CS – 1

SOLUTIONS
C1A Solution : Solution is a mixture of two or more non-reacting pure substances in which composition may be
altered within certain limits.
There are two types of solution. They are :
(a) Homogeneous solution (b) Heterogeneous solution
HOMOGENEOUS SOLUTIONS : In homogeneous solutions, the components are completely miscible
with each other i.e, they are single phase solution. In this case, the components of the solution will lose their
individuality and, therefore, they cannot be separated by filtration, setting or centrifugal action.
HETEROGENEOUS SOLUTION : In heterogeneous solutions, the components are not miscible i.e.,
they are multiple phase solutions. The components of these mixture can be easily separated through filtra-
tion, settling or centrifugal action.
C1B Types of solution : Depending upon the physical state of solvent and solute, there are nine type of
solutions. They
Number Solute Solvent Examples
(S2) (S1)
1 Gas Gas (H2 + N2 + O2 : Air)
2 Liquid Gas Water vapours in air, Mist
3 Solid Gas Smoke
4 Gas Liquid HCl in water, CO2 in water
5 Liquid Liquid C2H5OH in water, n-hexane in benzene
6 Solid Liquid Sugar in water, urea in water
7 Gas Solid Pd/H2 ; Pt/O2 ; Pt/Cl2 ; Ni/H2
8 Liquid Solid Hg in Zn, Hg in Au
9 Solid Solid Alloys
Out of these nine solutions, there are the most important. They are :
(i) Gas in Liquids (ii) Liquid in Liquid, and (iii) Solid in liquid
C1C Methods of Expressing Concentration of a Solution
Name Symbol Definition Formula

100w 1
Volume Percent C amount of solute present in 100 mL of sol. C
V

100w 1
Weight % % amount of solute present in 100 g of sol. %
w1  w 2

Molarity M number of mol of solution present in one

n 1000
L (1 dm3, 1000 cm3) of solution M
V

Molality m number of mol of solute present

n 1000
in one kg solvent m
Wsolvent

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 CS – 2

M  1000
* Relation between Molarity and Molality : m  , [d is density of solution in g/L and M is
d  MM 
molar mass of solute].
C2A Vapour Pressures : The pressure exerted by the vapours of a liquid which are in equilibrium with it at a
P2 H vap  T2  T1 
given temperature. log   
P1 2.033R  T1T2 

C2B Vapour pressure of solution containing volatile or non-volatile solute : The vapour pressure of a
solution depends upon the nature of the solute i.e., whether it is volatile or not.
Case I : When the solute is non-volatile (Lowering in vapour pressure)
Raoult’s Law : It is stated as, “if the solute is non-volatile, then the vapour pressure of the solution is
directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent”, at a given temperature.
Assume nA and nB are the number of solvent and solute in a given solution.
For non-volatile solutes : PA = P0AXA
PA is the partial pressure of solvent and P0A is the vapour pressure of pure solvent having mole fraction XA
As the solute is non-volatile thus total pressure of solution and partial pressure of solvent are same.

P0  P nB p0  p 1000
0
P = P XA ........ P is the total pressure of solution,  ,  m
A
P0 n A  nB p M solvent

Case II : When the solution is volatile

Raoult’s Law : It is stated as, “At a given temperature, for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour
pressure of each component is directly proportional to their mole fraction”.
For Volatile solutions : PA = P0AXA and PB = P0BXB
(Total vapour pressure of solution) P = PA + PB , P = (P0A – P0B)XA + P0B

p 0A X A YA
Mole fraction of components A and B in vapour phase is determined as 
p 0B X B YB

* Ideal solution : Which obey Raoult’s law at all concentrations and follow the condition. Hmix = 0,
Vmix = 0 (for liquid - liquid solution too), Smix > 0.
* Non-ideal solution : Which show positive or negative derivations from Raoult’s law.
H mix = +ve; V mix = +ve; b.Pt is smaller than expected
Examples of solutions with positive deviations :
(i) C2H5OH + C6H12 (ii) CH3COCH3 + CS2 (iii) CCl4 + CHCl3
(iv) Acetone (CH3COCH3) + C2H5OH (v) C2H5OH + H2O
* Non-ideal solution with negative deviation from Raoult’s Law
H mix = –ve; V mix = –ve; b.Pt is higher than expected.
Examplex of solutions with negative deviations :
(i) Acetone and chloroform (ii) Chloroform and ether
(iii) Chloroform and nitric acid (iv) Acetone and aniline
(v) Water and nitric acid

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 CS – 3
* Azeotrope : A mixture of liquids boils at a constant temperature like pure liquid and has same composition
of component in liquid as well as vapours.
Practice Problems :
1. Two liquids A and B have vapour pressure in the ratio P0A : P0B = 2 : 3 at a certain temperature.
Assume A and B form an ideal solution and the ratio of mole fraction of A to B in the vapour phase
is 1 : 3, then the mole fraction of A in the solution at the same temperature is

1 2 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 4 4
2. The vapour pressure of solution of 5 g of a non-electrolyte in 100 g of water at a particular
temperature is 2985 Nm–2. The vapour pressure of pure water at that temperature is 3000 Nm–2. The
molecular mass (g mol–1) of the solute is
(a) 180 (b) 90 (c) 270 (d) 200
3. The vapour pressure of a pure liquid A is 40 mm Hg at 310 K. The vapour pressure of this liquid in
a solution with liquid B is 32 mm Hg. Mol fraction of A in the solution, if it obeys Raoult’s law, is :
(a) 0.8 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.2 (d) 0.4
4. The vapour pressure of a solvent decreased by 10 mm of Hg when a non-volatile solute was added to
the solvent. The more fraction of solute in solution is 0.2, what would be the mole fraction of solvent
if decreases in vapour pressure is 20 mm of Hg
(a) 0.8 (b) 0.6 (c) 0.4 (d) 0.2
[Answers : (1) a (2) a (3) a (4) b]

C3A Colligative properties : Properties, whose values depends only on the concentration of solute particles in
solution and not on the identity of the solute are called Colligative Properties.
C3B Van’t Hoff Factor ‘i’ : There may be change in number of mol of solute due to ionisation or association
hence these properties are also affected. Number of mol of the product is related to degree of ionisation or
association by van’t Hoff Factor ‘i’ is given by
* In case of dissociation : i = [1 + (n – 1 )]
where n is the number of products (ions or molecules) obtained per mol of the reactant.

1
* In case of association : i = [1 + ( – 1)]
n

where ‘n’ is the no. of moles of solute undergoes association and  is degree of association

Theoretical molar mass

i
Experimental molar mass

Observed value of colligative property due to diss. or asso.

i
Theoretical value of colligative property without diss. or asso.

no. of moles of solute at time ' t'

i
initial no. of moles of solute added

if i = 1 (no change), i > 1 (dissociation), i < 1 (association)

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 CS – 4
Practice Problems :
1. Which one of the following salt would have the same value of the Van’t Hoff factor (i) as that of
K3[Fe(CN)6]
(a) NaCl (b) Na2SO4 (c) Al2(SO4)3 (d) Al(NO3)3
2. The van’t Hoff factor of a 0.005 M aqueous solution of KCl is 1.96. The degree of dissociation of KCl
at the given concentration is
(a) 92% (b) 94% (c) 96% (d) 98%
[Answers : (1) d (2) c]

C3C There are four Colligative properties :

(i) Relative lowering in vapour pressure (ii) Elevation in boiling point
(iii) Depression in freezing point (iv) Osmotic pressure
* Colligative properties are defined for only non-volatile solute.
(i) Relative lowering in vapour pressure

p
 Xsolute ......... [Xsolute is mole fraction of solute
p0

p = (p0 – p) is lowering in vapour pressure]

p in B
0
 ..... [nB and nA are no. of moles of solutes and solvent respectively]
p in B  n A

(ii) Elevation in boiling point

Tb = Tb – Tb0 = iKb.m..... [Kb is called as molal elevation constant, m is the molality of
solution]
In elevation of b.Pt : b.Pt of solution (Tb) > (Tb0) b.Pt of solvent

R(Tb0 )2 Msolvent
Kb 
1000Hvap. ..... [Msolvent is molar mass of solvent and Hv is the enthalpy of

vaporisation per mole of solvent]

(iii) Depression in freezing point :
Tf = Tf0 – Tf = iKf m.... [Kf is molal depression constant]
F.Pt of solution (Tf) < (Tf0) F.Pt of solvent

R(Tf 0 ) 2 M solvent
Kf  ..... [Hf is the enthalpy of fusion per mole of solvent]
1000 H fus.

(iv) Osmotic pressure ()

Spontaneous flow of solvent from dilute solution (it may be pure solvent) into the concentrated solution
through a semi permeable membrane is called osmosis.
Pressure required to prevent osmosis is called as osmotic pressure.
Copper (II) ferrocyanide, Cu2[Fe(CN)6], warm mixture of gelatine and glycerine are common semi-perme-
able membranes.
 = iCRT ..... [C is the molarity or the solution at temperature ‘T’]
* For isotonic solution 1 = 2

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 CS – 5
* For a solution 1 > 2 (hypotonic)
* 1 < 2 (hypertonic)
Reverse osmosis : Flow of solvent of high concentrate solution into low by the application of pressure,
greater than osmotic pressure. (For desalination of sea water).
Practice Problems :
1. The vapour pressure of water at room temperature is lowered by 5% by dissolving a solute in it, then
the approximate molality of solution is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 3
2. A solution of glucose (C6H12O6) is isotonic with 4 g of urea (NH2 – CO – NH2) per litre of solution. The
concentration of glucose is
(a) 4 g/l (b) 8 g/l (c) 12 g/l (d) 14 g/l
3. 1.0 molal aqueous solution of an electrolyte X3Y2 is 25% ionized. The boiling point of the solution is
(Kb for H2O = 0.52 K kg/mol)
(a) 375.5 K (b) 374.04 K (c) 377.12 K (d) 373.25 K
0
4. Molal depression of freezing point of water is 1.86 per 1000 g of water. 0.02 mole of urea dissolved in
100 g of water will produce a lowering of temperature of
(a) 0.1860 (b) 0.3720 (c) 1.860 (d) 3.720
5. Arrange the following aqueous solutions in the order of their increasing boiling points
(i) 10–4 M NaCl (ii) 10–3 M Urea (iii) 10–3 M MgCl2 (iv) 10–2 M NaCl
(a) (i) < (ii) < (iv) < (iii) (b) (ii) < (i) = (iii) < (iv)
(c) (i) < (ii) < (iii) < (iv) (d) (iv) < (iii) < (i) = (ii)
6. 1 mol each of following solutes are taken in 5 mol water,
(A) NaCl (B) K2SO4 (C) Na3PO4 (D) glucose
Assuming 100% ionisation of the electrolyte relative decrease in vapour pressure will be in the
order :
(a) A<B<C<D (b) D < C< B <A (c) D <A< B < C (d) equal
7. PtCl4.6H2O can exist as a hydrated complex; 1 molal aq. solution has depression in freezing point of
3.720. Assume 100% ionisation and Kf(H2O) = 1.860 mol–1 kg, then complex is :
(a) [Pt(H2O)6]Cl4 (b) [Pt(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2.2H2O
(c) [Pt(H2O)3Cl3]Cl.3H2O (d) [Pt(H2O)2Cl4].4H2O
8. The osmotic pressure of a 5% (wt./vol.) solution of cane sugar at 1500C is
(a) 4 atm (b) 3.4 atm (c) 5.078 atm (d) 2.45 atm
9. Following solutions at the same temperature will be isotonic
(a) 3.42 g of cane sugar in one litre water and 0.18 g of glucose in one litre water
(b) 3.42 g of cane sugar in one litre water and 0.18 g of glucose in 0.1 one litre water
(c) 3.42 g of cane sugar in one litre water and 0.585 g of NaCl in one litre water
(d) 3.42 g of cane sugar in one litre water and 1.17 g of NaCl in one litre water
10. Relative decrease in V.P. of an aqueous glucose dilute solution is found to be 0.018. Hence
elevation in boiling point is : (it is given 1 molal aq. urea solution boils at 100.540C at 1 atm.
pressure).
(a) 0.0180 (b) 0.180 (c) 0.540 (d) 0.030

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 CS – 6
11. Two solutions (A) containing FeCl 3(aq) and (B) containing K 4Fe(CN) 6 are separated by
semipermeable membrane as shown below. If FeCl3 on reaction with K4Fe(CN)6 produces blue

colour of Fe4Fe(CN)6, the blue colour will be noticed in

(a) (A) (b) (B)
(c) In both (A) and (B) (d) Neither in (A) nor in (B)
12. 10 g. of solute A and 20 g. of solute B are both dissolved in 500 ml. of water. The solution has the same
osmotic pressure as 6.67 g of A and 30 g of B are dissolved in the same volume of water at the same
temperature. Thus the ratio of molar masses of A and B is
(a) 3.33 (b) 3 (c) 10 (d) 0.33
0
13. At 25 C, the osmotic pressure of human blood due to the pressure of various solutes in the blood is
7.65 atm. Assuming that molarity and molality are almost same. The freezing point of blood is
[Kf = 1.86 K kg/mol].
(a) 0.5820C (b) –0.5820C (c) 1.5820C (d) –1.5820C
[Answers : (1) d (2) c (3) b (4) b (5) c (6) c (7) c (8) c (9) b (10) c (11) d (12) b]

SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE

1. The mathematical expression of Raoult’s law is 4. The expression relating molality (m) and mole frac-
tion of solute (x2) in a solution is
P0  P n P0  P N mM 1 mM 1
(a)  (b)  (a) x2  (b) x 2 
P0 N P0 n 1000  mM 1 1000  mM 1

P0  P n P0  P 1000  mM 1 1000  mM 1
(c)  (d)  nN (c) x2  (d) x 2 
P N P0 mM 1 mM 1
2. The freezing point of equimolal aqueous solutions where M1 is the molar mass of solvent.
will be highest for
5. For an ideal binary liquid solution with p0A > p0B,
(a) C6H5NH3Cl (aniline hydrochloride) which of the following relations between xA (mole
(b) Ca(NO3)2 fraction of A in liquid phase) and yA (mole fraction
A in vapour phase) is correctly represented ?
(c) La(NO3)3
(a) xA = yA
(d) C6H12O6 (glucose)
(b) xA > yA
3. A 0.2 molar aqueous solution of a weak acid (HX)
is 20 percent ionised. The freezing point of the (c) xA < yA
solution is (Kf for H2O = 1.86 K mol–1 kg). (d) xA and yA cannot be correlated with each
(a) – 0.450C (b) 0.900C other
(c) –0.310C (d) –0.530C 6. 2.56 gm of sulphur in 100 gm of CS2 has depression
in F.P. of 0.010 0 , K f = 0.10(molal) –1 . Hence
atomicity of sulphur in CS2 is :
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 8

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7. Relative decrease in vapour pressure of an 14. Which aqueous solution has minimum freezing
aqueous solution containing 2 mol [Cu(NH3)3Cl] point
Cl in 3 mol H2O in 0.50. On reaction with AgNO3, (a) 0.01 M NaCl
this solution will form :
(b) 0.005 M C2H5OH
(a) 1 mol AgCl (b) 0.25 mol AgCl
(c) 0.005 M MgI2
(c) 2 mol AgCl (d) 0.40 mol AgCl
(d) 0.005 M MgSO4
8. When mercuric iodide is added to the aqueous
solution of potassium iodide, the : 15. The molal freezing point constant of water is 1.86
K molality–1. If 342 g of cane sugar (C12H22O11) are
(a) freezing point is raised dissolved in 1000 g of water, the solution will freeze
(b) freezing point is lowered at
(c) freezing point does not change (a) –1.860C (b) 1.860C
(d) boiling point does not change (c) –3.920C (d) 2.420C
9. If a thin slice of sugar beet is placed in concentrated 16. The depression in f.pt. of 0.01 m aqueous solution
solution of NaCl then of urea, sodium chloride and sodium sulphate is in
(a) Sugar beet will lose water from its cells the ratio
(b) Sugar beet will absorb water from (a) 1:1:1 (b) 1:2:3
solution (c) 1:2:4 (d) 2:2:3
(c) Sugar beet will neither absorb nor lose 17. Lowering in vapour pressure is the highest for
water (a) 0.2 m Urea (b) 0.1 m Glucose
(d) Sugar beet will dissolve in solution (c) 0.1 m MgSO4 (d) 0.1 m BaCl2
10. Which is not a colligative property 18. A solution of one mole of benzoic acid in 15 moles
(a) Lowering of vapour pressure of benzene produces a relative lowering in vapour
(b) Freezing point pressure of 1/31. The mol. wt. of benzoic acid is
(c) Osmotic pressure (a) 122 (b) 244
(d) Elevation of boiling point (c) 61 (d) 189
11. Osmosis is a spontaneous flow through a 1 1
semipermeable membrane of 19. The plot of versus (where xA and yA aree
yA xA
(a) A less concentrated solution into more
concentrated solution the mole fraction of A in liquid and vapour phases,
respectively) is linear with slope and intercept
(b) The solvent from a solution of lower con
respectively are given as
centration to one of higher
concentration (a) 
p 0A / p 0B , p 0A  p 0B / p 0B 
(c) Solute particles from a solution of higher
concentration to one of lower (b) p 0A / p 0B , p 0
B  p 0A / p 0
B
concentration
(d) None (c) p 0B / p 0A , p 0
A  p 0B / p 0
A
12. When the vapour pressures of solutions of two
liquids are less than those expected from ideal (d) p 0B / p 0A , p 0
B  p 0A / p 0
B
solutions, they are said to show 20. The vapour pressure of a solution of a non-volatile
(a) Positive deviations from ideal behaviour solube B in a solvent A is 95% of the vapour
(b) Negative deviations from ideal behaviour pressure of the solvent at the same temperature. If
the molecular weight of the solvent is 0.3 times the
(c) Positive deviations for lower molecular weight of the solute, what is the ratio of
concentrations and negative deviations weight of solvent to solute.
for higher concentration
(a) 0.15 (b) 5.7
(d) None
(c) 0.2 (d) none of these
13. The ratio of the value of any colligative property
for KCl solution to that of sugar solution is
(a) 1 (b) 0.5
(c) 2 (d) 5

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21. The freezing point of aqueous solution that contains 28. 1.1 g of CoCl3 . 6NH3 (mol. wt. = 267) was dissolved
5% by mass urea, 1.0% by mass KCl and 10% by in 100 g of H2O. The freezing point of the solution
mass of glucose is was –0.290C. Approximately how many moles of
(a) 290.2 K (b) 285.5 K solute particles exist in solution for each mole of
solute introduced is [Kf for H2O = 1.860C. m–1].
(c) 269.3 K (d) 250 K
(a) 2 (b) 3
22. 25 mL of an aqueous solution of KCl was found to
require 20 mL of 1 M AgNO3 solution when titrated (c) 6 (d) 4
using a K2CrO4 as indicator. Depression in freez- 29. A 5 per cent aqueous solution by mass of a
ing point of KCl solution with 100% ionisation will non-volatile solute boils at 100.150C. The molar
be : [Kf = 2.00 mol–1 kg and molarity = molality] mass of the solute is [Kb = 0.52 K kg mol–1].
(a) 5.00 (b) 3.20 (a) 182.4 (b) 100
0 0
(c) 1.6 (d) 0.8 (c) 50 (d) 52
23. Osmotic pressure of 40% (wt./vol.) urea solution is 30. The vapour pressure of a solution containing 2 mol
1.64 atm and that of 3.42% (wt./vol.) cane sugar is of liquid A and 3 mol of liquid B at 600C is 500 mm.
2.46 atm. When equal volumes of the above two When 2 mol of A is further added to the above
solutions are mixed, the osmotic pressure of the solution, the vapour pressure decreases to 400 mm
resulting solution is Hg at the same temperature.The vapour pressures
(a) 1.64 atm (b) 2.46 atm of the pure liquids A and B are respectively in mm
Hg
(c) 4.10 atm (d) 2.05 atm
(a) 149.12, 733.92
24. Dry air was passed successively through a solution
of 5 g of a solution in 180 g of water and then (b) 109.12, 733.92
through pure water. The loss in weight of solution (c) 149.12, 703.90
was 2.50 g and that of pure solvent 0.04 g. The (d) data is insufficient
molecular weight of the solute is
(a) 31.25 (b) 3.125
(c) 312.5 (d) None
25. The molecular weight of NaCl determined by
studying freezing point depression of its 0.5%
aqueous solution is 30. The apparent degree of
dissociation of NaCl is
(a) 0.95 (b) 0.50
ANSWERS (SINGLE CORRECT
(c) 0.60 (d) 0.30
CHOICE TYPE
26. One litre of milk weighs 1.035 kg. The butter fat it
contains to the extent of 4% by volume has a
1. c 11. b 21. c
density of 875 kg/m3. The density of the fat-free
‘skimmed’ milk is 2. d 12. b 22. b
(1 m3 = 103 litre).
3. a 13. c 23. d
(a) 1042 kg/m3 (b) 1.042 kg/m3
(c) 0.010 kg/m3 (d) 0.0145 kg/m3 4. a 14. a 24. a
27. A 0.001 m aqueous solution of K3[Fe(CN)6] freezes
5. c 15. a 25. a
at –0.062 0 C. The apparent percentage of
dissociation is 6. d 16. b 26. a
(Kf for water = 1.86)
7. a 17. d 27. c
(a) 60% (b) 50%
(c) 78% (d) 90% 8. a 18. b 28. d
9. a 19. c 29. a
10. b 20. b 30. a

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INITIAL STEP EXERCISE

(SUBJECTIVE)
1. Find out the osmotic pressure exerted by a solution 11. The vapour pressure of a solution containing 0.05
of 0.1 M of electrolyte AB2 in Pascals at 300K. mole of sodium sulphate in 450 g of water is 756.2
2. 0.5 g of a non-volatile organic substance was mm of Hg at 1000C. What is the apparent degree of
dissolved in 100 ml of CCl4 at 300C. The vapour ionization of Na 2SO 4m the solution ? (Vapour
pressure of the solution was found to be 141.9 torr. pressure of pure water at 1000C is 760 mm of Hg).
Calculate the molar mass of the substance if the 12. 1.25 g benzoic acid (molar mass = 121) when
vapour pressure of CCl4 at 300C is 143 torr and its dissolved in 100 cm3 of benzene produces osmotic
density is 1.58 g ml–1. pressure of 1.73 atm at 300 K. Benzoic acid is known
3. An aqueous solution of a non-volatile solute boils to form dimer in benzene. Calculate (i) percentage
at 100.170C. At what temperature would it freeze ? of benzoic acid in the associated state (ii) the
equilibrium constant of the dimerization reaction.
(Kb = 0.52 K kg mol–1 and Kf = 1.88 K kg mol–1).
13. Calculate the composition of the vapour in
4. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) associates in benzene to
equilibrium with an ideal solution of ethylbenzene
form double molecules. 1.65 g of acetic acid when
(P0e = 10.0 torr) and methylbenzene (P0m = 37.0 torr)
dissolved in 100 g of benzene raised the boiling point
in which the mole fraction of ethylbenzene in the
by 0.360C. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor and the
liquid is 0.35. Calculate the total vapor pressure of
degree of association of acetic acid in benzene.
the solution.
(Kb = 2.57 K kg mol–1).
14. Phenol associates in benzene to a certain extent to
5. At 300 K, the vapour pressure of an ideal solution form a dimer. A solution containing 20 × 10–3 kg of
containing one mole of A and 3 moles of B is 550 phenol in 1.0 kg of benzene has its freezing point
mm of Hg. At the same temperature, if one mole of depressed by 0.69 K. Calculate the fraction of
B is added to this solution, the vapour pressure of phenol dimerized. Kf for benzene = 5.120 mole kg–1.
the solution increases by 10 mm of Hg. Calculate
15. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at 250C is
the V.P. of A and B in their pure state.
639.7 mm of Hg and the vapour pressure of a
6. The vapour pressure of 2% aqueous solution of an solution of a solute in C 6 H 6 at the same
electrolyte XY at 373 K is 755 mm of Hg. Calculate temperature is 631.9 mm of Hg. Calculate molality
the molecular mass of the solute. Vapour pressure of solution.
of pure water at 373 K is 760 mm of Hg.
16. A 0.025M solution of monobasic acid had a
7. The vapour pressures at a certain temperature of freezing point of –0.060C. Calculate Ka for the acid.
two liquids A and B are 39 mm Hg and 27.5 mm Hg Kf (H2O) = 1.86.
respectively. The molecular weights are MA = 72 and
MB = 87. The liquids are completely miscible. What
is the vapour pressure at the same temperature for
a mixture of A and B in the weight ratio 1 : 2 ?
8. A solution containing 30 gm of a non-volatile
solute in exactly 90 gm water has a vapour of
21.85 mm of Hg at 250C. Further 18 gm of water is
added to solution, the new vapour pressure becomes
22.15 mm of Hg at 250C. Calculate (i) Mol. wt of
solute., (ii) Vapour pressure of water at 250C.
9. Chloroacetic acid has Ka = 1.36 × 10–3M. Calculate
the freezing point of 0.1 M solution of this acid.
Assume that molarity and molality have identical
values.
Kf(water) = 1.86 K kg mol–1.
10. Two solution containing equal quantities of water,
one having 0.5 mole of sugar and other have 22.2
gm of calcium chloride. If both the solutions freezes
at the same temperature then calculate the
apparent degree of ionization of calcium chloride
in the solution.

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi – 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 CS – 10

FINAL STEP EXERCISE

(SUBJECTIVE)
8. A very small amount of a non volatile solute (that
1. To 500 cm3 of water, 3.0 × 10–3 kg of acetic acid is
does not dissociate) is dissolved in 56.8 cm3 of
added. If 23% of acetic acid is dissociated, what
benzene (density 0.889 g cm–3). At room temper
will be the depression in freezing point ? Kf and
ature, vapour pressure of this solution is 98.88 mm
density of water are 1.86 K kg–1 mol–1 and 0.997 g
Hg while that of benzene is 100 mm Hg. find the
cm–3 respectively.
molality of this solution. If the freezing
2. Solution of two liquids X and Y obey Raoult’s law. temperature of this solution is 0.73 degree lower
At a certain temperature, it is found that when the than that of benzene, what is the value of molal
total pressure above a given solution is 400 mm Hg, freezing point depression constant of benzene ?
the mole-fraction of X in the vapour is 0.45 and in
9. A mixture which contains 0.550 g of camphor and
the liquid is 0.65. What are the vapour pressures of
0.045 g of an organic solute freezes at 1570C. The
the two pure liquids at the given temperature ?
solute contains 93.46% of C and 6.54% of H by
3. A certain liquid mixture of the liquids A and B weight. What is the molecular formula of the
behaving ideally shows a vapour pressure of 70 mm compound ? (Freezing point of camphor = 178.40C
Hg at 250C for a certain mole fraction X of A. For and Kf = 37.70)
the same mole fraction X for B in the mixture the
10. 1000 g of 1 m aqueous solution of sucrose is cooled
vapour pressure of the mixture is 90 torr at 250C if
and maintained at –3.5340C. Find how much ice will
the difference between the vapour pressure of the
separate out. Kf(H2O) = 1.86 K. kg. mol–1.
pure liquid i.e. PA0 – PB0 = 40 torr, Calculate X, PA0
and PB0.
4. When 3.24 gm of mercuric nitrate Hg(NO3)2 is
dissolved in 1 kg of water, the freezing point of the
solution is found to be –0.05580C. When 10.84 g of
mercuric chloride HgCl2 is dissolved in 1 kg of
water, the freezing point of the solution is –0.07440C
kf = 1.86 mol –1 K kg. Will either of these
dissociate into ions in an aqueous solution.
5. 1 g of a monobasic acid when dissolved in 100 g of
water lowers the freezing point by 0.1680C. 0.2 g of
the same acid when dissolved and titrated required
15.1 ml of N/10 alkali. Calculate degree of
dissociation of the acid. (Kf for water is 1.86).
6. Liquids X and Y form an ideal solutions. The vapour
pressures of pure X and Y at 1000C are 300 and 100
mm of Hg respectively. Suppose that the vapour,
above a solution composed of 1 mole of X and
1 mole of Y at 1000C is collected and condensed.
This condensate is then heated to 1000C and vapour
is again condensed to form a liquid A. What is the
mole-fraction of X in A ?
7. The molar volume of liquid benzene (density = 0.877
g ml–1) increases by a factor of 2750 as it vapourizes
at 200C and that of liquid toluene (density 0.867 g
ml –1) increases by a factor of 7720 at 20 0C. A
solution of benzene and toluene at 20 0C has a
vapour pressure of 46.0 torr. Find the mole
fraction of benzene in the vapour above the
solution.

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi – 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 CS – 11

ANSWERS SUBJECTIVE (INITIAL STEP EXERCISE)

1. 7.45 × 105 Pa 2. M = 62.86 g/mol

3. – 0.6080C 4. 0.5
5. P0A = 400 mm, P0B = 600 mm
6. 55.8 7. 31.83 mm Hg 8. 67.83, 23.78
9. – 0.210C 10. 75%
11. 75% 12. 63.8%, K = 23.56
13. Xethyl benzene = 0.127, Xmethyl benzene = 0.873, P = 27.55 torr
14. 73.4% 15. 0.15
16. 2.96 × 10–3

ANSWERS SUBJECTIVE (FINAL STEP EXERCISE)

1. 0.230C
2. 276.9 mm Hg, 628.57 mm Hg
3. X = 0.25, P0A = 100 torr and P0B = 60 torr
4. Only Hg(NO3)2 will dissociate
5. 0.19
6. 0.9
7. 0.73
8. 0.1452, 5.027 K molality–1
9. C12H10
10. 352.98 g

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi – 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111