstration purpose only
1 Two partial hollow circular regions are radiating to each other, as shown in Fig. The emissivity of
the outer surface of the inner region and inner surface of the outer region are 0.9 and 0.7, respectively,
while the inner surface of the inner region and outer surface of the outer region are maintained at
temperatures of 1500°F and 100°F, respectively. The space temperature is 700F. Both regions have
a thermal conductivity of 0.1. The goal is to obtain the steady-state temperature and heat flux
variations.
2 A 10 in X 10 in square composite plate with a stacking sequence of [450 /00 /-450 /900] is subjected
to tensile loading of 100 MPa in the j;-direction, as shown in Fig. 8.43. Unidirectional ply properties
are E L =161GPa, E T=9 GPa, νLT= 0.26, and GLT = 6.1 GPa. The subscripts L and T designate
longitudinal (fibre direction) and transverse (perpendicular to fibre direction), respectively. Each ply
has a thickness of 0.16 mm. The goal is to find the displacement and stress fields in the plate.
3 An aluminum circular plate with a diameter of 40 in is pushed down by a steel piston head, as shown
in Fig. The piston head has two sections with diameters 20 in and 2 in. The elastic modulus and
Poisson's ratio for the aluminum plate are given as Eal =10xl06 psi and val =0.35, respectively,
whereas the corresponding properties for steel are Est =30x106 psi and vst = 0.3. The aluminum plate
is clamped along the boundary (all degrees of freedom constrained). The goal is to obtain the
displacement and stress fields when the piston is pushed down (at the top) by an amount of 0.1 in.

Additional Sheets for Solving Practice Problems.
Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:
d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads

III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:
d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads

III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER
a) ELEMENTAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:
d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads

III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:
d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads

III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

Experiment Number:
Software used:
PROCEDURE
I. Preferences:
II. Pre-Processor:
a) Element Type

:
b) Real Constants
Thickness:
Density:
Young’s Modulus:
Poisson’s ratio:
d) Modelling
FE Model:
e) Loads
III. Solve
IV. Post-Processor
a) NODAL SOLUTIONS

NUMBER

NUMBER

1. What are the different approximate solution methods?
Different approximate solution methods are
 Functional approximation
 Finite Difference method
 Finite Element method
2. What do you mean by continuum?

Structure which is considered for analysis is called continuum.
3. 
The element which is connected with another element at junction is called node.
4. Define the term element.

Discretised structure is called an element .
5. What is convergence.
Process of achieving value to actual solution.
6. What are the types convergence?

 p-convergence: Convergence by increasing the elements
 h-convergence: Convergence by increasing nodes
7. What is higher order elements.

The element which contain more no. of nodes are called higher order element.
8. 
Higher order elements are CST, Quadrilateral element.
9. What do you mean by compatible elements?

Elements, which are compatible with adjacent element, like no discontinuity, overlap or
sudden slope.
10. What is geometric invariance.

The property in which the shape of the element will not change with change in local
coordinates is called geometric invariance.

11. Why do we use Pascal’s triangle in FEA?
If the displacement equation doesn’t contain all the required terms then balancing is done by
the Pascal’s triangle.
12. What is stiffness matrix.

The matrix when contain parameters like E, A, displacement and applied force is stiffness
Matrix.
13. What are the steps involved in FEA?
Steps involved in FEA are
 Modelling
 Discretization of structure
 Derivation of elemental stiffness matrix.
 Assembly of elemental equation
 Applying boundary conditions
 Computation of stress and strain
 Interpretation of results
14. How to obtain stiffness matrix?

Stiffness matrix can be obtained by applying condition of minimum potential energy to
potential energy equation.
15. What is displacement function

Displacement function is the assumed polynomial equation, which satisfies boundary
conditions.
16. How to identify order of elements?

Order of elements depends on the no. of nodes.
17. Mention different types of elements.

Different types of elements are bar elements, beam element, truss element, shell element, axis
symmetric.
18. Mention some application of FEA.

Mechanical, Aerospace, Civil, structure analysis, biomedical, geo-mechanic,
electromagnetic.
19. What is connectivity.

Relation between the connected elements is connectivity.
20. What are the methods to improve problem solution?

Problem solution can be improved by increasing no. of elements or no. of nodes .

21. Define symmetry in matrix.
It is the square matrix in which the element of the row are same as that of element of
column.
22. What is plane stress.

Stress acting on 2-D element.
23. What is plane strain.

Strain occurring in 2-D element.
24. Compare FEA with solid mechanics.

Complicated irregular structures are difficult in solid mechanics but FEA it’s easier with
greater accuracy.
25. What are the packages available for FEA?

Packages available for FEA are ANSYS, I-DEAS, NASTRAN, ABAQUS, COSMOS,
ALGOL, PATRAN.
26. Define potential energy.

Energy possessed by the body due to its position
27. What is Endurance limit?

The max stress at which even a billion reversal of stress cannot cause failure of the material
is called endurance limit.
28. Mention 2 different methods to approach the model of physical system.

Discrete system, continuum.
29. What is local coordinate.

Local coordinate contains 1-D.O.F. at each node.
30. What is global co-ordinate.

Global coordinate contains 2-D.O.F. at each node.
31. General assumption made in stress.

 Truss elements are connected by fracture less pin.
 Load is applied on the load.
 Only two forces compressive and tensile are considered.
32. What is shape function.

It is mathematical polynomial, which gives displacement within the element.

33. What are two general natural coordinate.
(eeta) and zeeta.
34. Mention the range of natural co-ordinate.

Range of natural coordinates is – 0 to 1 and –1 to 1.
35. Number of shape function in CST.

3
36. Number of shape function in quadrilateral.

4
37. Why we are using natural integration.

we are using natural integration to simplify the problem.
38. Why we are using polynomial equation in FEA.

Polynomial equation gives continuous solution & it is simple to solve problem.
39. What are the two important characteristics in stiffness matrix.

Characteristics of stiffness matrix is symmetric and bonded
40. Mention two schemes to represent band width.

 Horizontal numbering
 Vertical numbering
41. What are forces involved in work potential.

Forces involved are Body force, Traction force and Point force.
42. What are the different methods to apply boundary condition?

Elimination, multi-constraint, penalty method
43. What is iso-parametric elements.

These are those the S.F. used to define variables of displacement equal to S.F. used to
represent geometry.
44. What is orthotropic elements.

Material which has three orthogonal planes of symmetry said to be orthotropic elements.
Only nine constants are required to describe constituent equation

45. What is anisotropic elements.
The material which doesn’t contain any plane of symmetry
46. What is isotropic elements.

Isotropic material is one in which every plane is plane of symmetry only two constants are
enough to describe constituent equation
47. What is super parametric elements.

GSF > DSF (geometric shape function, displacement shape function
48. What is sub parametric elements.

GSF < DSF
49. Different coordinates involved in chain rule.

normal , local and displacement coordinates
50. What are the 2 different approaches to study elasticity?

Strength of material , Theory of elasticity
51. Mention any two methods to solve continuum problems.

 Raleigh Ritz method.
 Galerkin method
52. List the properties of shape functions.

SF for 1D bar element N1=0, N2= 0 at node 1
N1=0 N2= 1 at node 2
53. Define truss.

Structural member which is subjected to either tensile or compression
54. What is weighted residual methods.

It’s a method in FEA for accurate solution avoiding error (residue = error)
55. Different methods to solve weighed residual problem.

Point allocation, Sub domain , Gallerkins, least square.
56. Explain the principle of virtual work.

If the force and displacement are unrelated by cause effect relation then the work is said to
be virtual work.

57. Explain the principle of virtual displacement.
Actual displacement is considered without bothering amount of force is called virtual
displacement .
58. Differentiate two types of shape functions.

 Lagarangian shape function only for variable.
 Hermite shape function is for both variable and its derivative.
59. Mention some advantages of FEA over solid mechanics.

 Applied for complicated structure
 Analysis is simple
 More accurate solution
60. Define Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio.

E - it is the ratio of stress and strain
- It is the ratio of lateral strain and longitudinal strain
61. Mention different types of elastic constants.

Young’s modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus
62. Specify the terms required to solve FEA problem.

Meshing , properties of material, boundary condition and initial condition.
63. What are the assumptions made in linear static problems?

All displacement is small, material is isotropic, linear, elastic solid with E and
64. Which is the most accepted form of numerical integration in FEM?

Gaussian Quadrature
65. List the different approaches to derive integral equation

Direct method , variation method, weighed residual method, energy method
66. What are the advantages of symmetrical matrix?

Symmetrical matrix simplifies the calculation.
67. What are the different types of errors in FEA?

Modeling error , Discretised and Numerical error
68. What are the advantages of iso-parametric elements?

 Useful in Modeling structure with curved edges.
 They are versatile & they are used in 2-D and 3-D elasticity problems.

69. Define frontal method for finite element matrices.
In 3- dimensional problems, the size of the stiffness matrix increases rapidly even with the
banded method of Modeling. An alternative direct method that results in considerable saving
in the use of computer memory is called frontal method.
70. What is the another name of the 3-dimensional frames.

Space frames.
71. Define beam elements.

Beam elements are slender members that are used for supporting transverses loading.
72. Explain pre-processor steps.

Determining the Nodal coordinates, connectivity, boundary condition, material information.
73. Explain processing steps.

Stiffness generation, modification, solutions to the equation resulting in evolution.
74. Explain post processing steps.

Deformation confirmation, mode shapes, temperature and stress distribution, interpretation
75. What are the difference b/w beams and plane frames?
It is similar to beams expect that axial loads &axial deformations are present. The elements
also have different orientation.
76. Mention some common material properties.

Isotropic, orthotropic, ductility, brittleness.
77. What are the different types of analysis?

Thermal, structural (load), fluid, electromagnetic analysis.
78. Define steady state analysis.

The analysis carried out at constant temperature.
79. What is the advantage of subjecting solids to axisymmetric loading?

Axisymmetric loading reduces the 3-D problem into 2-D problems because of total symmetry
about the z-axis.
80. Define CST elements.

The constant strain triangle is that where the displacement inside an element is represented
by 3-nodal displacement (3-shape functions).

81. How to generate the data files for larger problems in FEA?
Using MESHGEN program generates data files.
82. Define mesh plotting

It is the convenient way of reviewing the coordinate and connectivity data is by plotting it
using computer.
83. Explain lumped mass matrices.

It is the total element mass in each direction is distributed equally to the nodes of the element,
and the masses are associated with translational degrees of freedom.
84. Briefly explain steps involved in Lagrangian method.

 Formulation of potential energy function.
 Assuming displacement function
 Checking displacement function considering boundary condition
 Substitute differential function in potential energy equation
 Potential energy function is minimized
 Unknown parameters are determined and substituted in assumed equation
85. Explain steps involved in Gallerkins method.

 Formulate differential equation of the equilibrium.
 Assume trial function, which satisfies boundary conditions
 Substitute displacement function in differential equation then assume the difference
due to approx. function be ‘R’ (residue)
 Use Gallerkins formula
 Determine unknown terms and then substitute in differential function
86. Define Jacobian matrix.

The matrix which is defined explicitly in terms of the local coordinate is known as
Jacobian(J).
87. Mention six components of stress.

 3 linear stress along x, y, z direction
 3 lateral stress along x, y, z direction
88. Mention six components of strain.

 3 linear strain along x, y, z direction
 3 lateral strain along x, y, z direction

89. Define Winkler foundations.
Large beams are supported on soil form a class of applications known as Winkler
foundations.
90. Define Variational principle

The problem which specifies a scalar quantity potential energy is defined in an integral form.
91. How to solve the prismatic problems?

The coefficient of the ordinary differential equation are independent of one of the coordinate
and the solution of the system can frequently carried out efficiently by standard analytical
methods.
92. Define stress & strain.

 Stress is the ratio of applied load to its area.
 Strain is the ratio of change in length to its original length.
93. Mention the two distinct procedures available for obtaining the approximation in the
integral forms.
 Method weighed residuals.
 Method of variation functional.
94. What is factor of safety?

The maximum stress to which any member is designed is much less than the ultimate stress
and this stress is called working stress. The ratio of ultimate stress to working stress is called
factor of safety.
95. Define Modulus of rigidity, Bulk modulus

Modulus of rigidity: It is defined as the ratio of shearing stress to shearing strain within
elastic limit.
Bulk modulus: It is defined as the ratio of identical pressure ‘p’ acting in three mutually
perpendicular directions to corresponding volumetric strain.
96. What is proof resilience?

The maximum strain energy which can be stored by a body without undergoing permanent
deformation is called proof resilience.
97. What is shear force diagram?

A diagram in which ordinate represent shear force and abscissa represents the position of the
section is called SFD.

98. Theories of failure.
 Maximum Principal Stress Theory- A material in complex state of stress fails, when
the maximum principal stress in it reaches the value of stress at elastic limit in simple
tension.
 Maximum Shear Stress Theory- A material in complex state of stress fails when the
maximum shearing stress in it reaches the value of shearing stress at elastic limit in
uniaxial tension test.
 Maximum Principal Strain Theory-Failure in a complex system occurs when the
maximum strain in it reaches the value of the strain in uniaxial stress at elastic limit.
 Maximum Strain Energy Theory- A material in complex state of stress fails when
the maximum strain energy per unit volume at a point reaches the value of strain
energy per unit volume at elastic limit in simple tension test.
 Maximum Distortion Energy Theory-This theory is also known as Von-Mises
criteria for failure of elastic bodies. According to this theory part of strain energy
causes only changes in volume of the material and rest of it causes distortion. At
failure the energy causing distortion per unit volume is equal to the distortion energy
per unit volume in uniaxial state of stress at elastic limit.
99. What is bending moment diagram?

A diagram in which ordinate represents bending moment and abscissa represents the position
of the section is called BMD.
100. Assumptions in simple theory of bending.

 The beam is initially straight and every layer of it is free to expand or contract.
 The material is homogeneous and isotropic.
 Young’s modulus is same in tension and compression.
 Stresses are within elastic limit.
 Plane section remains plane even after bending.
 The radius of curvature is large compared to depth of beam.
101. State the three phases of finite element method.

Pre-processing, Analysis & Post processing .
102. What are the h and p versions of finite element method?

 Both are used to improve the accuracy of the finite element method.
 In h version, the order of polynomial approximation for all elements is kept constant
and the numbers of elements are increased.
 In p version, the numbers of elements are maintained constant and the order of
polynomial approximation of element is increased.

103. What is the difference between static analysis and dynamic analysis?
Static analysis: The solution of the problem does not vary with time is known as static
analysis. E.g.: stress analysis on a beam.
Dynamic analysis: The solution of the problem varies with time is known as dynamic
analysis. E.g.: vibration analysis problem.
104. What are Global coordinates?

The points in the entire structure are defined using coordinates system is known as global
coordinate system.
105. What are natural coordinates?

A natural coordinate system is used to define any point inside the element by a set of
dimensionless number whose magnitude never exceeds unity. This system is very useful in
assembling of stiffness matrices.
106. What is a CST element?

Three node triangular elements are known as constant strain triangular element. It has 6
unknown degrees of freedom called u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3. The element is called CST because
it has constant strain throughout it.
107. Define shape function.

In finite element method, field variables within an element are generally expressed by the
following approximate relation: F (x,y) = N1(x,y) F1+ N2(x,y) F2+N3(x,y) F3+N(x,y) F4
where F1, F2, F3 and F4 are the values of the field variables at the nodes and N1, N2, N3 and
N4 are interpolation function. N1, N2, N3, N4 are called shape functions because they are
used to express the geometry or shape of the element.
108. What are the characteristics of shape function?

 The shape function has unit value at one nodal point and zero value at the other nodes.
 The sum of shape functions is equal to one.
109. Why polynomials are generally used as shape function?

 Differentiation and integration of polynomials are quite easy.
 The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of the polynomial.
 It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations.
110. State the properties of a stiffness matrix (K).

 It is a symmetric matrix.
 The sum of the elements in any column must be equal to zero.
 It is an unstable element, so the determinant is equal to zero.

111. What are the difference between boundary value problem and initial value problem?
The solution of differential equation obtained for physical problems which satisfies some
specified conditions known as boundary conditions. If the solution of differential equation is
obtained together with initial conditions, then it is known as initial value problem. If the
solution of differential equation is obtained together with boundary conditions then it is
known as boundary value problem.
112. What is meant by plane stress?

Plane stress is defined as a state of stress in which the normal stress (a) and the shear stress
directed perpendicular to plane are zero.
113. Define plane strain.

Plane strain is defined to be a state of strain in which the strain normal to the xy plane and
the shear strains are assumed to be zero.
114. Define Quasi-static response.

When the excitations are varying slowly with time then it is called quasi-static response.
115. What is a sub parametric element?

If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is less than the number of nodes used
for defining the displacements is known as sub parametric element.
116. What is a super parametric element?

If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is more than the number of nodes used
for defining the displacements is known as sub parametric element.
117. What is meant by iso-parametric element?

If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is same as number of nodes used for
defining the displacements, then it is called parametric element.
118. What is the purpose of iso-parametric element?

It is difficult to represent the curved boundaries by straight edges finite elements. A large
number of finite elements may be used to obtain reasonable resemblance between original
body and assemblage. In order to overcome this drawback, iso parametric elements are used
i.e for problems involving curved boundaries, a family of elements ‘isoparametric elements’
are used.
119. What is discretization?

Discretization is the process of dividing given problem into several small elements, connected
with nodes.

120. What are isotropic and orthotropic materials?
 A material is isotropic if its mechanical and thermal properties are the same in all
directions. Isotropic materials can have homogeneous or non-homogeneous
microscopic structures.
 Orthotropic materials: A material is orthotropic if its mechanical or thermal properties
are unique and independent in three mutually perpendicular directions.

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DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF

TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MODELING AND ANALYSIS LABORATORY

BATCH: ___________________ SEM / SECTION:_________________

as to create an overall intellectual atmosphere with each deriving strength from

the other to be the best of engineers, scientists and mathematicians.

make meaningful contributions in an increasing complex global society.

 To encourage, reflection on and evaluation of emerging needs and priorities

with state of art infrastructure.

 To support research and services establishing enhancements in technical,

health, economic, human and cultural development.

 To establish inter disciplinary center of excellence.

 To increase the number of Doctorate holders to promote research culture on

Design and Manufacturing with Innovations, sustainable technologies,

entrepreneurship and certified courses for societal symbiosis.

M2. To empower the students by updating with latest technologies.

M3. To establish MOU’s with industries/Organisations for student’s

internship/joint research and consultancy for staff & Students.

Personality development programs.

industry institute interaction by utilizing the available resources

Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs):

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO)

PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics,

science, engineering fundamentals, and an mechanical

engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering

PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature,

and analyse complex mechanical engineering problems reaching

substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,

natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex

mechanical engineering problems and design system components

or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate

societal, and environmental considerations.

based knowledge and research methods including design of

experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of

the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate

techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools

including prediction and modelling to complex engineering

activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the

contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and

cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the

professional engineering practice.

PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the

professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental

contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for

PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional

ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

multidisciplinary teams. Function effectively as an individual,

and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in

PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex

engineering activities with the engineering community and with

society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write

effective reports and design documentation, make effective

presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and

understanding of the engineering and management principles and

apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team,

to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long

learning in the broadest context of technological change.

BATCH: ___ SEM / SECTION:_