Escolar Documentos
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SYSTEM
Contents
Kidney
* Parts of nephron and structures
juxtaglomerular apparatus
Functional aspects
Blood circulation
Ureter and urinary bladder
• General features
Urinary epithelium Urethra
1. macula densa,
2. extraglomerular mesangial cells,
3. juxtaglomerular cells (also known as granular cells).
RENAL TUBULE
The openings between the pedicles are called filtration slits. They are spanned by a
thin membrane, the filtration slit membrane. Between the podocytes and the
endothelial cells of the capillaries a comparatively thick basal lamina, which can be
subdivided into an outer lamina externa, a middle lamina densa and an inner lamina
interna.
The basal lamina and the slit membranes form the glomerular filtration barrier,
which prevents some large molecules from entering the capsular space between
the outer and inner epithelial layers of Bowman's capsule.
Mesangial cells in the glomerulus form the connective tissue that gives structural
support to podocytes and vessels.
Histo: proximal tubule
walls - low columnar epithelium.
The eosinophilic cells of the epithelium have a wide brush
border and are active in endocytosis.
Histo of Loop of Henle
It is 'U' shaped and has descending and ascending
segments.
Thin descending segment has flattened
epithelium( squamous). It is permeable to water but not
solutes.
Histo: Distal convoluted tubule
The epithelium is separated from the lamina propria by a
basal lamina.
Muscular layer – Upper 2/3 of the ureter is made of
two layers of smooth muscle cells.
Inner longitudinal and outer circular layer( in contrast to the
wall of GIT which has inner circular & outer longitudinal !).
Lower 1/3 of the ureter has a third outer layer of longitudinal
muscles( inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer
loingitudinal ).
Urinary incontinence
Childbirth and other events can injure the scaffolding that helps
support the bladder in women. Pelvic floor muscles, the vagina, and
ligaments support your bladder.
Overactive bladder
Specifically, the symptoms of overactive bladder include
urinary frequency—bothersome urination eight or more times a day
or two or more times at night
urinary urgency—the sudden, strong need to urinate immediately
urge incontinence—leakage or gushing of urine that follows a sudden,
strong urge
nocturia—awaking at night to urinate