Submitted by-

Submitted to
Harshita Jain
4th yr B.Tech
 Introduction
 Reaction Components
 Applications in agriculture
Conclusion
Reference
The POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) is a
biochemical technology to amplify a single or a few
copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of
magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies
of a particular DNA Sequence.

It was invented in 1983 by Dr. Kary Mullis, for which he

received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993.
Target DNA contains the sequence to be amplified.
Pairs of Primers oligonucleotides that defines the
sequence to be amplified.
dNTPs deoxynucleotidetriphosphates: DNA building
block.
Thermostable DNA Polymerase enzyme that catalyzes
the reaction.
 Mg2+ ions cofactor of the enzyme.
Buffer Solution maintains pH & ionic strength of the
reaction solution suitable for the activity of the enzyme.
 Product development
 Grain processing

 Identification of Fishery products

 Cultivar Identification of rice

 Quantification of Fusarium culmorum in Wheat

and Barley
 Major use of PCR technology in product
development includes-
 Gene discovery and cloning.

 Vector contruction

 Transformant identification

 Screening and characterization

 Seed quality control.

I. PCR testing for
unapproved events
II. PCR testing for gm
content
III. PCR testing for non gm
labeling
IV. PCR testing for presence
of high-value commodity
 The importing country often requires that the
grain shipment be tested for the presence of
specific GM events to ensure that the grain
shipment does not contain these unapproved
events.

 Such testing often relies on qualitative PCR.

 Most countries that have adopted mandatory labeling
rules for food or feed have set tolerances for the
adventitious presence of GM material in grain
products.

 To meet this need for testing, several laboratories

currently are adopting quantitative PCR for percent
GM determinations.
 In some cases, food manufacturers and retailers wish
to use positive labeling for their non-GM products.
 The use of positive labeling requires that the grain and
grain products originate from a non-GM identity
preservation program and test negative or at least
below a certain threshold for GM DNA.
 Qualitative PCR testing is most often used to certify
compliance with a non-GM contract.
 In certain cases, it is desirable to show that a
commodity is made up of a specific crop commodity
 e.g., low phytate maize, soybean with altered oil
profile.

 PCR could be used for this purpose by testing for

the GM trait that conveys the characteristic,
although the grain may also be tested by
quantifying the improved quality of the commodity.
 A method of DNA analysis has been
developed to verify authenticity of
labelled raw material of canned Fish
or in products made from closely
related Fish species (tuna, eel,
salmon, trout and sturgeon).
 Short segments (358 bp) of the
mitochondrial cytochrome b gene
were amplified by the PCR to get
species-specificity patterns.
 Cultivars of rice markedly affect
eating quality, processing suitability,
and price, identification or
differentiation.

 It became possible to differentiate 60

Japanese dominant rice cultivars from
each other using template DNA
extracted and purified from rice
grains. 
 Specific detection of Fusarium
culmorum in infected seeds
 The specificity of the assay was
confirmed by test in
seven Fusarium species and 21 non-
Fusarium fungal species.
  Eight barley and nine wheat varieties
infected by F. culmorum isolate were
evaluated in 1 yr (barley samples) and
in 4 yrs (wheat samples). 
 PCRtechnology is often used for the detection of
products of agricultural biotechnology.

 PCR has revolutionised molecular biology and

made PCR the most widely used and powerful
technique with great spectrum of research
applications.
 T.A.Brown, DNA Cloning & Gene Analysis.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/
(SICI)1097-0010(199705)74:1%3C35::AID-
JSFA765%3E3.0.CO;2-
2/abstract;jsessionid=6B4E317EC6C9F5A29679B
9E9E0B86002.f04t04
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf062737z