SUMMARY

This experiment was divided into two parts which is free and forced vortex. Every parts had
different objectives such as in free vortex, the objective was to study the surface profile and
speed of the vortex and also to find the relationship between the surface profile and speed of
the vortex. For the forced vortex, the objective was to study the surface profile and angular
velocity of the vortex and also to find the relationship between surface profile and total head.

For the free vortex experiment, orifices with different diameters are used to observe and
study the free vortex. It can be observed that as the radius of the orifice increases, the velocity
of water decreases and bigger orifice will produce greater vortex.

For forced vortex experiment, it involves the use of paddle at the bottom of the tank to create
forced vortex. It can be observed that as the angular velocity increase, the high from top of
measuring gauge to bridge, h, also increase. As the angular velocity increase, the slope of the
curve also increases because of the stream function formed in forced vortex is parabolic in
nature.
PROCEDURE

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
General Start-up Procedures
1. Place the study bench on the hydraulic bench.
2. Set up the inlet and outlet hose.
3. Adjust the stand of the equipment to reach the horizontal position.

General Shut-down Procedures

1. Close the valves and switch off the pump.
2. Remove the orifices, paddle and other accessories from the
cylindrical vessel.

Experiment 1: Free Vortex

Procedures:

1. Perform the general start-up procedures.

2. Select an orifice with diameter 24mm and place it on the base of
cylinder tank.
3. Close the output valve and adjust the inlet 3-way valve to let the
water flows into the tank from two pipes with 12.5 mm diameter.
The water can flow out through the orifice.
4. Switch on the pump and open the control valve on the hydraulic
bench slowly until the tank limit. Maintain the water level by
adjusting the control valve.
5. When the water level is stable, collect the vortex profile by
measuring the vortex diameter for several planes using the profile
measuring gauge.
6. Push down the profile measuring gauge until the both of sharp
point touch the water surface.
7. Record the measured height, h (from the top of the profile
measuring gauge to the bridge). Obtain the value of a (distance
 from the bridge to the surface of the water level (bottom level of
the cutout)).
8. Use the pitot tube to measure the velocity by sinking it into the
water at the depth of 5mm from the water surface. Measure the
depth of the pitot tube in the water, H.
9. Repeat step 3 - 8 for another three orifice with diameter 12mm,
16mm and 8mm respectively.
10. Plot the coordinates of vortex profile for all diameter of orifice in
graph and calculate the gradient of graph as shown below:
𝐾2 1
X = 2𝑔 𝑟2

Where X is the pressure head / depth of the pitot tube.

11. Plot graph of velocity which is calculated from the pitot tube
reading versus the radius of the profile.
V = (2gH) 0.5

12. Theoretically, the velocity can be calculated by using the following

equation:
K
V 
r

Experiment 2: Forced Vortex

Procedure:

1. Perform the general start-up procedures.

2. Place a closed pump with two pedals on the base of the cylinder tank.
3. Close the output valve and adjust the inlet 3-way valve to let the water
flows into the tank from two pipes with 9.0 mm diameter. The water can
flow out through another two pipes with 12.5mm diameter.
4. Make sure that the water flow out from the tank with the siphon effect by
raising the hose to above the water level in the tank.
5. Make sure the outlet hose is fill with water before letting the water to flow
into the sump tank in the hydraulic bench
6. Measure the angular speed of the pedals by counting the number of circles
in a certain times.
7. Push down the surface probe until the sharp point touch the water surface.
8. Record the measured height, h0 (from top of the measuring gauge to
bridge).
9. Repeat step 4 - 8 with different volumetric flow rate.
10. Plot the coordinates of vortex profile for different angular velocity.
11. Plot the calculated vortex profile in the same graph as they relate as
𝜔2
h = h0 + 2𝑔 r2
SAMPLE CALCULATION OF ERORRS
REFERENCES
1. https://www.scribd.com/doc/65108257
2. http://www.advancedgritmanagement.com/resource/introductio
n-vortex-flows-theoretical-hydrodynamic-vortex-behaviour
3. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex
4. http://www.mecholic.com/2015/10/free-and-forced-vortex-
flow-comparison.html?m=1
5. http://mechanicsoffluids.blogspot.my/2014/12/free-and-forced-
vortex-flow-with.html?m=1
6. https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Forced-vortex