165: 21-23 Neville Street, Abergavenny. Archaeological Evaluation

DOCUMENT NO 309 July 2017
A.P.A.C. Ltd.
Archaeological Perspectives Analysis Consultancy
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION REPORT
EV/ABG3/16
Development to the rear of 21-23 Neville Street, Abergavenny
Pre-Planning Application
Prepared for:
United Joinery ltd
By: Dr N Phillips.
A.P.A.C. Ltd Rear of 21-23 Nevill St. EV/ABG3/16
Summary
A planning application will be submitted to Monmouthshire County Council for a proposed

development involving demolition of existing buildings to allow for construction of new buildings.
Previous work elsewhere on the same site required archaeological evaluation work to be carried out
before any development could begin, therefore this evaluation has been commissioned, pre-
planning, in order to pre-empt the anticipated archaeological condition:
Unfortunately, as insufficient knowledge of that potential existed at the time, planning approval was
recommended for deferment awaiting a program of archaeological evaluation.
As the majority of the proposed site is currently under derelict buildings, two areas for evaluation
were chosen that would provide the maximum assessment within the limits of the agreed evaluation
area; whilst avoiding unnecessary disruption to the area.
This obviously avoided demolition of current structures, work which in their own right may have
required additional evaluation and or recording procedures.
This report contains the findings of the archaeological evaluation showing that there is evidence of
archaeological resources present at the site.
However, the evidence shows a few 19th century structures infilled with a large amount of
redistribution events, which include mixed finds assemblages dateable from 17th to 20th centuries
Two possible exceptions, not clearly understood, are: an area of isolated infill to towards the east of
trench 2 and a defined edge at the eastern end.
These were both investigated as far as health and safety considerations would allow but no
definitive understanding regarding purpose or cause could be reached.
There is a danger of interpreting these anomalies to fit expectation rather than being led by
definitive evidence.
Copyright Notice:
A.P.A.C. Ltd. retains copyright of this report under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988.
The Ordnance Survey has granted A.P.A.C. Ltd a Copyright Licence (No. 100046577) to reproduce map information; Copyright remains otherwise
with the Ordnance Survey.
Cover Photograph: Frame of File 0001. Trench 2 east end, 4K aerial camera @ 10M
2
Contents
Contents............................................................................................................................................... 3
Figures ................................................................................................................................................. 3
Plates ................................................................................................................................................... 4
Appendices .......................................................................................................................................... 5
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 6
2 Site Location and Description ...................................................................................................... 7
3 Geology and Topography ............................................................................................................ 7
4 Brief archaeological and historical background........................................................................... 7
5 Aims and Objectives .................................................................................................................. 11
6 Scope of the Work ..................................................................................................................... 11
7 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 11
8 Data Presentation ....................................................................................................................... 14
9 Survey Results ........................................................................................................................... 14
10 Evaluation Trenches Results .................................................................................................. 15
11 Finds ....................................................................................................................................... 20
12 Discussion and Interpretation ................................................................................................. 21
13 Impact ..................................................................................................................................... 22
13 Archive ................................................................................................................................... 23
14 Staff ........................................................................................................................................ 23
15 Acknowledgements: ............................................................................................................... 23
16 Bibliography and References: ................................................................................................ 24
Figures
1 Site Location map

2 Trench positions in proposed development area
3 Plans; Pre-excavation contours & excavation area sequence
4 HER search area map
5 Town plans: Roman fort, town wall & trench 2
6 19th century mapping, progressions
7 20th century mapping, progressions
8 Trench 1 plan and sections
9 Trench 2 plan
10 Trench 2, area 1, sections AA, BB
11 Trench 2, areas 2 & 3 sections: CC, DD, CD
12 Trench 2, areas 4,5, & 6, sections: EE FF
13 Trench 2 Plan view area 4 & 5
3
Plates
PL01 Trench location, portacabin, shed and vegetation [100]

PL02 Overview of area 1. Mechanical excavation stopped. Trowelling begins
PL03 Finished excavation overview
PL04 Concrete [101], rubble [104] deposit [105] with [107] left. Void [102] top right
PL05 Detail of [106] under [105] with [111] and [107] left. Rear [104] under [101] with [102] top
left
PL06 Test pit 1, into [117]
PL07 Test pit 2, into [117]
PL08 South section
PL09 Full trench, finished
PL10 Section 1, west end, wall [134] left over [135]. [100] rear, [115]/[112] foreground
PL11 Final excavation of area 1 east. Wall [105] just exposed. Note debris, glass, rubble, iron,
concrete.
PL12 Wall [105] initial clearance. Internal fills [120] [106] isolated from rest of trench. [103]
outside of [105]
PL13 [105] centre, [107] rear. Note depth difference of [107] each side of [105]
PL14 View of [105] from on top of [107]
PL15 Sequence 11.2. partial section AA
PL16 TP 2. Post hole excavation
PL17 Fogged picture of TP3 & TP4 right. Note depth of [107] each side of [105]
PL18 Fogged picture of TP3. Note depth of [107] north of [105]
PL19 Area 1 TP 5
PL20 Area 2, initial clearance into [201] to the east of wall [107]
PL21 Isolated 1m square stone. 9 cup marks on one side. [227] & [228] bottom left.
PL22 Overview of area 2 prior to drawing
PL23 Area 2, Sequence 15.1. Wall [107]/[144]
PL24 Area 2 before partial backfill, Foreground: [227], [228] & [144]
PL25 Area 2, detail of [107], [227], [228] & [144]
PL26 Area 2, Partial section EE; contexts [227], [228] over [229] [230] [231]. [107]/[144] right
PL27 Area 2, Sequence 14.1. Fully excavated against Wall [107]
PL28 Area 2, Full section EE
PL29 TP8, External to trench. [227] to right and possible extension of [244] to rear
PL30 Area 2, Sequence 15.10. Wall [107]/[144]
PL31 Area 2, TP 8
PL32 Overview of area 2 with TP 7
PL33 Area 4, two different cobble surfaces: [404] left, [424] right. Boundary & threshold [405]
centre
PL34 Area 4, Foreground: [612],[419], centre [416] rear [424], [405], [404]
PL35 Areas 4&5. Drainage [616], [427], [419]. Rear pipe [4106], cobbles edge [413] & [424],
[405], [404]
PL36 Area 6. Pipe [612] Area 6 at 1.5m. South bank (top) very unstable above cut [622]
PL37 Area 6. Pipe joint for [612]
PL38 Overview of completed trench. Area 4,5&6. TPs 10 & 11
PL39 Overview section EE. TPs 10 & 11
PL40 Overview of completed Section FF.
PL41 Overview of completed section EE
PL42 Initial clearance scrape onto concrete [101]
PL43 Full sequence at southern end: [101], [103],[104] [105], [106], [112], [117] with [107], [109]
& [111]
PL44 Detail of [111] and [107]
PL45 East end of north section, stratigraphy, less slump than south corner. Sequence 2. 2
PL46 Sequence 10.2. partial section BB
PL47 Partial sequence, section CC
PL48 Detail of slump at [107]. Note [144] at rear. Also note wall batter 10º, Sequence 3.1
PL49 Detail of slump Sequence 3.2
PL50 Detail of slump Sequence 3.5
PL51 Wall [107] with lower wall [105] at right angles. Note difference in levels for [107] each
side of [105]
PL52 Sequence 9.1. [107]. Section AB
4
PL53 Sequence 9.2. [107]. Section AB
PL54 Areas 4,5&6. Partial section EE. Sequence 24.6
PL55 Areas 4,5&6. Section FF. Sequence 23.24
PL56 Areas 4, 5 & 6. Overview
PL57 Areas 4,5&6. Full section EE. Sequence 24.17
PL58 Area 2, Sequence 13.9. Partial section CC
PL59 Area 2, Partial CC, baulk still in place left. Sequence 18.11.
Appendices
Appendix I Contexts sheets

Appendix II Digital Photograph list & contact sheet
Appendix III Finds Index & assemblage photographs
Appendix IV Context/finds analysis
5
1 Introduction
This report has been prepared by Dr Neil Phillips, A.P.A.C. Ltd, from the results of an archaeological evaluation
undertaken in response to a proposed programme of works to demolish an area of existing buildings; currently
used for storage, in order to erect new commercial premises.
The buildings are to the rear of 21-23 Nevill Street Abergavenny, fig 01. NGR 329743 214184.
The client for the proposed development; United Joinery Ltd, is considering submitting a planning application to
Monmouthshire County Council, (MCC) through their agent Morgan & Horowskyj Architects.
In the light of recent work at the site; which confirmed some survival of archaeological resources, (APAC Ltd.
EV/ABG/15), as well as advice from Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust, (GGAT), the agent has taken the step
of requesting archaeological evaluation of some of the currently accessible area in order to provide information to
aid in the decision of the planning application when submitted.
APAC. Ltd was contracted to undertake the work and produced a Written Scheme of Investigation: WSI:
EV/ABG3/16, which was approved by Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust, (GGAT) as fit for purpose.
Two trenches, fig 02, were proposed; placed where they would be best able to evaluate areas of probable
archaeological potential, whilst providing the least disruption to the ongoing business located in the area.
In placing the trenches, consideration was given to the problems of working within the buildings which are to be
demolished; the entire covered area has concrete flooring and the buildings are used for storage necessitating
continued access.
The position of trench 1 measuring 4m x 2m, was dictated by the availability of a small accessible area to the north
of the site PL01, 09617.
Primarily functioning as an evaluation, a secondary purpose was also to establish a background control of the
stratigraphic sequence provided by the earlier evaluation trenches to the north and west, EV/ABG/15.
Trench 2, 20m x 2m, was the main evaluation focus; located against the known position of the medieval town wall;
nearby sections were investigated previously in the 2014 evaluation with trenches 2 & 4, p21. EV/ABG/15.
The evaluation fieldwork was undertaken over two periods, in order to fit in with the groundworkers’ availability.
Evaluation trench 1 was completed over 3 days: 17th, 18th and 19th August 2016.
Evaluation trench 2 was completed over 16 days: 16th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 21st, 23rd, 24th, 25th 26th, 27th, 31st January &
1st, 2nd, 6th, 8th and 10th February 2017.
Five days: 19th, 30th 3rd, 7th, and 9th were lost due to heavy rainfall, which added to the already difficult problems
arising from the restricted nature of the site, instability of the ground, and depth of the excavation.
A contoured plan of the site prior to excavation can be seen in fig 03, top, which shows the narrow width of the
area, varying 4m>2.5m between two masonry walls, along which was excavated the 2m wide trench.
A 1m baulk was left between the building to the north and the trench edge, whilst the southern area had to not only
accommodate the spoil but also maintain access for the mechanical digger: PL02 gives an idea of the problem.
The onsite archaeologists deferred to the expertise of the groundworkers regarding the safety and stability of the
trench and nearby buildings, the resulting solution was to excavate small sections; six in all, record and backfill
before moving forward to the next section.
The sequence of trenching can be seen in fig 03 bottom; trench areas 1 to 3 progressed west to east whereas areas 4
to 6 moved east to west.
This method of working, although ensuring the safety of the archaeologists, caused difficulties in maintaining a
complete section sequence for recording.

6
Re-working of adjoining portions after backfilling, eroded boundaries; in some cases, particularly trench 3, whole
contexts collapsed before the sequence could be recorded.
Also lighting and weather conditions varied considerably over the period making colour comparisons between
backfilled and exposed context very unreliable.
2 Site Location and Description
Abergavenny is a town in Monmouthshire, South Wales, and easily reached from the A40 or the A465 heads of the
Valleys Road, fig 01.
The site lies to the west of the town centre and just north of Tudor Street which passes in front of the Police Station
and Magistrates Court.
The entrance to the site, which is a works yard, has a variety of storage buildings, open storage areas for
building materials and unmarked parking areas.
The site can be reached off Baker Street; behind the Police Station and Magistrates Court car park.
Trench 1 was located between a portacabin, an old corrugated building and some mature vegetation, PL 01.
Trench 2 was an area of wasteland to the extreme south of the site, sandwiched between a length of decaying
buildings to the north, a modern retaining wall to the south, a fenced walkway to the west and the rebuilt boundary
wall: on the old town wall circuit, to the east.
3 Geology and Topography
The solid geology of the site falls within the St Maughn’s Formation, Argrillaceous Rocks and interbedded
[subequal/subordinate] sandstones with superficial Glaciofluvial sheet deposits of Devensian sand and gravels,
http://www.bgs.ac.uk/geoindex/
Abergavenny is situated in the Usk Valley, flanked to the north by the Black Mountains and to the south and west by
the Brecon Beacons.
To the east the landscape opens to low undulating hills, as the River Usk turns southward to its mouth at Newport.
4 Brief archaeological and historical background
Standing stones, cairns and, hill forts on the hills surrounding Abergavenny attest to the human activity in the area
from Prehistoric times.
On the lower slopes of the hills and the valley floor, traces of early human activity are less overt; however, it is
improbable that such a fertile river valley as that of the Usk did not attract the attention of early peoples.
In fact, archaeological evidence of Neolithic peoples has been found and one such occurrence was quite close to the
current site at about 130m to the east, during the 1962-69 excavations in Flannel Street, (HER E000320), fig 04.
The finds recovered, albeit from a disturbed Roman context at the bottom of a Roman ditch were recoded:
...there are some minute blades (154 (three) minute blades and F28 (one)) and some coarser
blades (29.200-202, 90 and 225 – the last two with hinge fracture)- which taken with the
small core (F129),…the worn down remains of another (F229), and a worked flake of grey chert
like that used by the microlith-makers at Craig-y-llyn (Rhondda), might support the belief in the
former presence at Flannel Street of a flint-chipping floor of the microlithic tradition…
Also two coarse scrapers and a barbed and tanged arrowhead, late Neolithic.
A rim sherd (Peterborough type hemispherical bowl, Late Neolithic.
2 sherds of Early Iron Age ceramic jars
(Savory (in) Probert et al pp171-172)
7
The current development site, located to the rear of 21-23 Nevill Street, Abergavenny, is within both the
Archaeological Sensitive Area of Abergavenny and the Historic Conservation Area of Abergavenny, (MON2155/JB
& HER 5013).
Known archaeological resources within a 500m diameter of the site amount to 193 listed buildings, 3 Scheduled
Ancient Monuments and 3 Parks and Gardens, (HER. 5013), fig 04.
Of these the Roman fort of Gobanium: SAM MM193, is only 140m south east, whilst the ditch associated with the
Grade II listed, no: 2377 medieval town walls, is expected to run under the eastern edge of the proposed site fig 04.
The potential for archaeological resources associated with settlement from the above periods, was therefore
considered, hence the probability of a condition of archaeological evaluation.
The HER search, 5013 mentioned above, identified 221 sites in total for the 500m search area based on NGR
SO 2975014250 and covered listings from the prehistoric to the present, fig 04.
The majority of these provide the background understanding for the site, revealing Roman and Medieval influence
supplanted by the later Post Medieval structures relating to the commercial aspects and prosperity of the
industrial age.
Of the listings provided by the HER, some sources warranted further research due to their proximity to the site
or similarity of features:
E000314 Archaeological Excavation 11 Neville Street Radcliff & Knight 1963

E000315 Archaeological Excavation 17 Neville Street Radcliff & Knight 1963
E000320 Archaeological Excavation Flannel Street Mon Ant 1962-69
E001560 Survey Town Walls of Abergavenny GGAT 1998
E002548 Archaeological Watching Brief 29 Castle Street Monmouth Archaeology 1999
E002636 Historic Landscape Study Abergavenny Olding, F. 1998
E004391 Archaeological Evaluation Nindra House, 13 Nevill Street. GGAT 1995
2351. Archaeological Watching Brief. Kings Arms Nevill Street. Archaeoloical Investigations Ltd.
2007.
The above were a valuable source of information for the background history and archaeology that follows:
The Roman occupation of Abergavenny (Gobanium: SAM: MM193, HER 5013) has been dated to AD 52-57 as part
of a program of consolidation of the gains of Ostorious Scapula AD 47-52; including a network of roads and forts
linked to the Legionary Fortress at Usk, under the then governorship of Didius Gallus AD52-57, (Manning 1981,43).
The Flannel Street and Orchard site excavations of the 1960s, fig 05a; HER event records: E000312, E000320, led
to the interpretation of Gobanium, positioning it mostly under the present town; however, a reinterpretation of the
original records led to a more accurate position and orientation in which Flannel Street (see above) marks the position
of the NW edge of an annex to the ‘standard cavalry fort’ ala quingenaria , fig 05b, (Olding, P12. 2004).
To date, there is no evidence of habitation at Abergavenny in the period between the Norman Invasion and the
departure of the Romans; indeed, the Liber Landavensis describes the boundary of the area in some detail without a
mention of buildings. (Rees, p360. 1840).
The last decades of the 11th century; possibly pre-AD 1081, (Phillips. p17, 2004) saw the arrival of the Normans who
constructed their Motte and Bailey castle on the eastern end of the ridge at Abergavenny.
Radcliffe and Knight suggested that little remained, ‘either visible or useable’ of the Roman site at the latter part of
the 11th century; citing in other examples where the Normans put up mottes inside Roman defences; where the line of
the Roman defences had been followed without alteration or refurbishment (p 79. 1972-73).
In the case of Abergavenny, it would appear that the motte and bailey defences at least, used only the south east
Roman defence, (ibid.), allowing them to achieve a defensible area of high ground, with the present ditch cutting off
the end of a ridge.
8
Whatever form those defences took, or their extent is not known but in 1233 they were destroyed by Richard Marshal
1st Earl of Pembroke in his opposition to Henry III, (Jones, p103, 1952).
The next mention of town defences was on 25 July 1241, when a murage grant is made to William de Cantilupe the
Younger, Baron of Abergavenny (Man/A/2/336), ‘that he may take each week in the town of Bergavenny murage for
walling the town for 5 years’ (Cal Pat, p255. 1232-47. 1906).
The town defences are then mentioned again in 1404 when they were besieged by Owain Glyn Dwr, forcing Henry
IV to issue two proclamations:
To assemble the king’s lieges of the country, knights, esquires, archers and other fencible men, to
go with the King’s kinsmen Richard of York, whom the King had ordered to go with all speed to the
castle and town of Bergavenny for their rescue; on information…that the King’s kinsmen William
Beauchamp, Lord of Bergavenny, now staying in person on the safe custody of the castle and town,
is so destitute of men at arms and archers that he and his men and the castle and the town are in the
way of perdition through the assault of the Welsh rebels
Cal Pat, p440. 1401-1405. 1905
Provide victuals for the victualling and garnishing of the castle and town of Bergavenny and the
carriage for the same to the value of 100 Marks to take the said castle and town in the company of
the King’s kinsman Richard of York and other lieges of the King going on their rescue
(ibid.).
One hundred and thirty years later the walls of the town would appear to be in good repair if the traveller John Leyland
is to be believed: Abergavenny ‘a faire waulled town with a fair Castel’, (Leyland 1538, (in) Olding, p25 2004)
(E002636).
The defences of Abergavenny town were once more, and for presumably the last time, called into action during the
Civil War, as interpreted from the findings of the excavations at 11 Nevill Street, (Radcliffe & Knight, p73-4. 1972-
3) (E000314), and 17 Nevill Street (ibid, p 77.), (E000315), which revealed evidence that the town ditch appeared to
have been recut, mid-17th century.
In 1963a section was cut across the line of the town ditch at the rear of Neville Street. The ditch was
broad and fairly shallow, almost 35ft wide and 8ft deep. The outer slope was gentle and led down
to a flat bottom, but the inner slope was steeper, with a vertical step 2ft high at the base, increasing
the width of the ditch bottom to about 12ft. it is possible that the step was the only surviving trace of
an earlier ditch otherwise removed by re-cutting, but at 17 Nevill Street it was shown that above the
step the ditch was cut into re-deposited material containing pottery and charcoal.
…the final cutting of the ditch had taken place no earlier than the early 17th century. Taking into
account also the evidence from 17 Nevill Street it is probable that this final cleaning out took place
at the time of the Civil War
(ibid, p 73-4.).
In comparison, later field evaluation of an adjacent area, 13 Nevill Street by GGAT; but inside the wall circuit,
revealed an undisturbed post medieval occupation surface, (E004391, GGAT Project A234).
In contrast to the Nevill Street excavations above, a later excavation of a large ‘V’ shaped ditch at 18-20 Cross Street
in 2001, led to the following interpretation:
An early ditch back-fill in the 12th century possibly related to expansion of the town, with burgages
moved outside of the defences, in which case the later town defences have a different character
than the original Norman ditch, (E002548. Monmouth Archaeology, MA10.01. 2001).
After the interpreted period of renewed importance, the town wall; especially in the Nevill Street region, seems to
have devolved into a convenient dump for rubbish and as a boundary wall for the ‘burgage’ type gardens of the
properties fronting onto Nevill Street.
The HER reveals that majority of the Nevill Street properties are Post Med, grade II listed with a few carrying tentative
c1600 origins: no14, LB 2462, no 19 LB 2445, no 21, LB 2456, no 25, LB 2458 and the King’s Arms at the corner of
Nevill St and Tudor Street (HER 5013 CORE).
9
The latter abutted the Medieval ‘Tudors Gate’ PRN 02285g; the west gate of the town which survived until the mid-
19th century, (GGAT, p6, 1998) (E001560).
The line of the town wall around Abergavenny was surveyed by GGAT in 1998 and a plan of their findings forms the
base for figs 05a & 05b, introduced above.
The GGAT research project encompassed physical remains, documentary records, archaeological events and
cartographic sources, the results of which have yet to be improved upon.
Unlisted in the HER at the time of application, an archaeological evaluation and watching brief undertaken at the
Kings Arms and against the town wall failed to find any conclusive dating evidence, earlier than post medieval,
for the latter, (Archaeological Investigations Ltd 2007).
In 2014 evaluation trenching undertaken by APAC. Ltd some 40m north east and along the proposed wall and ditch
found evidence of post 17th century back fill of a possibly earlier ditch at least 2m in depth and over 10m wide,
(EV/ABG/15, p21).
In summary, the wall circuit adjacent to the site is a mostly 18th/19th century construction forming the rear boundary
to the properties fronting Nevill Street, with occasional buildings abutted to it on the inside of the circuit.
There are some areas of potentially original wall one of which is a 4m stretch of un-faced masonry some 0.6m high to
the rear of 15 Nevill Street, (Olding, 23. 2004).
The Olding survey concluded that the town walls were not generally maintained after the 16th century and that the
defences included an outer ditch which was cleared out in the 17th century.
Cartographic evidence throws some light on the area of interest.
A portion of an early town plan drawn up in 1800 is shown in fig 06a; the town wall circuit is clearly depicted as is
the terrace of houses along Tudor Street.
Originally ‘Potridder Street’, Tudor Street abutted the western gate of the town wall, Tudor Gate, Porth Tudor in
welsh (Olding p28, 1994).
The pencil drawing from 1800, included by Olding in his book, actually depicts the frontage of Tudor Street at
the gate, fig 06b; the site of trench 2 is to the rear of the building on the left.
Of interest in the drawing is the alley-way between the house on the left and the town wall.
When demolition of Tudor Street began in 1957 as part of town improvements, the buildings were regarded as
having no architectural or historical interest; however once underway it became clear that this was not the case
when a number of almost unique 17th century wall paintings and early construction features; in one case dating to
1550, were ripped down, (ibid.).
Fig 6c is a later map of 1834, although difficult to locate with any precision, an alley-way is depicted, to the west of a
straightened version of the town wall and therefore possibly at the eastern end of trench 2.
The earliest available Ordnance Survey map, 1899, fig 07a, reveals that the earlier cultivated area to the west of the
town wall and north of Tudor street had been encroached upon by housing development; previous open cultivation
had been delineated into gardens with boundaries.
The position of trench 1 is in such an area of open space possibly close to a wall.
Trench 2 however, is bisected by an extension of the building from the rear of Tudor Street with a wall running along
the south west edge.
The mapping evidence confirms and dates the wall across the centre of trench 2 shown in fig 03 bottom and also the
earlier area of floor and wall extension west, to the south of the trench.
To the north is an isolated building, probably that of the decayed structures to the north of the site at present.
When the revision map was surveyed in 1916, fig 07b, the extension of the wall had been continued to join the
isolated building at the north.
10
Further Ordnance survey plans of 1938 and 1958 were examined but no further change was recorded for the site or
immediate environs.
The final map, fig 07c in the progression shows the site as current with the trenches isolated from all structures,
probably in the case of trench 2, the result of the 1957 demolition work.
5 Aims and Objectives
In accordance with the Written scheme of Investigation: WSI: EV/ABG3/16, the aim of the proposed work was to:
Elucidate the character, distribution, extent and importance of any potential archaeological remains, extant in the
development area.
Provide an information base from which to formulate mitigation strategies, in the event of significant archaeological
resources being impacted upon within the development area.
Provide a detailed record of the work to allow for a report to be produced.
Provide a detail record of the work; in the event of significant archaeological resources being discovered, to allow for
publication in a suitable academic journal.
Allow for the development to be monitored.
These aims were realized through a program of archaeological evaluation trenching and limited research into the area
of the site.
6 Scope of the Work
The archaeology of the application site as a whole, in its wider local or regional context, was considered, although the
evaluation trenching was confined to those areas which will be directly affected by the development or some aspect of
it.
All remains of potential interest were considered, whatever their date.
7 Methodology
Evaluation
Two evaluation trenches were excavated by a tracked mechanical digger fitted with a grading bucket. The
trench locations are shown in fig 02, their proposed measurements were:
1. 5m x 2m; aligned north south at the entrance to the general site

2. 20m x 2m; east west at the southern extent of the site, in an area of waste ground.
The mechanical digger was used to excavate both of the trenches until an archaeological horizon could be identified, at
which point the trench was cleared by hand and sections prepared for recording.
Trench 1 figs 02 & 08, was excavated to a total length of just over 4m, with a width of 2m, to a maximum depth of
1.2m; reducing to the north to retain access, PL03.
Excavation was undertaken in 200mm spits which revealed partial context areas across the trench; PL04 & PL05.
A further test pit, 500mm x 500mm x 200mm was excavated into the south-east corner to investigate a cut, PL06, and
a second to the north west to investigate ‘natural’ PL07, fig 08.
Two sections, south PL08 and west, PL09 were then cleaned, drawn at a scale of 1:20 and photographed, fig 08.
Finds were bagged during the evaluation work, numbered with date and context and stored for post-ex processing
11
Trench 2 excavation began at the western end, where a wall was impacted upon just beneath the surface, PL10 09644.
The area was quickly cleared by hand whilst the mechanical digger moved a little further towards the east, removing
around 200mm of disturbed ground, rubble and vegetation on the first sweep.
At the 8m mark a second wall [107] was impacted upon and the mechanical digger was halted, whilst the wall was
investigated by hand, fig 09.
Machining then continued at the western end quickly reaching a possible natural surface at around 160mm; 360mm
when combined with the initial sweep.
As the machine moved further east, the depth increased exposing various differences of deposit: some full area but
most, isolated lenses.
These were noted briefly as the work continued, as an example PL11, bottom left, the top of feature [105] an
‘L’shaped, lime mortared wall.
Before the second wall was reached, the mechanical digger carefully removed the bulk of material from in front of the
wall [107] to discover its profile, PL02.
At a depth of 1.04m a wall base was reached on the south side but a secondary wall [105] was discovered just off
centre, at which point mechanical excavation was suspended in favour of hand trowelling, PL12 & PL13.
The top of the wall [107] was cleared off with a trowel to ascertain its width and construction, PL14.
This first area of trench 2 was cleared and three sections: AA, BB, AB prepared for drawing and photographic
recording, fig 09.
Once the recording was finished 5 test pits were excavated with a trowel in order to understand some features of
interest, figs 09 & 10:
TP1 Stake hole [129] and pit [133], PL15

TP2 Pit, PL16
TP3 Internal area of walls [105] & [107] PL17& PL18
TP4 External junction walls [105] PL17
TP5 Pit possible robbed out wall [141] PL19.
Section 2; having established the thickness of wall [107] by hand clearing, mechanical excavation recommenced 1m to
the east, a baulk being left in order to preserve its structure, for later hand clearance, PL20.
Work began with the removal of a concrete base that had been broken up whilst work was being undertaken in area 1.
Beneath the concrete base was a 1m square, isolated slab of stone, see finds below, PL21, under which the ground was
fairly disturbed and began to collapse along the north side.
Clearing the collapse resulted in a deep pit TP7, PL22 from which the conclusion was arrived at that the rest of the
trench would have to be excavated in small sections, for safety reasons.
Once the exposed section of pit shown in PL22 had been recorded as well as possible, the hole was backfilled and the
ground between the pit and the wall excavated to expose the east side of wall [107].
During this work and an additional earlier constructed wall [144], PL23, figs 09 & 11 was discovered.
The exposure of wall [144] required a small lateral, surface extension to area 2 which resulted in the discovery of floors
and walls; fig 09 [227], [228], [244], & [321], to the south of the trench as noted above with relation to figs 07 a&b
mapping, PL24 & PL25.
The opportunity was taken to investigate the sequence in relation to the newly discovered flooring and the section
shown in PL26 was produced fig 11.
At this point the excavated pit of area 2 was backfilled for safety and to allow the mechanical digger to back track and
remove the bulk deposits from the east side of wall [107]/[144].
12
Once the bulk had been pulled over the previously excavated pit, TP7, the machining was brought to a halt and
clearance work continued by hand; eventually completing the western end of section CC, PL27, exposing the east face
of walls [107] & [144] and completing section DD, fig 10, PL28.
Once recording of the sections was completed two test pits were hand trowelled:
The first, 500mm x 500mm x 500m, outside the trench boundary the purpose to examine the ground makeup to the east
of floor [227]; to the right of photograph PL 29, also at the yellow plastic in PL25.
The second was at the base of [107]/[144]’ the purpose to try to date and compare the foundations of both walls PL30
& PL31.
After the recording of the sections and test pits was completed, figs 09 & 10, the machining recommenced this time
extending area 2 to the east whilst backfilling the western end with the spoil.
This proved to be problematic due to the instability of the northern edge, its proximity to the standing buildings, and
the narrowness of the working area, fig 09.
After a short while work was halted; the exposed section of area 3 recorded as well as possible, fig 10 and the trench
backfilled, PL32.
For health and safety reasons the decision was made by the ground contractors to work from the east of the site towards
the west, with the intention of getting as close as possible to the compacted, backfilled area of trench 3.
The eastern alignment of trench 2, area 4 was marked out, leaving a 1m space away from the eastern boundary site
wall, the position of the town wall, fig 09.
The first scrape exposed an area of cobbles, separated by a wall, [424] & [405], PL33, so the machining was halted
for the surface to be trowelled.
The cobbled surfaces ended at about 2m from the eastern end of trench 2 so the machining recommenced, clearing
100mm spit towards the backfill of area 3.
A further feature, wall [419] was impacted upon approximately 1m from the end of the cobble surface, fig 09 and again
the machining was halted for hand clearing with a trowel, PL34.
The trowelling exposed the drain [427] and ceramic pipe [612], PL34 & PL35 which confirmed 20th century
disturbance, unfortunately running down the middle of the trench, PL36.
Uncovering the pipe with the mechanical digger was undertaken in area 5 whilst the recording of the cobbles in area 4
continued.
Once the pipe [416] had been fully exposed and recorded it was removed and the trench extended area 6 to join with
area 3; an awkward undertaking due to the instability of the northern bank; as expected but surprisingly also the south
bank as pipe [416] turned south west under a sizable cut and back fill, PL37 & PL38.
A partial recording of sections EE and FF was undertaken at this point before the cobbled areas and services at the east
end were removed in order to gain access to any subsurface archaeological information at the closest point to the town
wall circuit.
Two test pits TP9 & TP10; PL38 & PL39 were excavated to investigate beyond the exposed sequence in areas 5 & 6.
The eastern end of the trench, area 4, was excavated by hand as access for the mechanical digger was no longer
possible but the archaeological team were advised not to extend the trench closer to the foundation of the eastern town
wall circuit for safety reasons, (foundations, if indeed present, were not understood and the current wall <3m high was
built on them).
A 1.8m deep evaluation of the eastern end of trench 2, area 4, was completed just over 2m from the circuit of the town
wall.
The section itself EF was not very instructive but the two sections EE and FF, PL40 & PL41 were able to offer some
insight; in particular EE which showed a steep cut into [616], Fig 12, PL41 .
13
A small test pit TP 12 was cut at the base of the southern end which produced one sherd of medieval ceramic {58}.
Initial recording
A record of the stratigraphy of each trench was made during excavation on pro-forma sheets and modified on
completion.
The work was recorded digitally throughout using a Sony DSC F828 Camera and Nikon AW130 set to Jpeg & RAW
format.
These were supplemented with mobile phone images and 4K aerial camera footage from a maximum of 10m above
surface.
Excavation drawings of trench 1 and portions of trench 2 were made at a scale of 1:20; areas where instability was
suspect were recorded with sequential photography which was rectified during post ex.
All finds recovered were recorded to context and bagged.
Survey
An initial topographic survey was undertaken prior to excavation using a Topcon 3007 REDM to map the site
boundary, observable surroundings including relative position of the upstanding ‘Town Wall’, trench position and
contours at 100mm, fig 03.
All data was set from an arbitrary site datum point 1.
Further survey was undertaken throughout the evaluation using a Geomax Zenith 25Pro with readings recorded to the
National Grid and the original survey points plotted.
The data collected was imputed into CivilCad and Geomax, X-Pad for initial processing, exported to AutoCad 2018
for interpretation and then illustrated in Adobe Illustrator for final report.
Research
Initial research was undertaken using information supplied by the client, and documentation provided for the project
design in conjunction with previous personal research and publications.
This was re-assessed with more information supplied by the HER, search 5013, which was used to focus further
research both online at Gwent Records Office.
8 Data Presentation
Presentation Notes:
Data referred to within the text is shown in Figures: fig#, Plates: PL# Contexts [#] and finds: {#}.
Figures and Plates follow the Bibliography at the end of the report and Contexts, Photographic list and Finds are
detailed in Appendices I, II, III respectively.
A contact sheet is also provided and a full set of photographs is included in an archive disc.
9 Survey Results
Ground conditions
The ground conditions were extremely variable throughout the work period as the weather alternated between snow
and frost, heavy rain and fog to intense low angle bright sunlight.
Not only did this cause problems with trench stability but also made photographic recording very difficult with lens
fogging a particular problem.
14
Working space has already been highlighted above particularly in trench 2 were the problems of spoil storage and
accessibility were increased by access and ground instability.
This led to the excavation in sections involving non-sequential digging, interspersed with necessary backfill which
complicated and confused the recording.
10 Evaluation Trenches Results
In order interpret an excavated site, the stratigraphic relationships of recognisably different contexts of deposition are
recorded and assessed, relatively to, their adjacent neighbours, appendix I.
Without evidence of intrusion, later deposition overlies earlier deposition; Terminus ante quem (the end before which).
Relative dating of the trenches is provided below; top down, in the first instance as a general deposition followed by
evidence of intrusive disturbance:
Trench 1. (refer to fig 08)
Initial excavation of the first trench started with the removal of the top surface [100], a mix of building debris rubble and
vegetation which overlay a hardstanding of concrete [101] PL42.
Beneath [101] but only at the western end, was a further area of concrete [103], under which was the main sequence
PL43;
[104] rubble
[105] a black sandy silt with flecks of lime
[106] similar to [105] but with angular stone
[115] a reddish black sand with stone
[114/117] a sandy clay (natural).
Disturbances to the sequences were:
[110] a cut preceding [115]; angled to the east, leaving a mound of possible natural [109] which collected a
unique fill [112] over [114].
[108] a cut preceding [105]; cutting through [106], [115] & [109] and beyond the bottom of the trench. [108]
Contains a fill [107] which extends into the west section.
[113] a cut preceding [104] and cut into [105] [107].
[102] a void, possibly a collapsed manhole chamber at the edge of the trench.
The western section disturbances are cuts [108 and [103], PL44.
Trench 2. (refer to figs 09, 10, 11 & 12)
A general sequence for trench 2 is more complex to interpret because of the many disturbances; some isolated others
wore wide spread.
Interpretation is made more complex as there just happens to be two full length separations along the east/west axis of
areas 2,3 and 4,5,6 which differentially disrupts the stratigraphic sequences of north and south sections.
Comparison work is further hampered by the instability of the sections, which prevented any full length recording to be
completed as a single exposed feature.
Therefore, within the above caveat, of partial survival and accessibility, the general reliable sequence would appear to
be:
[100] a disturbed and re-distributed topsoil, heavy with vegetation and general urban rubbish.
[101] a redistributed layer of building rubble including both brick, stone and plaster & cement.
15
At this point similarities are lost both east and west of wall [107], and further divided north and south over area 2 & 3
and then north and south for areas 4, 5 and 6.
A tentative suggestion of generalisation would be:
[103] = [240/241] = [315]

[113] = [316] = [616]
Sequence area 1 north BB:
The sequence was limited to 2.5m between the cross wall [107] to a very disturbed area west [104] which was
dominated by a depression which produced quantities of hessian backed carpet and metal shelving.
From the surface down, PL 45, the stratigraphic sequence was:
[100] surface vegetation

[101] silty black organic subsoil
[115] a mid-brown sandy deposit with angular stone
[119] a slump of ferrous deposit against wall [107]
[121] a surface of sandy lime, in two separate areas, noticeably horizontal.
Disruptions to the sequence are:
[118] a cut preceding [101] into [115] and containing [125] very humic with root
[117] a cut preceding [100] into both [115] and [125] containing a very disturbed sandy clay with root.
[122] a slump of sandy soil above [121]
Below [121] all of the contexts are horizontal, those above slump to the west as if altered by or collected against wall
[107].
[111] to the west only under [121].

[112] a general layer of sandy deposit with flecks of plaster and charcoal
[105] a wall, runs into the section here as well as joining to [107] resulting in an enclosed area.
[114] sandy gravel possibly from the excavation work covers the surface externally
There is a single disturbance cut [124] which precedes [111] through [112] directly to [105], PL46.
Internally to [105] PL47
[120] a level of compacted lime

[106] a band of compacted gravel
[137] compacted ceramics, with ferrous staining.
[114] a sandy/small gravel deposit
[113] mid/brown sandy deposit with large rounded cobbles.
Sequence area 1 south AA:
AA is a complete section along the south side of area 1
With the exception of [100] the upper layers appear to have collected within a depression around 3 m long, the east of
which has formed as slumps against wall [107].
The general sequence is:
[100] surface vegetation

[101] silty black organic subsoil
[115] a mid-brown sandy deposit with angular stone
[103] a sandy silt with rounded stone
[113] sandy clay with large cobbles
16
Disruptions to the sequence, PL48, are:
[136] east lens of sandy silt sloping from [107]

[102] loosed deposit slumped against [107, under [136]
[108] two lenses of slump from wall [107]
[109] slump from [107]
[110] slump against [107]
[111] level of lime identical to north section.
[138] a deposit that has collected across a depression under [101]
[122] a large deposit of sandy soil above [136]
[136] a central lens under [142] and [139] and [140]
[136] is also disrupted by [126] a cut for robbed out wall [131]
[128] cut for recent fill [127]
[134] floor over [135] over [115]
Beneath [115] the stratigraphy is the same as the northern side without the disruption of [105]
[103] a sandy silt with rounded stone
[113] sandy clay with large cobbles
Disruptions to the lower sequence PL49, PL50 are:
[130] a possible cut for post/hole [129], preceding [112]

[132] cut for fill [133], preceding [112], through [103], [113]
[126] cut for [[131/141] preceding [139] & [142] through [115], [112], [103].
Sequence area 1 south AB:
Section AB is an uncoursed rubble wall, PL51 built with rounded and squared stone, over an existing wall [105].
To the left of [105], [107] has a depth of 300mm deeper than to the right therefore it would suggest that [105] precedes
[107], PL52.
Clearing of section AA revealed another wall [144] to the right.
The narrow portion of [144] exposed revealed a different construction of coursed squared stone forming a vertical
corner to which [107] had been butted, PL53.
Sequence area 2 north CC:
Unlike area 1, the general stratigraphic sequence of areas 2 and 3, section CC was relatively straight forward, PL27,
PL22, unfortunately, the vast amount of loose fill [208] and [213] meant that it was in a constant start of collapse:
[100] topsoil and vegetation.

[201] concrete floor
[201] A dark sandy soil with rubble and concreate from removal of [200]
[204/302] Dark compacted sand
[203/303] mottled sand with charcoal and plaster
[202/210/307] reddish soil with plaster and charcoal
[207/211/305] compacted gravel with angular stone and pebbles
[214/318] Sandy soil with pebbles
[206/311/317] horizontal plaster, Note similarity to [121] area 1.
[224/312] sandy soil with plaster
[226/217/313/314/] sandy soil with little stone
[240] sandy soil with small pebbles. Note similarity to [103] area 1
Disruptions to the sequence were:
17
[220] cut preceding [201] through [203], [204], [207] for post hole fill [223/224]
[219] cut preceding [209] through [203], [204], [207], [214] fill [208]
[215] cut preceding [212] through [214] for fill [213]
[319] cut preceding [309] through [308], [311], [312] [313] for very unstable fil [310]
[221] a small lens preceding [201] and sealing [222/223/224]
[205] a small sandy lens between [204] & [203]
[216] a small deposit of iron slag above [203] and below [204]
[209] a small sandy lens above [208]
Sequence area 2 south DD:
The upper section of DD was completely different from the opposite CC. the reason why became clear when the
section was cleared, PL28.
The sequence runs:
[100] topsoil and vegetation.

[227] flagstone floor with a brick edge strip [228] against [144]
[229], [230], [231] [232] a variety of bedding for the flagstones
[233] a lens of ferrous material
After this point, the sequence had a lot of similarities with CC the exceptions being [235] & [236], [238].
[234] = [202/210/307] reddish soil with plaster and charcoal

[237] = [207/211/305] compacted gravel with angular stone and pebbles
[242] = [214/318] Sandy soil with pebbles
Missing [206] and [224]
[239] = [226/217/313/314/] sandy soil with little stone
[240] = [103] area 1
As noted above clearing the south side of [107] revealed a butt joint to wall [144], PL23.
This was cleared further at surface level to reveal flagstone flooring [227] edging strips of double on end bricks [228] a
wall extension west [244] and further concrete floor to the east [321], PL25.
These were however, beyond the limit of the trench so they were noted and left.
A test pit TP 8 was excavated to the side east of [227] and revealed a further wall running east, parallel with the trench
and at right angles to [144], PL29.
Again, as this was outside of the trench it was quickly noted and left.
Area 4, upper section
Area 4 is worth discussion at plan view as once the surface had been skimmed of [100/400] two areas of cobbles [404],
[424] were discovered with a separating barrier [405], fig 13, PL33.
Both areas of cobbles were only partially exposed, both extending beyond the edges of the trench as apparently did the
central boundary [405].
Area [424] was relatively flat, constructed of large cobbles and would appear to respect a single brick boundary [413],
both to the west and south.
Cobbled area [404], of smaller pitched cobbles, had only the boundary [413] which it shared with [424]; it was 90mm
lower than [404] and sloped gently to the west at a gradient of -1:8.4 before breaking up.
The large slab [405] was directly in line with [413] southern end; abutting it in [424] was a broken flagstone instead of
the cobbles.
The stratigraphy for the north side of the trench, partial EE, was:
18
[400] topsoil
[412/424] cobbles and fill
[521] reddish black compacted grit
[522] compacted coal dust
[523] pinkish/grey compacted sand
[524] reddish grey sand
[527] cut for [524] into [525]
[525] weak red mottled sand with charcoal and plaster flecks.
In comparison, the south side, Partial FF was:
[400] topsoil
[404] cobbles and fill
[423] reddish black, compacted grit
[409/525] weak red mottled sand with charcoal and plaster flecks.
Once the cobbles and drainage had been recorded they were removed and the eastern end of the trench hand excavated
for a further 1.3m to evaluate the extreme east end of the trench where any impact on the town wall would have been
expected.
Area 4, lower section, PL41:
With the exception of the upper cobbles and bedding, area 4 had a good correlation of stratigraphic deposit between
north and south:
[409/525] weak red mottled sand with charcoal and plaster flecks.
[408/610] Reddish-black fine sand and plaster, 90% small round pebbles
[514/614] dark sandy clay with rounded pebbles
[515/616] dark reddish-brown, clay
The only difference being a deposit of [534] light grey soft sand with plaster north only.
The north did however have more evidence of disturbance:
[420] cut preceding [601] through [525] within [608] for foundation [423] and wall [418]
[421] fill for covered pipe [406] under [528]. Preceding [422]
Of particular interest to the evaluation was the steep gradient of both [614] and [616], PL54, in the north section, 35º
and 39º, respectively, although [514] & [515] south were less conspicuous at 22º and 26 º, PL55.
Plan view section 5 fig 13
Central to area 5 was a large ceramic pipe running east/west for 3.9m at a gradient of -1:6 before being joined by a
second pipe and branching into the south wall of area 6 at a depth of 1.5m PL37.
The pipe was open at the higher east end to a brick built pedestal with what would appear to have been an open drain,
PL35.
The drain pedestal itself was at the end of a single course, lime mortared masonry wall [418], PL35 & PL56, purpose
unknown.
Sequence area 5&6 north EE, PL39:
Unsurprisingly, in this instance where a complete section was achieved as a single event, the extension of the section
EE from area 4 to areas 5 & 6 showed an almost continuous general stratigraphy:
[400/500/600] topsoil
[602/402] reddish black gritty sand with building rubble
[603/409/525] weak red mottled sand with charcoal and plaster flecks.
[608/408/610] reddish-black fine sand and plaster, 90% small round pebbles [610]
19
[614/514/614] dark sandy clay with rounded pebbles
[616/515/616] dark reddish-brown, Clay
There were however some anomalies:
[601] preceding [602] shallow deposit of sand and charcoal later than [603], [418] and [419]
[609] three lenses of a horizontal lime deposit preceding [608] but after [534] & [610]
[534] two spreads of soft sand with plaster predating [609], [608] but after [610]
[613] an isolated spread of reddish black sandy clay with no stone
[615] isolated spread of weak red sandy deposit no stone, unnatural no cut observed, pre [610]
[619] dense concentration of small pebbles, unnatural no cut observed, pre [614], PL57
[621] Isolated pocket dusky red sand with no stone
and a number of disturbances:
[622] cut preceding [602], through [603], [608] into [610] for pipe [612]. Fills [617], [606], [607], [611]
[407] cut preceding [601], through [603] into [608] for pipe [604]. Fill [605]
[620] cut preceding [601], through [603] into [608] reason unknown. Fill [618]
[414] cut preceding [601] into [603] for pipe [106]. Fill [415]
Sequence area 5&6 south FF, PL40:
The southern section was almost identical to the north as regards general deposition but lacking all of the anomalies
and disturbances with the exception of pipes [416] and [604].
It did have some disturbance [404] & [405], cobbles and brick flooring which are a continuation from area 4.
11 Finds
All of the finds are listed in Appendix III with a additional annotated photographs of each assemblage in section IIIa.
The vast majority of finds were recovered during active machine excavation and so context errors are always possible.
The site itself gives scant evidence of natural deposition but comprises a series of isolated disturbances, themselves
further disturbed with infills containing diverse periods of dating material.
The finds assemblages were recoded to contexts and the contexts have been relatively dated, above, therefore the finds
can be used to date the contexts and the site.
Logic and good practice dictates strict analysis of such evidence; Terminus post quem, (limit after which) the date after
which such finds could have been deposited.
Ceramics
All of the date interpretations noted rely on typological comparisons; fabric, glaze, design features etc, which in the
case of the individual finds from this evaluation can only at best provide general date ranges; in some cases, covering 3
centuries.
Trench 1.
The evaluation produced eight assemblages from four of the contexts, [105], [106], [109] and [111], with a date ranges
from 17th to 20th centuries.
Trench 2
Terminus post quem
The evaluation produced sixty-four assemblages from forty of the contexts:
[101], [104], [105], [106], [112], [115], [119], [123], [128], [137], [138], [142], [201], [202], [208], [212],
[213], [214], [217], [237], [241], [244], [306], [307], [310], [403], [408], [410], [419], [421], [423], [424],
20
[521], [525], [606], [608], [609], [610], [611], [615].
Of these 21 contained 20th century material:
[101], [104], [105], [106], [112], [115], [119], [128], [137], [138], [142], [201], [202], [310], [403], [408],
[410], [424], [606], [608], [610].
13 contained 19th century material:
[208], [212], [213], [214], [217], [237], [306], [419], [421], [423], [521], [525], [609].
5 contained 18th century material:
[123], [241], [244], [307], [611].
1 produced medieval material.
[615].
12 Discussion and Interpretation
Trench 1
All of the contexts have produced 20th century inclusions, therefore the evaluated area of trench 1 has been disturbed
in recent times.
Trench 2
Area 1
The western end of trench, between walls [107] and [134] would appear to have been an external area between the
current buildings to the north and the now disappeared buildings to the south [144]; as recorded on the Ordnance
survey mapping as early as 1801, fig 06a and suggested by partially discovered walls [144], [244] & floors [227],
[228], & [321] Pl 25 & PL26.
The wall [107] is a later addition between the current buildings to the north and the earlier buildings to the south]
PL23. which was recorded after 1889, fig 07a but before 1916, fig 07b.
To the south west of [107] the deposition layers are generally slumped towards the west; all contain 20th century
artefacts to at least 550mm depth at context [112], which is the first relatively horizontal deposition layer.
Context [112] also produce 20th century artefacts and none of the southern disturbances or test pits into or below [112]
produced any datable evidence.
The north section shows the same general slump above [112] and pit [123] produced finds no later than the 19th
century; unfortunately, the lower area [137] enclosed within wall [105] which precedes [107], produced a large amount
of late Victorian/early 20th century domestic ware.
Area 2
East of wall [107] was a slab of concrete across the entire trench, probably associated with the post 1899 building
discussed above.
Beneath the removed slab neither north nor south sections showed any evidence of slumping above 900mm depth and
there was no correlation between deposits each side of [107].
However, it should be noted that the interface between [107] north and the deposits, was disturbed by the post hole and
packing [222/223/224], PL27, whilst the southern edge had evidence of flooring and foundation layers
[227/228/229/230/231/232], PL26, none of which produced dating evidence.
21
The entire evaluation was dogged in this area by collapse from very unstable ground created by pits containing
dumped 19th century rubbish dug into deposits containing 20th century artefacts PL58 & PL59.
At the very base of [144] a single sherd of 17th/18th iron glazed pot handle and two pipe bowls were retrieved
which again fits with the 17th/18th century mapping, fig 06a.
Problems with the northern ground instability and the proximity of the wall in test pit 8, potentially explaining
[234] as trench fill led to no further work was completed in the area.
Area 4
It is possible the cobble surfaces were a path [404], and an internal floor [424] of an outbuilding represented by [413],
with [405] the threshold, PL33.
The various pipes [416], [406] and drainage [612] [427] could infer an outhouse, PL36.
The lower north-eastern section of area 4 presented a potentially interesting feature, PL54; with relatively steep
contexts divisions [616] and [614]; unfortunately producing no artefacts.
Proximity to the presumed town wall and ditch would provide an easy explanation, especially when compared to
the earlier evaluation ditches 1 & 4 in EV/ABG/15. pp19-21; however, the evidence from this evaluation is
insufficient for any confirmation.
Areas 5 & 6
Areas 5 & 6 was dominated by 19th/20th century drainage works which unfortunately ran almost directly along the
trench to the re buried terminus of area 3, PL36.
All above [610] can be dated to 20th century re-distributed deposits related to the Tudor Street buildings
demolished in the 1950s.
The lower deposit [614] which included finds no later than 19th century, begins a gentle slope westward onto
which a deposit [613] had collected.
Beneath [614], at a depth of 1.6m, some 7m west of the presumed town wall, was a deposit of clay [615], with no
stone inclusions, which produced a single sherd of Medieval, Bristol Radcliff {58}.
The deposit [615], which was only visible in the north section due to the disturbance of pipe trench [622]; to the
south, formed a profile tapering down towards the west but with an irregular vertical section to the east.
The eastern profile was filled with an irregular vertical column of compacted stone [619]; no cuts with [614] or
[615] were discernible.
These two unnaturally formed deposits are difficult to explain, although the single find {58} was removed whilst
trowelling the fill can only be confirmed as pre 19th century.
There is however a possibility that [615] and [619] are remains of an earlier human intervention.
13 Impact
The evaluation clearly identified that 19th century archaeological resources both structural and artefactual are present
over the entire evaluated area.
Such resources exist at surface level and extend to at least 1.6m with further evidence of drainage to 2m in depth.
There is a potential for significant archaeological remains possibly medieval towards the east of the site but these are
at 1.8m in depth and so unlikely to be disturbed by any proposed development.
22
13 Archive
Original archive will be retained by APAC Ltd.
Secondary Archives will be deposited with Gwent Records Office and digitally with the RCAHMW
A copy of the final report & project design will be deposited with the HER.
All finds were returned to the client
14 Staff
Dr. Neil Phillips, MCIFA.
Assistants:
Mr A O Phillips.
Mr K M Phillips (Trench 1)
Mr W Tregaskis
Mr G Johns
Post ex
Mr A. O. Phillips.
15 Acknowledgements:
Thanks to Ian and his contractors and Wyndham for his patience and access to the site.
23
16 Bibliography and References:
APAC. Ltd, 2015. Project Design for Archaeological, Field Evaluation. Development to the rear of 21-
23 Nevill Street, Abergavenny. PD2:EV/ABG/15.
Archaeological Evaluation Report. Development to the Rear of 21-23 Neville Street

Abergavenny. EV/ABG/15.
Written Scheme of Investigation, Development to the rear of 21 Nevill Street

Abergavenny. WSI: EV/ABG3/16
Archaeological
Investigations Ltd.
2007. The Kings Arms, Nevill Street Abergavenny. Hereford Archaeological Series 763.
Ashmore, P.J., &

Ashmore, F.M. The Monmouthshire Antiquary, Vol III. Part II 1972-1973. Excavations at Orchard Site
Abergavenny 1972.
Cal pat:1905 Anon, 1905. Calendar of Patent Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office, Henry IV
1401-1405. London: HMSO.
Cal pat:1906 Anon, 1906. Calendar of Patent Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office, Henry III
1232- 1247. London: HMSO.
CIfA Code of Conduct and the Code of Approved Practice for the Regulation of Contractual
Arrangements in Field Archaeology 2014.
Standard and Guidance for the Archaeological Field Evaluation. 2014.
Standard and Guidance for the Collection, Documentation, Conservation and

Research of Archaeological materials 2014.
Coxe, w., 1801. An Historical Tour in Monmouthshire (repr in 2 volumes) Knight, J. Merton Priory Press.
1995.
English Heritage 1991 Management of Archaeological Projects
GGAT (1989) The Town Walls of Abergavenny: Survey. Wilkinson, P.F.
GGAT (APS) MON2155/JB. RE: Demolition of stores 1 and 2 with the construction of a new joinery
workshop and associated offices. Also the extension and upgrading of a former associated
garage to provide 3 new workshop units: 21 Nevill Street, Abergavenny.
PL.App.No.:2015/00070.
MON2155/2015/JBHD. Brief for Archaeological Evaluation Rear of 21 Neville Street Abergavenny.
MON2155/2015/JBHD. Archaeological Evaluation: Rear of Nevill Street, Abergavenny. Monitoring Report

30/04/2015.
GGAT (HER) 5013. Re: 500m search centred NGR SO2975014250. Sue Hill 15th May 2015.
Search criteria Rear of 21-23 Nevill Street, Abergavenny.
Jones, T., 1952. Brut Y Tywysogon or The Chronicle of the Princes. (Peniarth MS. 20). University of Wales
Press. Cardiff.
Man/A/2/336. Lordship of Abergavenny, circa 1767. Gwent Archive.
Manning, W.H., 1981. Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965-1976: The Fortress Excavations 1968-1971, Vol II.
24
Monmouth Archaeology.
2001. MA10.01. 18-20 Cross Street Abergavenny, Gwent. An Archaeological Watching
Brief for White Bros. & Speed Ltd.
Monmouthshire County
Council Planning Application for Planning Permission 2015/00070. 21 Jan 2015. Response. Demolition of
stores 1 and 2 with the construction of a new joinery workshop and associated offices. Also
the extension and upgrading of a former associated garage to provide 3 new workshop units:
21 Nevill Street, Abergavenny. PL.App.No DC/2015/00070. 13 Feb 2015.
Morgan & Horowskyj SPH/EW/1218(14) Re: Development To The Rear of 21-23 Nevill Street, Abergavenny,
Monmouthshire.
Ordnance Survey Block Plan centred on SO 2914. Stamped MCC Planning Section
21 Jan 2015
Drawings: 1218-04-A United Joinery Yard, 21-23 Nevil Street, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire. Survey
– Site Plan and Store 2 plans and Elevations April 2014.
1218-04 United Joinery Yard, 21-23 Nevil Street, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire.

Design proposals – Site Plan/Roof Plan April 2014.
Olding, F., 2004. Abergavenny The Urban Archaeology. Abergavenny Local History Society.
Phillips. N., 2000. Gwent Local History. Journal of the Gwent Local History Council. No 88. Spring
2000. Abergavenny Castle, 1087-1535.
Phillips, N., 2004. Earthwork Castles of Gwent & Ergyng AD 1050 – 1250. PhD Thesis University of
Wales College Newport. BAR 420. Archaeopress 2006.
Probert, L.A.,
Davies, J.L., The Monmouthshire Antiquiary, Vol II, Part IV 1968-1969. Abergavenny
Savory, H.N., Boon.
G.C., Greene,
K.T., &
Spratling M.G. The Monmouthshire Antiquary, Vol II. Part IV 1968-1969. Abergavenny, 1962 – 1969 II
Prehistoric & Roman Finds.
Rees, W.J., 1840. Liber Landavensis Llyfr Teilo. (trans). Llandovery: The Welsh MSS Society.
Radcliffe,F., &
Knight, J. The Monmouthshire Antiquary, Vol III. Part II 1972-1973. Excavations at Abergavenny,
1962 -1969 II Medieval and Later.
Round, J.H., (ed)

1899. Calendar of Documents Preserved in France Illustrative of the History of Great Britain and
Ireland. (PRO. London).
Wilson, D.M., &
Hurst, G., 1965. (A) Monmouthshire, Abergavenny, Emergency Excavation Flannel Street Radcliffe, F. &
Talbot. E.J. Medieval Archaeology Journal of The Society for Medieval Archaeology. Vol
IX. p198 1965.
Wilson, D.M., &

Hurst, G., 1965. (B) Monmouthshire, Abergavenny, Emergency Excavation, no: 17 Nevill Street. Knight,
J.K. Medieval Archaeology Journal of The Society for Medieval Archaeology. Vol IX. p198
1965.
Wilson, D.M., &
Hurst, G., 1965. (C) Monmouthshire, Abergavenny, Excavation, no: 11 Nevill Street. Knight, J.K.
Medieval Archaeology Journal of The Society for Medieval Archaeology. Vol IX. p198
1965.
25
Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992.
The copyright for this report shall remain with the A.P.A.C. Ltd.
A.P.A.C. Registered Address: 36 Hatherleigh Rd, Abergavenny Monmouthshire NP7 7RG.

Tel: 07734962919. Mobile: 07734962919 Email: apac.philips@btinternet.com
Company Registration No 5041541 VAT Reg No 826 3628 19
Director: Dr. N. Phillips D.Phil. M. Phil. BA (Hons).Cert Ed/FE MCIFA.
26
Rear of 21 Nevill St, Abergavenny
The Ordnance Survey has granted A.P.A.C. Ltd a Copyright Licence (No. 100046577)
Abergavenny
Fig 01: Location A.P.A.C. Ltd EV/ABG3/16

t
of town wall with ditch to the lef
ble line
adapted from:
Proba
SKM_C224e16032917412.Jpg
2 Morgan & Horowskyj
FIG 02 Trench Plans

A.P.A.C. Ltd EV/ABG3/16
Rear 21 Nevill Street, Abergavenny.
N
Store
Store
Store
63
m
63
m
Store
Store 1
329754.280
215189.478
Store 63.170
3
329729.117 5
214188.587
662.901
6
1 2
4
3
329740.016
214181.891
63.135
0 5 10
m
Figure 03 Original topography, trench 2 areas

A.P.A.C. Ltd EV/ABG/16
Rear of 21-23 Nevill St, Abergavenny
FIG 04 HER 500m diameter search 5013 A.P.A.C. Ltd EV/ABG3/16
Site
Trench 2 Building
Trench 2
T1
T2
T3
H
PAT
Building
l St
of Nevi
Building
Rear
T4
Building
adapted from: Site of Gobanium, Olding 2004 adapted from: GGAT 1989 (Town Wall Plan), Radcliff & Knight, p65. 1972-73.
Fig 5a Fig 5b
FIG 05 Roman fort, Medieval town wall and trench 2 A.P.A.C. Ltd PD:EV/ABG3/16
Development to the rear of 21-23 Neville Street, Abergavenny.
N Fig 05b
in Olding
1998 p30
Fig 06a: COXE, Tour in Monmouthshire, 1801 Fig 06c: John Woods 1834, Tudor street
FIG 06 19th century mapping A.P.A.C. Ltd EV/ABG3/16

Development to the rear of 21-23 Neville Street, Abergavenny.
N
Monmouth VI-SE,
Revised 1899
Published 1902
Fig 07a
Brecknockshire XLII,
Revised 1916-1917
Published 1922
Fig 07b
Magic map 2016
Fig 07c
FIG 07 19/20th century mapping

South/w
South section AA West section BB
est
0 101 0
103 101
102
102
104 104
105
111 105
106 107 111
113
106
115
115
1 1
112 114
109
107
117
110
108
108
A A
2m B B 2m
0
100 Surface vegetation, Rubble A

117 2
101 Concrete slab
102 Void with loose brick, possible manhole chamber.
103 Thin layer concrete. 40mm 107
104 Compacted pink mortar with building rubble. 200>140mm
105 Black sandy silt with flecks lime, 100mm
106 Black sandy silt with flecks lime and angular stone, 140>100mm 108
107 Lime plaster fill. Slumping from east. 80% angular stone, 50º slope east west
108 Cut for 107
109 Dusky red sandy clay, little stone. 300mm tapered mound. Cut both sides. [108] & [110]
110 Cut for [112], [117] 1
111 Loose plaster, stone, general rubble and metal ¼ inch plate. Associated with [102]? 114
112 Grey brown sandy soil with high percentage of lime deposits at 26º west to east slope 109
113 Possible cut into [107]. Confused by void [102] and fill [111] 110
114 Dusky red sandy clay < 50mm
115 Reddish black, medium sand with angular stone & cobbles.
117 Dusky red sandy clay < 300mm
117 1
A
Edge of trench
N
Limit of excavation
# Test pits 2m
0 1 2 3 4 5m
FIG 08 Trench 1 section AA & BB A.P.A.C. Ltd PD:EV/ABG3/16

103 Dusky red sandy clay with medium, rounded cobbles, Compact. Varied depth where impacted 210>80mm. 241 Dusky red sandy clay little stone
105 Lime mortared wall on cobbled foundation 244 Possible extension of [321] towards west. External to trench
106 Black soil, bounded by [105]. An internal compacted surface 314 Dusky red sandy clay little stone
107 Lime mortared, uncoursed rubble wall through across east of trench 1 318 Augur depth 20cm natural clay (total 2.07m). E329749.982 N214186.503 Z60.992 OD.
112 Black sandy clay. Distinguishable across entire trench. Profile shows slight N/S dip. Occasional plaster. 200>80mm 321 Internal, concrete floor
113 Dusky red sandy clay little stone. Visible depth in test pits 1,2&3, 120mm. (Augured a further 250mm) 404 Cobble floor, curving
114 Compacted disturbance from evaluation 405 Boundary? brick wall with threshold stone
129 Black, firm with angular stone. 26mm depth 19mm diameter 406 Metal water pipe
133 Dark reddish-brown sand, with large quantity of rounded pebbles 416 small diameter water pipe
134 Squared masonry, aligned to wall of standing building to the north 418 Lime mortar wall rubble
N 135 Flagstone floor abutting wall [134] 427 Drain
141 Angular building stone, possible wall. Some upright slabs. 413 Brick
144 Earlier coursed wall 423 Reddish-black, thin foundation of compacted gravel 120mm
218 Same as [217] Auger 35mm. E329742.982 N214186.663 Z61.228 OD 424 Cobbles
227 Flagstone 612 6-pipe Ceramic pipe
228 End laid brick 616 DarkSandy clay with rounded pebbles
614 Dark reddish-brown, Clay
Store
106 113
107 Store 1
329754.280
215189.478
63.170
134 105
B B C C 413
612 418
135 E
416 406 E
424
112 3
5 218 318
2
7
10 616
9
103 4 6
614
1 314
241 405
A A
133 129 8
141
103 427 404
227 416 428
F F
244 228
144 321
D D
3
329740.016
Edge of trench 214181.891
Limit of excavation 63.135
# Test pits
0 5 10
m
Figure 09 Trench 2, Plan

100 Surface vegetation, large % root loose D/red black. Stone, rubble, modern debris. Redistributed. Varied thickness 250>0mm 329741.450
101 Soft silty sand, red/black, firm with some grits. Occasional modern debris including plastics. 210>40mm. Partial in south
North, east , 2m section 329741.499 East, full section 214185.453
102
214187.141 63.067
Ash/lime lens slumped; 38º against [107]. Light grey. 150>0mm 117 118 144
62.895 0
103 Dusky red sandy clay with medium, rounded cobbles, Compact. Varied depth where impacted 210>80mm.
107 Lime mortared, uncoursed rubble wall through across east of trench 1
0
108 Tarmac. 2 individual lenses of tarmac (bitumen with gravel) 100
109 100
Dusky red silt deposit with high % coarse sand inclusions & some brick. 120>80mm 101101
110 Reddish black, gritty sand, angular stone, and rubble, glass and large battery. Slump; 17º, against [107] 150>0mm.
111 Lime, Pink almost horizontal band extending from [107] both north and south sections. 12>8mm 116 125
112 125 115
Black sandy clay. Distinguishable across entire trench. Profile shows slight N/S dip. Occasional plaster. 200>80mm 115
113 Dusky red sandy clay little stone. Visible depth in test pits 1,2&3, 120mm. (Augured a further 250mm) 122
115 Reddish black, medium sand with angular stone & cobbles. Distinguishable across entire trench. 200>80mm, slight dishing 122 115
126 119
Cut, beneath [112] into [103]? Possibly for robbed out wall [141] 121
121 121
127 Pit fill, modern debris including drainage pipe and plastic 111
128 Vertical to east and sloped towards west possibly due to wall [134]
129 112 112
Black, firm with angular stone. 26mm depth 19mm diameter 123 1
130 Tapered blunt point post hole 107
131
1
Reddish black, very loose sandy soil with angular stone some vertical. Probable robbed out wall. 150mm exposed. 120 105
132 114 106 106
Cut for [133] under [122] and into [103] 105
133 Dark reddish-brown sand, with large quantity of rounded pebbles 137 107
134 Squared masonry, aligned to wall of standing building to the north 114 4
136 Flagstone floor abutting wall [134]. Single line only remaining but extended east. 124
137 Dark reddish-brown sand, small rounded pebbles. Vertical at [126] possibly associated with [141]. 15.0mm, slumping east
138 113
Reddish black sandy silt. Occupying central dished depression. Fine angular stone. 140>0mm 113 143
139 White lime lens. Sloping towards east and postdating wall robbing of [141]. 12>6mm
140 Reddish black sandy silt, with charcoal. 120>0mm
141 3
Angular building stone, possible wall. Some upright slabs. 3
142 Dusky red sand. 10mm>0
104 Very loose with plastics, metal and carpet. Not shown in section, west beyond BB B B 2m
105 Lime mortared wall on cobbled foundation. “L” shaped and under [107]. With internal area of deposits B A
2m
106 Black soil, bounded by [105]. An internal compacted surface. Exposed depth 60mm, horizontal surface
114 Small lens of gravel against [105], Ferrous stained. Contained between [105] / [107]. 80mm
115 Reddish black, medium sand with angular stone & cobbles. Isolated in section BB only, to a small lens
116 Dusky red fine sand, 210>160mm modern redistributed. 122 Very dark grey, sandy soil,130>40mm slumping towards west. 1.5m west of [107]
117 Cut for [116] into fill [125]. Relation to [122] unclear. 123 Black sandy pit fill with 75% plaster. 160mm
118 Cut for [125] from [101] into [115] 124 Cut for [123] under [111] through [112] above [105]. Possible robbing of [105]
119 Reddish black ferrous layer, 80mm 125 Modern rubble 400mm, cut by [117]
South, full section 137 100% ceramics in a ferrous oxide stain 100>80mm, horizontal and contained by [105] / [107]
120 Pale red, compacted lime surface with angular gravel. Contained by wall [105]. 80mm horizontal
121 Layer of grey gravel in lime. 40>20mm 143 Cut for [105] into [113]
329741.450
214185.453 128
0 63.067 0
101 100
102 108 127
110 109 136 122 134

108
140 135
111 139 136 115
138
115 142
136 112
112 131
1 112 1
107
103 129 103
103 5
141
133 126
2
130 103
113 Battery pipe brick wood # Test pit limit of excavation
1
132
A A
2m 2m
0 1 2 3 4 5m
Figure 10 Trench 2, area 1, sections

South section West section North section North section

329741.923 329741.950
214185.277 214187.272
227 228 63.075 62.990 220
0 0
219
230 229 144 201
231 232
221
100
233 107 205 204

216
116
107 203
209 303
234 302
222 224 202
235 236 223 210 c 500mm 307
127 144 208
207 211 309

237 305
Backfill
212 Area
1 144 214 308 317 1
242 206
224
TR2/3
238 224
3
311 310
226 306
239 319
241 312
D C 213
240
33
243 313
215
218 225 215
D D 314
217
6
2m 315 2m
C C
316
7
318
200 Slab floor lime concrete 231 Pinkish grey, Lime sub base 15mm 300 Stone floor rubble
201 Reddish black, soft sandy lime plaster and brick, tapering off from above [107], 100>0mm 232 Reddish black, compacted soil with flecks of plaster and coal. Thickens from [144]. )< 80mm 301 Same as 201
202 Reddish black sandy soil with lime and charcoal, same as [210], [234]. 190<110mm 233 Ferrous lens, 70>0mm 302 Same as 204
203 Weak red mottled sand with charcoal and plaster. 80mm 234 Same as [202] 303 Same as [203]
204 Dark reddish grey, compacted sand. Thickening towards west 0<90mm 235 Pinkish, Lens of lime with stone, possible surface. 30mm 304 Same as [203]
205 Reddish black, course compact sandy deposit 50>0mm 236 Pinkish deposit angular stone and plaster with small rounded pebbles and charcoal flecks. 305 Same as [211]
206 Pink, Lime plaster with angular inclusions. 40mm horizontal layer for about 250mm from [107] 237 Same as [207] 306 Same as [208] [collapsing]
207 Dusky red, compacted gravel with angled pebbles, same as [211] [237]. 100>80mm 238 Rough dressed stone, possible single course 307 Same as [210]
208 Rounded pebbles in loose soil, very unstable fill 239 Same as [217], [313], [314], [239] 308 Same as [214]
209 Reddish black, course sandy deposit 50>0mm 240 Same as [103], [240], [241], [315] 309 Dark reddish-brown clay with lime at 40% and coal 200>1500mm
210 Reddish black sandy soil with lime and charcoal, same as [202], 190<110mm 241 Same as [103], [240], [241], [316] 310 Weak red, fine sand and plaster with 90% small round pebbles 200mm
211 Dusky red, compacted gravel with angled pebbles, same as [207]. 100>80mm 242 Same as 214 311 Pink, Limestone, Much thicker deposit than [206] but possibly the same
212 Reddish black sandy clay, no stone, very unstable 243 Dusky red sandy clay Same as [113], [316] event 80mm
213 Mid brown and angular stone 95% stone, very unstable 312 Same as [224]
214 Very dusky red sandy soil with coal flecks 313 Same as [217], [226], [239], [314]
215 Cut for [213] into [217] 144 Earlier coursed wall 314 Same as [217], [226], [239], [313]
216 Iron slag 315 Same as [240]
217 Dusky red sandy clay little stone. Same as [226], [313], [314], [239]. 150mm 316 Dusky red sandy clay, Same as [113], [243]
218 Same as [217] Auger 35mm. E329742.982 N214186.663 Z61.228 OD. 317 Same as [206]
219 Cut for [208] into [214] 318 Augur depth 20cm natural clay (total 2.07m).
220 Cut for [223], [224], [222] into [207] E329749.982 N214186.503 Z60.992 OD.
221 Dark reddish grey, Very loose deposit sandy soil with bricks, Seal of pit [220] 120>0mm 319 Cut for [310] into [313]
222 Reddish grey. Post hole fill. Fine sandy soil friable. 300mm deep, 110mm diameter to blunt point 320 Lime mortar masonry wall, return for [144]
223 Weak red coarse sandy soil with small stone 310mm deep. Same as 224 321 Internal, concrete floor
224 Weak red coarse sandy soil with small stone 310mm deep. Same as 223
225 Possible cut for [214] through [206], [224], [226]
226 Same as, [217], [313], [314], [239]
227 Flagstone
228 End laid brick
229 Black. Compacted ash sub base. 30mm horizontal 0 1 2 3m
230 Reddish yellow, fine sand sub base. 30mm
Figure 11 Trench 2, areas 2&3, sections CC, DD & CD

527
407 410 329754.206
620 420
414 214186.852
622
500 63.098
600 400
424 412
602 402 413
0
0 521
601 422 522
617 415
603 605 528 523
525 524
606 603 417 406
603
603 418 421
419
604 618 416
419
608 607 608 423
609 534 1
1 609 609 534 614
611
610
612
610
616
614
610
615
613 619
614 2
2
621 615
E E
616 9
10 0 1 2 3m
329754.094
214184.594
410
63.118
0 400 407 423 Reddish-black, thin foundation of compacted gravel 120mm
424 Cobbles
423 Cut for pipe 514 Same as [614]
417 401 515 Same as [616]
403
403 601 521 Reddish black. Compacted fine grit, bedding for cobbles 100>50mm
416 411
411 404 405 522 Compacted coal dust 30mm
403
523 Pinkish grey, compacted fine sand 40mm
605
406
524 Reddish grey, sand, fine gravel 40mm
604 525 Weak red mottled sand with charcoal and plaster. 200mm. Same as [603]
409
408 426 Central drainage pipe ending in south of trench
527 Cut for [524] into [525]
1 528 Possible cover for pipe [406]. Collapsed and infilled with [421]
534 Light grey, soft sand with lime plaster. Two instances 100>80mm
514 600 Top soil mixed. disturbed
601 Same as [422]. Linear spread 120>50mm
602 Same as [402]
603 Same as [525] but thicker 310>260mm
515 604 4-inch pipe
605 Reddish-black. sandy silt with some plaster flecks. Pipe trench 180mm
606 Dusky red sandy clay with large plaster chunks. Pipe trench fill 200mm
113
607 Weak red, soft sand with flecks of charcoal 130mm
2 608 Same as [409]. Dark reddish-brown clay with lime at 40% and coal 200>1500mm
F 11 0 1 2 3m F 609 Pale red. Soft lime, two lenses. 50mm
610 Same as [408]
611 Weak red, silty clay with some plaster 220mm
400 Black. Disturbed top soil, sandy clay. 250>0mm 406 Small diameter water pipe, 25mm metal 612 6-pipe Ceramic pipe
401 Pinkish grey lime dump with brick and large masonry. 100>0mm 407 Cut for 605 into [608] 613 Reddish black, sandy clay (no stone). 90mm slumping towards east
402 Reddish black, Thin layer gritty sand with rubble. 110>40mm 410 Cut for 417 into [608] 614 DarkSandy clay with rounded pebbles
403 Reddish black, Gritty sand with rubble and slate. Same as [603], [525] 300>80mm. 412 Cobble/rubble floor 615 Weak red, irregular, no cuts. sand no stone 280>40mm
404 Cobble floor, curving 413 Brick 616 Dark reddish-brown, Clay
405 Boundary? brick wall with threshold stone 414 Cut for [415] into [603] 617 Black. Compacted ash, coal, 60mm
407 Cut for 605 into [409] 415 Light grey, compacted lime (yellowish/green) 110mm x 450 diameter 618 Reddish black, soft silt Stake hole? 420mm
408 Reddish-black fine sand and plaster, 90% small round pebbles same as [610]. 400>600mm 418 Uncoursed masonry lime mortared, 300mm height 250 wide 619 Compacted pebbles, no cut
409 Reddish -black gravel with lime [Same as [608]. 250>100mm 419 Lime mortar wall rubble 620 Cut for [618[ into [608]
410 Cut for [417] into [409] 420 Cut for wall into [608] 621 Dusky red. Compacted stone no cut
411
4 Very dusky red, sandy clay, compacted. 30mm 421 Reddish black, soft sand with lime plaster Fill for pipe [406] no cut 622 Cut for [612] into [610]
416 Metal water pipe 422 Dark reddish grey. sandy soil charcoal and ash rich Same as [601]. Wall infill 200mm
l
l
Figure 12 Trench 2, areas 4,5,&6. sections EE & FF
416 418 406 413 424
612
405
404 Cobble floor, curving

405 Boundary? brick wall with threshold stone
406 Metal water pipe
416 Small diameter water pipe
418 Lime mortar wall rubble 427 406 423 404
427 Drain
413 Brick
423 Reddish-black, thin foundation of compacted gravel 120mm
424 Cobbles
612 6-pipe Ceramic pipe
Edge of trench
Limit of excavation
Test pits
0 1 2 3m
FIG 13 Trench 2, Areas 4 & 5

DSC09651
DSC09617
Plate 01: Trench location, portacabin, shed and vegetation [100] Plate 02: Overview of area 1. Mechanical excavation stopped.
Trowelling begins
DSC09623
DSC09629
Plate 03: Finished excavation overview Plate 04: Concrete [101], rubble [104]
deposit [105] with [107] left. Void [102]
top right
DSC09632
DSC09627
Plate 05: Detail of [106] under [105] with [111] and [107] left. Rear [104] Plate 06: Test pit 1, into [117]
under [101] with [102] top left
DSC09646
DSC09631
Plate 07: Test pit 2, into [117] Plate 08: South section
DSC09644
DSC09648
Plate 09: Full trench, finished Plate 10: Section 1, west end, wall [134] left over [135]. [100] rear,
[115]/[112] foreground
DSC09653
DSC09647
Plate 11: Final excavation of area 1 east. Wall [105] just exposed. Plate 12: Wall [105] initial clearance.
Note debris, glass, rubble, iron, concrete. Internal fills [120] [106] isolated from
rest of trench. [103] outside of [105]
DSC09654
DSC09655
Plate 13: [105] centre, [107] rear. Note depth difference of [107] Plate 14: View of [105] from on top of [107]
each side of [105]
140251
DSCN0798
Plate 15: Sequence 11.2. partial section AA Plate 16: TP 2. Post hole excavation
DSC09716
DSC09715
Plate 17: Fogged picture of TP3 & TP4 right. Note depth of [107] Plate 18: Fogged picture of TP3. Note depth of [107] north of [105]
each side of [105]
DSC09694
133902
Plate 19: Area 1 TP 5 Plate 20: Area 2, initial clearance into

[201] to the east of wall [107]
DSCN0813
DSC09695
Plate 21: Isolated 1m square stone. 9 cup marks on one side. [227] Plate 22: Overview of area 2 prior to drawing
& [228] bottom left.
DSCN0814
DSCN0835
Plate 23: Area 2, Sequence 15.1. Wall [107]/[144] Plate 24: Area 2 before partial backfill,
Foreground: [227], [228] & [144]
DSCN0815
Plate 25: Area 2, detail of [107], [227], [228] & [144]
DSCN0816
Plate 26: Area 2, Partial section EE; contexts [227], [228] over A.P.A.C. Ltd EV/ABG3/16
[229] [230] [231]. [107]/[144] right
DSC0N0831
Plate 27: Area 2, Sequence 14.1. Fully excavated against Wall [107]
DSCN0845
Plate 28: Area 2, Full section EE A.P.A.C. Ltd EV/ABG3/16

DSCN0844
DSC09751
Plate 29: TP8, External to trench. [227] to right and possible extension Plate 30: Area 2, Sequence 15.10. Wall [107]/[144]
of [244] to rear
DSCN0871
DSCN0851
Plate 31: Area 2, TP 8 Plate 32: Overview of area 2 with TP 7

DSCN0872
Plate 33: Area 4, two different cobble surfaces: [404] left, [424] right. Boundary & threshold
[405] centre
DSCN0873
Plate 34: Area 4, Foreground: [612],[419], centre [416] rear [424], A.P.A.C. Ltd EV/ABG3/16
[405], [404]
DSCN0885
Plate 35: Areas 4&5. Drainage [616], [427], [419]. Rear pipe [4106], cobbles edge [413] & [424],
[405], [404]
DSC09763
Plate 36: Area 6. Pipe [612] Area 6 at A.P.A.C. Ltd EV/ABG3/16

1.5m. South bank (top) very unstable
above cut [622]
DSCN1031
DSC09791
Plate 37: Area 6. Pipe joint for [612] Plate 38: Overview of completed trench. Area 4,5&6. TPs 10 & 11
DSCN0989
DSCN1032
Plate 39: Overview section EE. TPs 10 & 11 Plate 40: Overview of completed
Section FF.
DSC09620
DSCN0990
Plate 41: Overview of completed section EE Plate 42: Initial clearance scrape onto concrete [101]
DSC09637
DSC09630
Plate 43: Full sequence at southern end: [101], [103],[104] Plate 44: Detail of [111] and [107]
[105], [106], [112], [117] with [107], [109] & [111]
DSCN0796
DSC09676
Plate 45: East end of north section, stratigraphy, less slump than Plate 46: Sequence 10.2. partial section BB
south corner. Sequence 2. 2
DSC09684
DSC09705
Plate 47: Partial sequence, section CC Plate 48: Detail of slump at [107].
Note [144] at rear. Also note wall batter
10º, Sequence 3.1
DSC09688
DSC09685
Plate 49: Detail of slump Sequence 3.2 Plate 50: Detail of slump Sequence 3.5
DSCN0793
DSCN0788
Plate 51: Wall [107] with lower wall [105] at right angles. Plate 52: Sequence 9.1. [107].
Note difference in levels for [107] each side of [105] Section AB
DSCN0974
DSCN0794
Plate 53: Sequence 9.2. [107]. Section AB Plate 54: Areas 4,5&6. Partial section EE. Sequence 24.6
DSC09761
DSCN0951
Plate 55: Areas 4,5&6. Section FF. Sequence 23.24 Plate 56: Areas 4, 5 & 6. Overview
DSCN1007
Plate 57: Areas 4,5&6. Full section EE. Sequence 24.17
DSCN0825
Plate 58: Area 2, Sequence 13.9. Partial section CC A.P.A.C. Ltd EV/ABG3/16
DSCN0862
Plate 59: Areas 2/3. Section CC active collapse baulk still in place, left

A.P.A.C. Ltd Appendix I contexts WB/ABG3/16
Abergavenny
Context Area Feature Description Finds
Trench 1
100 South Rubble Surface vegetation, Rubble
101 South Surface Concrete slab
102 South Void Void with loose brick, possible manhole chamber.
103 South Surface Thin layer concrete. 40mm
104 South Deposit Compacted pink mortar with building rubble. 200>140mm
105 South Deposit Black sandy silt with flecks lime, 100mm 1a
106 South Deposit Black sandy silt with flecks lime and angular stone, 140>100mm 3a
107 South Deposit Lime plaster fill. Slumping from east. 80% angular stone, 50º slope east west
108 South Cut Cut for 107
109 South Deposit Dusky red sandy clay, little stone. 300mm tapered mound. Cut both sides. [108] & [110] 6a, 7a
110 South Cut Cut for [112], [117]
111 South Deposit Loose plaster, stone, general rubble and metal ¼ inch plate. Associated with [102]? 2a
112 South Deposit Grey brown sandy soil with high percentage of lime deposits at 26º west to east slope
113 South Cut Possible cut into [107]. Confused by void [102] and fill [111]
115 South Deposit Reddish black, medium sand with angular stone & cobbles. 200>120mm
117 South Deposit Dusky red sandy clay < 50mm
100 West Rubble Surface vegetation, Rubble

101 West Surface Concrete
102 West Void Void with loose brick, possible manhole chamber.
104 West Deposit Compacted pink mortar with building rubble
105 West Deposit Black sandy silt with flecks lime 300>200mm
106 West Deposit Black sandy silt with flecks lime and angular stone 140>20mm tapered, north south 5a
107 West Deposit Lime plaster fill. 80% angular stone
108 West Cut Cut for [107] in [114]
111 West Deposit Mixture lime building rubble and black sandy silt 4a
113 West Cut Possible cut into [107]. Confused by void [102] and fill [111]
114 West Deposit Dusky red sandy clay <300mm
115 West Deposit Reddish black, medium sand with angular stone & cobbles. 200>120mm
Trench 2
100 1 south Surface Surface vegetation, large % root loose D/red black. Stone, rubble, modern debris. Redistributed. Varied thickness 250>0mm
101 1 south Deposit Soft silty sand, red/black, firm with some grits. Occasional modern debris including plastics. 210>40mm. Partial in south
102 1 south Deposit Ash/lime lens slumped; 38º against [107]. Light grey. 150>0mm
Abergavenny
103 1 south Deposit Dusky red sandy clay with medium, rounded cobbles, Compact. Varied depth where impacted 210>80mm.
107 1 south Wall Lime mortared, uncoursed rubble wall through across east of trench 1
108 1 south Lens Tarmac. 2 individual lenses of tarmac (bitumen with gravel)
109 1 south Lens Dusky red silt deposit with high % coarse sand inclusions & some brick. 120>80mm
110 1 south Deposit Reddish black, gritty sand, angular stone, and rubble, glass and large battery. Slump; 17º, against [107] 150>0mm.
111 1 south Deposit Lime, Pink almost horizontal band extending from [107] both north and south sections. 12>8mm
112 1 south Deposit Black sandy clay. Distinguishable across entire trench. Profile shows slight N/S dip. Occasional plaster. 200>80mm 2, 4, 5,
113 1 south Deposit Dusky red sandy clay little stone. Visible depth in test pits 1,2&3, 120mm. (Augured a further 250mm)
115 1 south Deposit Reddish black, medium sand with angular stone & cobbles. Distinguishable across entire trench. 200>80mm, slight dishing 35
126 1 south Cut Cut, beneath [112] into [103]? Possibly for robbed out wall [141]
127 1 south Deposit Pit fill, modern debris including drainage pipe and plastic
128 1 south Cut Vertical to east and sloped towards west possibly due to wall [134] 8
129 1 south Fill Black, firm with angular stone. 26mm depth 19mm diameter
130 1 south Cut Tapered blunt point post hole
131 1 south Fill Reddish black, very loose sandy soil with angular stone some vertical. Probable robbed out wall. 150mm exposed.
132 1 south Cut Cut for [133] under [122] and into [103]
133 1 south Deposit Dark reddish-brown sand, with large quantity of rounded pebbles
134 1 south Wall Squared masonry, aligned to wall of standing building to the north
135 1 south Floor Flagstone floor abutting wall [134]. Single line only remaining but extended east.
136 1 south Deposit Dark reddish-brown sand, small rounded pebbles. Vertical at [126] possibly associated with [141]. 15.0mm, slumping east
138 1 south Deposit Reddish black sandy silt. Occupying central dished depression. Fine angular stone. 140>0mm 9
139 1 south Lens White lime lens. Sloping towards east and postdating wall robbing of [141]. 12>6mm
140 1 south Lens Reddish black sandy silt, with charcoal. 120>0mm
141 1 south Wall Angular building stone, possible wall. Some upright slabs.
142 1 south Lens Dusky red sand. 10mm>0 26
107 1 east Wall Lime mortared, uncoursed rubble wall through across east of trench 1
144 1 east Wall Pre-existing wall to [107]?
100 1 north Deposit Same as south

101 1 north Deposit Same as south 10
104 1 north Fill Very loose with plastics, metal and carpet. Not shown in section, west beyond BB 1
105 1 north Wall Lime mortared wall on cobbled foundation. “L” shaped and under [107]. With internal area of deposits 7
106 1 north Deposit Black soil, bounded by [105]. An internal compacted surface. Exposed depth 60mm, horizontal surface 3, 6
107 1 north Wall Wall through trench. East of trench 1
114 1 north Deposit Small lens of gravel against [105], Ferrous stained. Contained between [105] / [107]. 80mm
Abergavenny
115 1 north Deposit Reddish black, medium sand with angular stone & cobbles. Isolated in section BB only, to a small lens
116 1 north Deposit Dusky red fine sand, 210>160mm modern redistributed.
117 1 north Cut Cut for [116] into fill [125]. Relation to [122] unclear.
118 1 north Cut Cut for [125] from [101] into [115]
119 1 north Lens Reddish black ferrous layer, 80mm 37
120 1 north Deposit Pale red, compacted lime surface with angular gravel. Contained by wall [105]. 80mm horizontal
121 1 north Deposit Layer of grey gravel in lime. 40>20mm
122 1 north Deposit Very dark grey, sandy soil,130>40mm slumping towards west. 1.5m west of [107]
123 1 north Fill Black sandy pit fill with 75% plaster. 160mm 36
124 1 north Cut Cut for [123] under [111] through [112] above [105]. Possible robbing of [105]
125 1 north Fill Modern rubble 400mm, cut by [117]
137 1 north Deposit 100% ceramics in a ferrous oxide stain 100>80mm, horizontal and contained by [105] / [107] 19, 37
143 1 north Cut Cut for [105] into [113]
200 2 north Surface Slab floor lime concrete

201 2 north Deposit Reddish black, soft sandy lime plaster and brick, tapering off from above [107], 100>0mm 11
202 2 north Deposit Reddish black sandy soil with lime and charcoal, same as [210], [234]. 190<110mm 12
203 2 north Deposit Weak red mottled sand with charcoal and plaster. 80mm
204 2 north Deposit Dark reddish grey, compacted sand. Thickening towards west 0<90mm
205 2 north Lens Reddish black, course compact sandy deposit 50>0mm
206 2 north Deposit Pink, Lime plaster with angular inclusions. 40mm horizontal layer for about 250mm from [107]
207 2 north Deposit Dusky red, compacted gravel with angled pebbles, same as [211] [237]. 100>80mm
208 2 north Fill Rounded pebbles in loose soil, very unstable fill 13, 17
209 2 north Deposit Reddish black, course sandy deposit 50>0mm
210 2 north Deposit Reddish black sandy soil with lime and charcoal, same as [202], 190<110mm
211 2 north Deposit Dusky red, compacted gravel with angled pebbles, same as [207]. 100>80mm
212 2 north Deposit Reddish black sandy clay, no stone, very unstable 16
213 2 north Fill Mid brown and angular stone 95% stone, very unstable 15, 20, 22, 24
214 2 north Deposit Very dusky red sandy soil with coal flecks 14
216 2 north Deposit Iron slag
217 2 north Deposit Dusky red sandy clay little stone. Same as [226], [313], [314], [239]. 150mm 18, 21
218 2 north Deposit Same as [217] Auger 35mm. E329742.982 N214186.663 Z61.228 OD.
220 2 north Cut Cut for [223], [224], [222] into [207]
221 2 north Lens Dark reddish grey, Very loose deposit sandy soil with bricks, Seal of pit [220] 120>0mm
Abergavenny
222 2 north Fill Reddish grey. Post hole fill. Fine sandy soil friable. 300mm deep, 110mm diameter to blunt point
223 2 north Fill Weak red coarse sandy soil with small stone 310mm deep. Same as 224
224 2 north Fill Weak red coarse sandy soil with small stone 310mm deep. Same as 223
225 2 north Cut? Possible cut for [214] through [206], [224], [226]
226 2 north Deposit Same as, [217], [313], [314], [239]
242 2 north Deposit Same as 214
243 2 north Deposit Dusky red sandy clay Same as [113], [316]
227 2 south Floor Flagstone

228 2 south Floor End laid brick
229 2 south Subbase Black. Compacted ash sub base. 30mm horizontal
230 2 south Subbase Reddish yellow, fine sand sub base. 30mm
231 2 south Subbase Pinkish grey, Lime sub base 15mm
232 2 south Deposit Reddish black, compacted soil with flecks of plaster and coal. Thickens from [144]. )< 80mm
233 2 south Deposit Ferrous lens, 70>0mm
234 2 south Deposit Same as [202]
235 2 south Deposit Pinkish, Lens of lime with stone, possible surface. 30mm
236 2 south Deposit Pinkish deposit angular stone and plaster with small rounded pebbles and charcoal flecks.
237 2 south Deposit Same as [207] 23
238 2 south Wall? Rough dressed stone, possible single course
239 2 south Deposit Same as [217], [313], [314], [239]
240 2 south Deposit Same as [103], [240], [241], [315]
241 2 south Deposit Same as [103], [240], [241], [316] 24
244 2 south Wall Extension of 321 towards west.
107 1 west Wall Wall through trench. East of trench 1

144 1 west Wall Pre-existing wall to [107]
300 3 north Surface Stone floor rubble

303 3 north Deposit Same as [203]
306 3 north Fill Same as [208] [collapsing] 28, 29, 30, 33
307 3 north Deposit Same as [210] 34
Abergavenny
309 3 north Deposit Dark reddish-brown clay with lime at 40% and coal 200>1500mm
310 3 north Fill Weak red, fine sand and plaster with 90% small round pebbles 200mm 27
311 3 north Deposit Pink, Limestone, Much thicker deposit than [206] but possibly the same event 80mm
313 3 north Deposit Same as [217], [226], [239], [314]
314 3 north Deposit Same as [217], [226], [239], [313]
316 3 north Deposit Dusky red sandy clay, Same as [113], [243]
318 3 north Deposit Augur depth 20cm natural clay (total 2.07m). E329749.982 N214186.503 Z60.992 OD.
400 4 south Surface Black. Disturbed top soil, sandy clay. 250>0mm 39
401 4 south Surface Pinkish grey lime dump with brick and large masonry. 100>0mm
402 4 south Deposit Reddish black, Thin layer gritty sand with rubble. 110>40mm
403 4 south Deposit Reddish black, Gritty sand with rubble and slate. Same as [603], [525] 300>80mm. 41
404 4 south Surface Cobble floor, curving
405 4 south Surface Brick floor
407 4 south Cut Cut for 605 into [409]
408 4 south Deposit Reddish-black fine sand and plaster, 90% small round pebbles same as [610]. 400>600mm 44, 46, 48
409 4 south Deposit Reddish -black gravel with lime [Same as [608]. 250>100mm
410 4 south Cut Cut for [417] into [409]
411 4 south lens Very dusky red, sandy clay, compacted. 30mm
416 4 south Pipe Small diameter water pipe, 25mm
400 4 north Surface Disturbed top soil, sandy clay, 250>0mm

406 4 north Pipe Metal water pipe
407 4 north Cut Cut for 605 into [608]
410 4 north Cut Cut for 417 into [608]
412 4 north Surface Cobble/rubble floor
413 4 north Surface Brick
415 4 north Deposit Light grey, compacted lime (yellowish/green) 110mm x 450 diameter
417 4 north Fill Fine dark grey sand
418 4 north Wall Uncoursed masonry lime mortared, 300mm height 250 wide
419 4 north Collapse Lime mortar wall rubble 52, 53
420 4 north Cut Cut for wall into [608]
421 4 north Fill Reddish black, soft sand with lime plaster Fill for pipe [406] no cut 40, 45
Abergavenny
422 4 north Deposit Dark reddish grey. sandy soil charcoal and ash rich Same as [601]. Wall infill 200mm
423 4 north Foundation Reddish-black, thin foundation of compacted gravel 47
424 4 north Floor Cobbles
427 4 central Drain Brick surround, flag base
514 5 south Deposit Dark reddish-grey. Fine sand and plaster with 90% small round pebbles
515 5 south Deposit Weak red. Slumping from east 20º. Average 200mm
521 5 north Deposit Reddish black. Compacted fine grit, bedding for cobbles 100>50mm 51
522 5 north Deposit Compacted coal dust 30mm
523 5 north Deposit Pinkish grey, compacted fine sand 40mm
524 5 north Deposit Reddish grey, sand, fine gravel 40mm
525 5 north Deposit Weak red mottled sand with charcoal and plaster. 200mm. Same as [603] 50
528 5 north Cover Possible cover for pipe [406]. Collapsed and infilled with [421]
534 5 north Deposit Light grey, soft sand with lime plaster. Two instances 100>80mm
426 4 central Pipe Central drainage pipe ending in south of trench

427 4 central Drain collector, brick, and flag
600 6 north Surface Top soil mixed. disturbed

601 6 north Deposit Same as [422]. Linear spread 120>50mm
603 6 north Deposit Same as [525] but thicker 310>260mm
604 6 north pipe 4-inch pipe
605 6 north Deposit Reddish-black. sandy silt with some plaster flecks. Pipe trench 180mm
606 6 north fill Dusky red sandy clay with large plaster chunks. Pipe trench fill 200mm 62
607 6 north fill Weak red, soft sand with flecks of charcoal 130mm
608 6 north Deposit Same as [409]. Dark reddish-brown clay with lime at 40% and coal 200>1500mm 38, 42, 53, 56
609 6 north Deposit Pale red. Soft lime, Three lenses. 50mm 54
610 6 north Deposit Same as [408] 49,55, 57,61,
63, 64
611 6 north fill Weak red, silty clay with some plaster 220mm 60
612 6 north pipe 6-pipe Ceramic pipe
613 6 north Deposit Reddish black, sandy clay (no stone). 90mm slumping towards east
614 6 north Deposit Sandy clay with rounded pebbles Same as [514]
Abergavenny
615 6 north Deposit Weak red, irregular, no cuts. sand no stone 280>40mm 58
616 6 north Deposit Dark reddish-brown, Clay 59
617 6 north Lens Black. Compacted ash, coal, 60mm
618 6 north P Hole Reddish black, soft silt Stake hole? 420mm
619 6 north Deposit Compacted pebbles, no cut
620 6 north Cut Cut for [618[ into [608]
621 6 north Deposit Dusky red. Compacted stone no cut
APAC.Ltd Appendix I Harris Matrices A.P.A.C. Ltd EV/ABG/16
Trench 1 south
Trench 1 west
A.P.A.C. Ltd Appendix II Digital photograph list WB/ABG3/16
Photo no Date Camera L or P View Description Plate

TRENCH
1
DSC09617 17/08/16 DSC-F828 L S Trench location, portacabin, shed and vegetation [100] PL01
DSC09618 17/08/16 DSC-F828 L W Initial clearance scrape onto concrete [101]
DSC09619 17/08/16 DSC-F828 L W Initial clearance scrape onto concrete [101]
DSC09620 17/08/16 DSC-F828 L S Initial clearance scrape onto concrete [101] PL42
DSC09621 17/08/16 DSC-F828 L S Initial clearance scrape onto concrete [101]
DSC09622 17/08/16 DSC-F828 L S Initial clearance scrape onto concrete [101] & [104]
DSC09623 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L S Concrete [101], rubble [104] deposit [105] with [107] left. Void [102] top right PL04
DSC09624 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L S Concrete [101], rubble [104] deposit [105] with [107] left. Void [102] top right
DSC09625 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L W Detail of [105] with [111] and [107]
DSC09626 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L W Detail of [105] with [111] and [107]
DSC09627 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L W Detail of [106] under [105] with [111] and [107] left. Rear [104] under [101] with [102] top left PL05
DSC09628 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L W Detail sequence [101], [104] [105], [106], with [107] left
DSC09629 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L S Finished excavation overview PL03
DSC09630 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L S Full sequence at southern end: [101], [103],[104] [105], [106], [112], [117] with [107], [109] & [111] PL43
DSC09631 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L V Test pit 2, into [117] PL07
DSC09632 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L V Test pit 1, into [117] PL06
DSC09633 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L NW Overview of sequence AA
DSC09634 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L N Northern trench end, note depth of rubble at surface
DSC09635 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L S Full sequence at southern end
DSC09636 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L S Detail of [111] and [107]
DSC09637 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L W Detail of [111] and [107] PL44
DSC09638 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L W Detail of [102], [111] and [107]
DSC09639 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L W Detail of section BB
DSC09640 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L W Detail of section BB, upper view, south end
DSC09641 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L W Detail of section BB, lower view, south end
DSC09642 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L W Detail of section BB, upper view, mid-point
DSC09643 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L W Detail of section BB, lower view, mid-point and test pit 2
DSC09644 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L W Detail of section BB, lower view, north end
DSC09645 18/08/16 DSC-F828 L W Detail of section BB, lower view, north end
DSC09646 19/08/16 DSC-F828 L S South section PL08
DSC09647 19/08/16 DSC-F828 L SW Corner of south and east sections
DSC09648 19/08/16 DSC-F828 L S Full trench, finished PL09
DSC09649 19/08/16 DSC-F828 L W Full west section complete.
TRENCH
2
DSC09643 16/01/17 DSC-F828 L S Section 1, west end, wall [134] right over [135]. Dump [127] centre. [115]/[112] foreground
DSC09644 16/01/17 DSC-F828 L N Section 1, west end, wall [134] left over [135]. [100] rear, [115]/[112] foreground PL10
DSC09646 16/01/17 DSC-F828 L V Bricks taken from [101]. 20th c Tondu & Little Mill
DSC09647 16/01/17 DSC-F828 L E Final excavation of area 1 east. Wall [105] just exposed. Note debris, glass, rubble, iron, concrete. PL11
DSC09648 16/01/17 DSC-F828 L E Initial exposure of wall [107]
DSC09649 16/01/17 DSC-F828 L E Detail of wall [107], poor lighting (flash)
DSC09650 16/01/17 DSC-F828 L E Detail of wall [107], poor lighting (no flash)
DSC09651 16/01/17 DSC-F828 L E Overview of area 1. Mechanical excavation stopped. Trowelling begins PL02
DSC09652 16/01/17 DSC-F828 L W Overview of area 1. Mechanical excavation stopped. Trowelling begins
DSC09653 17/01/17 DSC-F828 L V Wall [105] initial clearance. Internal fills [120] [106] isolated from rest of trench. [103] outside of [105] PL12
DSC09654 17/01/17 DSC-F828 L V View of [105] from on top of [107] PL14
DSC09655 17/01/17 DSC-F828 L E [105] centre, [107] rear. Note depth difference of [107] each side of [105] PL13
DSC09656 17/01/17 DSC-F828 L SE Corner of south section and wall [107]. Note slump slope above 500mm, modern debris includes battery
DSC09657 17/01/17 DSC-F828 L E Wall joint [107] left, earlier [144] right. Note foundation course for [107]
DSC09658 17/01/17 DSC-F828 L NE Corner of north section with [107] over internal fill of [105]
DSC09659 17/01/17 DSC-F828 L V [105] [103]
DSC09660 17/01/17 DSC-F828 L N East end of north section, stratigraphy, less slump than south corner. Sequence 1
DSC09661 17/01/17 DSC-F828 L N East end of north section, stratigraphy, less slump than south corner. Sequence 2
DSC09675 18/01/17 DSC-F828 L N East end of north section, stratigraphy, less slump than south corner. Sequence 2. 1
DSC09676 18/01/17 DSC-F828 L N East end of north section, stratigraphy, less slump than south corner. Sequence 2. 2 PL45
DSC09677 18/01/17 DSC-F828 L N East end of north section, stratigraphy, less slump than south corner.
DSC09678 18/01/17 DSC-F828 L NE North section overview
DSC09679 19/01/17 DSC-F828 L V [105] [103] from [107]
DSC09680 19/01/17 DSC-F828 L V [105] [103] from [107]
DSC09681 19/01/17 DSC-F828 L W Overview of area 1
DSC09682 19/01/17 DSC-F828 L E Overview of area 1
DSC09683 19/01/17 DSC-F828 L W Overview of area 1 trowelling TP2
DSC09684 20/01/17 DSC-F828 L S Detail of slump at [107]. Note [144] at rear. Also note wall batter 10º, Sequence 3.1 PL48
DSC09685 20/01/17 DSC-F828 L S Detail of slump Sequence 3.2 PL49
DSC09686 20/01/17 DSC-F828 L S Detail of slump Sequence 3.3
DSC09688 20/01/17 DSC-F828 L S Detail of slump Sequence 3.5 PL50

114407 19/01/17 SM-G920F L V TP 2. Post hole excavation
114428 19/01/17 SM-G920F L S TP 2. Post hole excavation
124047 19/01/17 SM-G920F L V/S TP 2. Post hole excavation
124128 19/01/17 SM-G920F P V/S TP 2. Post hole excavation
140251 19/01/17 SM-G920F L V/S TP 2. Post hole excavation PL16
DSCN0786 20/01/17 AW130 L V View of [105] from on top of [107]
DSCN0787 20/01/17 AW130 L V [105], [107]. Exposing [102], [106], [137], [114] inside. [103] outside
DSCN0788 20/01/17 AW130 L E Wall [107] with lower wall [105] at right angles. Note difference in levels for [107] each side of [105] PL51
DSCN0789 20/01/17 AW130 L V Sequence 8.1. [105], [107].
DSCN0793 20/01/17 AW130 L E Sequence 9.1. [107]. Section AB PL52
DSCN0794 20/01/17 AW130 L E Sequence 9.2. [107]. Section AB PL53
DSCN0795 20/01/17 AW130 L N Sequence 10.1. partial section BB
DSCN0796 20/01/17 AW130 L N Sequence 10.2. partial section BB PL46
131239 20/01/17 SM-G920F L S Area 1. Section BB against wall [144]. Sequence 25.1
131251 20/01/17 SM-G920F L S Area 1. Section BB Sequence 25.2
DSCN0797 21/01/17 AW130 L S Sequence 11.1. partial section AA
DSCN0798 21/01/17 AW130 L S Sequence 11.2. partial section AA PL15

DSCN0806 21/01/17 AW130 L V Post hole TP2
DSC09694 23/01/17 DSC-F828 L N Area 2, initial clearance into [201] to the east of wall [107] PL20
DSC09695 23/01/17 DSC-F828 L N Isolated 1m square stone. 9 cup marks on one side. [227] & [228] bottom left. PL21
DSC09696 23/01/17 DSC-F828 L E Removing the stone
DSC09697 23/01/17 DSC-F828 L V Collapsing rubble filled trench. Very unstable
DSC09698 23/01/17 DSC-F828 L N Collapsing rubble filled trench. Very unstable
DSC09699 23/01/17 DSC-F828 L N Overview of excavation. Deemed unsafe
DSC09700 23/01/17 DSC-F828 L N Detail of north west corner section CC before removal of baulk from [107]
DSC09701 23/01/17 DSC-F828 L NE Overview of section BB, lower half collapsing
DSC09702 23/01/17 DSC-F828 L NE Overview of section BB, lower half collapsing
122243 23/01/17 SM-G920F L N Area 2 & 3. Rapid recording, finds
DSCN0807 24/01/17 AW130 L E Overview of area 1 prior to drawing
DSCN0808 24/01/17 AW130 L N Area 2, Unstable section CC rapid recording
DSCN0809 24/01/17 AW130 L N Area 2, Unstable section CC rapid recording
DSCN0810 24/01/17 AW130 L N Area 2, Sequence 12.1
DSCN0813 24/01/17 AW130 L NE Overview of area 2 prior to drawing PL22
DSCN0814 25/01/17 AW130 L NE Area 2 before partial backfill, Foreground: [227], [228] & [144] PL24
DSCN0815 25/01/17 AW130 L V Area 2, detail of [107], [227], [228] & [144] PL25
DSCN0816 25/01/17 AW130 L S Area 2, Partial section EE; contexts [227], [228] over [229] [230] [231]. [107]/[144] right PL26
DSCN0817 25/01/17 AW130 L N Area 2, Sequence 13.1. Partial section CC; contexts [221], [222], [223] [224]. [107] left
DSCN0818 25/01/17 AW130 L N Area 2, Sequence 13.2. Partial section CC
DSCN0825 25/01/17 AW130 L N Area 2, Sequence 13.9. Partial section CC PL58

DSCN0831 25/01/17 AW130 L N Area 2, Sequence 14.1. Fully excavated against Wall [107] PL27
DSCN0832 25/01/17 AW130 L N Area 2, Sequence 14.2. Fully excavated against Wall [107]
DSCN0835 25/01/17 AW130 L W Area 2, Sequence 15.1. Wall [107]/[144] PL23
DSCN0836 25/01/17 AW130 L W Area 2, Sequence 15.2. Wall [107]/[144]
DSCN0837 25/01/17 AW130 L W Area 2, Sequence 15.3. Wall [107]
DSCN0843 25/01/17 AW130 L W Area 2, Sequence 15.9. Wall [107]/[144]
DSCN0844 25/01/17 AW130 L W Area 2, Sequence 15.10. Wall [107]/[144] PL30
133732 25/01/17 SM-G920F L S Area 1 TP 5
133734 25/01/17 SM-G920F L S Area 1 TP 5
133902 25/01/17 SM-G920F L V Area 1 TP 5 PL19
133904 25/01/17 SM-G920F L V Area 1 TP 5
140244 25/01/17 SM-G920F P V Area 1 TP 5
140246 25/01/17 SM-G920F P V Area 1 TP 5 Detail potential post hole prior to half section
142444 25/01/17 SM-G920F P V Area 1 TP 5 Detail potential post hole prior to half section
DSCN0845 26/01/17 AW130 P S Area 2, Full section EE PL28
DSCN0846 26/01/17 AW130 P S Area 2, EE Sequence 16.1. Wall [107]/[144] right
DSCN0847 26/01/17 AW130 L S Area 2, EE Sequence 16.2. Wall [107]/[144] right
DSCN0848 26/01/17 AW130 L S Area 2, EE Detail, sequence 17.1. Wall [107]/[144] right
DSCN0851 26/01/17 AW130 L V Area 2, TP 8 PL31
115018 26/01/17 SM-G920F L W Area 1 TP 5 Wall [134] over lime bedding [135]
115028 26/01/17 SM-G920F L V Area 1 TP 5 Wall [134] over lime bedding [135]
115039 26/01/17 SM-G920F P NW Location of west of Area 1 to building. Old entrance.
115050 26/01/17 SM-G920F L E Overview of Area 1 Trench 2
115059 26/01/17 SM-G920F L V TP 5
115105 26/01/17 SM-G920F L E Area 1 TP’s 3, left and 4 right. Wall [105] centre. Note ground differences each side of [105]
115116 26/01/17 SM-G920F P NE Overview of section BB
115821 27/01/17 SM-G920F L NW Work in progress
120517 27/01/17 SM-G920F L E Investigation of pit fill [123]
DSCN0852 27/01/17 AW130 L N Area 2, Partial CC, baulk still in place left. Sequence 18.1.
DSCN0853 27/01/17 AW130 L N Area 2, Partial CC, Sequence 18.2.
DSCN0862 27/01/17 AW130 L N Area 2, Partial CC, baulk still in place left. Sequence 18.11. PL59
DSCN0871 27/01/17 AW130 L V Overview of area 2 with TP 7 PL32
DSC09703 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L N Partial sequence, section CC 1
DSC09704 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L N Partial sequence, section CC2
DSC09705 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L N Partial sequence, section CC3 PL47
DSC09714 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L E Overview towards east
DSC09715 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L E Fogged picture of TP3 & TP4 right. Note depth of [107] each side of [105] PL17
DSC09716 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L E Fogged picture of TP3. Note depth of [107] north of [105] PL18
DSC09719 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L E Fogged picture of TP4. Note depth of [107] south of [105]
DSC09720 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L S Stratigraphic sequence 4.1
DSC09722 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L S Stratigraphic sequence 4.3. TP1

DSC09724 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L S Stratigraphic sequence 4.5.
DSC09741 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L S Stratigraphic sequence 4.22.TP2
DSC09743 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L S Stratigraphic sequence 4.24. TP5, [127] & [134]
DSC09744 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L S Stratigraphic sequence 4.25. TP5, [127] & [134]
DSC09745 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L W Western end of trench, wall [134] over [135] over [115]
DSC09746 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L W Western end of trench, wall [134] over [135] over [115]
DSC09747 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L V [135]. [134] left
DSC09748 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L N Above [105] lateral test pit into [123]
DSC09749 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L S Lateral extension to area 1. [107]/[144] left. Wall 244 running north south abutting [144]
DSC09750 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L SE Lateral extension to area 1. [107]/[144] left. Wall 244 running north south abutting [144]
DSC09751 27/01/17 DSC-F828 L N TP8, External to trench. [227] to right and possible extension of [244] to rear PL29
DSC09752 30/01/17 DSC-F828 L V Area 4, two different cobble surfaces: [404] left, [424] right. Boundary & threshold [405] centre
DSCN0872 31/01/17 AW130 L V Area 4, two different cobble surfaces: [404] left, [424] right. Boundary & threshold [405] centre PL33
DSCN0873 31/01/17 AW130 L E Area 4, Foreground: [612],[419], centre [416] rear [424], [405], [404] PL34.
DSCN0874 31/01/17 AW130 L V Area 4. Plan sequence 19.1. Cobbles [404]
DSCN0875 31/01/17 AW130 L V Area 4. Plan sequence 19.2. Cobbles [404], Threshold [405], cobbles [424]
DSCN0876 31/01/17 AW130 L V Area 4. Plan sequence 19.3. Threshold [405], cobbles [424]
DSCN0879 31/01/17 AW130 L V Area 4. Plan sequence 19.6. Threshold [405], cobbles [424]
DSCN0880 31/01/17 AW130 L V Area 4. Plan sequence 19.7. Cobbles [425] threshold [405], cobbles [404]
DSCN0882 31/01/17 AW130 L V Area 4. Plan sequence 19.9. Cobbles [404], Threshold [405], cobbles [424] & brick edge [413]
DSCN0883 31/01/17 AW130 L V Area 4. Plan sequence 19.10. Threshold [405], cobbles [424] & brick edge [413]
DSCN0884 31/01/17 AW130 L V Area 5. Plan view of trowelled area: Drainage [616], [427], [419]. Right pipe [406], cobbles edge [413]
DSCN0885 31/01/17 AW130 L V Areas 4&5. Drainage [616], [427], [419]. Rear pipe [4106], cobbles edge [413] & [424], [405], [404] PL35
DSCN0886 31/01/17 AW130 L E Areas 4&5. Partial section FF. Stratigraphy [400], [401], [601] [403/404/405/] [409]
DSCN0887 31/01/17 AW130 L SE Overview of south east corner, areas 4&5
DSCN0888 31/01/17 AW130 L S Areas 4&5. Partial section FF. sequence 20.1
DSC09753 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L V Area 4, sequence 5.1. Detail of cobble surface [404] with threshold and divider [405]
DSC09754 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L V Area 4, sequence 5.2. Cobble surfaces: [404] left, [424] right. Boundary & threshold [405] centre
DSC09755 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L V Area 4, sequence 5.3. Cobble surface [424], threshold and divider [405], wall [413]. [406] & [419] top
DSC09756 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L V Area 4, sequence 5.4. Cobble surface [404], threshold and divider [405], wall [413]. [406] & [419] top
DSC09757 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L V Area 4, sequence 5.5. Cobbles [404], wall [413]. Pipe [406] wall [419] top, drain [419]
DSC09758 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L V Area 4, sequence 5.6. Cobbles [424], wall [413]. Pipe [406] wall [419] top, drain [419], Pipe [612]
DSC09759 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L V Area 4, sequence 5.7. Wall [419] top, drain [419], Pipe [612]
DSC09760 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L V Area 4, sequence 5.8. Wall [419] top, drain [419], Pipe [612]
DSC09761 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L V Areas 4, 5 & 6. Overview PL56
DSC09762 01/02/17 DSC-F828 P W Areas 4, 5 & 6. Overview, Recording prior to removal of cobbles, and pipes. Areas 1, 2 & 3 backfilled
DSC09763 01/02/17 DSC-F828 P V Area 6. Pipe [612] Area 6 at 1.5m. South bank (top) very unstable above cut [622] PL36
DSC09764 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L V Area 6. Pipe [612] Area 6 at 1.5m. South bank (top) very unstable above cut [622]
DSC09765 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L V Areas 4, 5 & 6. Overview, Recording prior to removal of cobbles, and pipes.
DSC09766 01/02/17 DSC-F828 P S Areas 4 to 6. South section FF. Sequence 6.1
DSC09767 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L S Areas 4 to 6. South section FF. Sequence 6.2

DSC09782 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L S Areas 4 to 6. South section FF Sequence 6.17
DSC09788 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L S Areas 4 to 6. South section FF Sequence 6.23
DSC09791 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L V Area 6. Pipe joint for [612] PL37
DSC09792 01/02/17 DSC-F828 P E Wall [419]
DSC09793 01/02/17 DSC-F828 P N Partial north section recording area 4. Sequence 7.1
DSC09794 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L N Partial north section recording area 4. Sequence 7.2
DSC09795 01/02/17 DSC-F828 L N Partial north section recording area 4. Sequence 7.3
DSCN0898 02/02/17 AW130 L S Areas 4,5&6. Partial section FF. Sequence 21.1
DSCN0922 02/02/17 AW130 L E Area 5. Wall [419]
DSCN0923 02/02/17 AW130 L N Area 5. Pipe hole for [416], in [417]. [415] to left, [419] right. Partial sequence 22.1
DSCN0924 02/02/17 AW130 L N Area 5, Partial sequence 22.2.
DSCN0928 02/02/17 AW130 L S Areas 4,5&6. Section FF. Sequence 23.1

DSCN0951 06/02/17 AW130 L S Areas 4,5&6. Section FF. Sequence 23.24 PL55
DSCN0969 06/02/17 AW130 L N Areas 4,5&6. Partial section EE. Sequence 24.1
DSCN0974 06/02/17 AW130 L N Areas 4,5&6. Partial section EE. Sequence 24.6 PL54
DSCN0980 06/02/17 AW130 L N Areas 4,5&6. Partial section. Sequence 24.12
DSCN0989 06/02/17 AW130 L S Overview of completed Section FF. PL40
DSCN0990 06/02/17 AW130 L N Overview of completed section EE PL41
DSCN0991 08/02/17 AW130 L N Areas 4,5&6. Full section EE. Sequence 25.1
DSCN1005 08/02/17 AW130 L N Areas 4,5&6. Section EE. Sequence 24.15
DSCN1007 08/02/17 AW130 L N Areas 4,5&6. Full section EE. Sequence 24.17 PL57
DSCN1018 08/02/17 AW130 L N Areas 4,5&6. Section EE. Sequence 24.8
DSCN1029 08/02/17 AW130 L V 1m squared flagstone with 9 equidistant dished depressions
DSCN1030 08/02/17 AW130 L V 1m squared flagstone with 9 equidistant dished depressions
DSCN1031 08/02/17 AW130 L W Overview of completed trench. Area 4,5&6. TPs 10 & 11 PL38
DSCN1032 08/02/17 AW130 L N Overview section EE. TPs 10 & 11 PL39
A.P.A.C. Ltd Appendix III EV/ABG3/16
Finds Index T1 Abergavenny
Find no Area Context Description Period Date

1 105 1 sherd burnt stoneware jar rim 19th 17/08/16
2 sherd (refit) stoneware Dundee marmalade jar
2 sherd (refit) stoneware Dundee marmalade jar rim
2 sherds stoneware Dundee marmalade jar
1 clay pipe stem
1 shard aqua green frosted Codds bottle
1 sherd blue and white china jar base 19th/20th
1 sherd blue and white china plate rim.
2 111 1 sherd ruffle edged, combed slipware 18th 17/08/16
1 sherd glazed earthenware jar neck 18th/19th
1 sherd glazed earthenware
1 sherd Willow pattern saucer rim 1815 -
3 106 2 sherd (refit) Staffordshire slipware handle 17th/18th 17/08/16
1 sherd Staffordshire slipware
2 clay pipe stems 18th/19th
1 sherd stoneware Dundee marmalade jar
1 shard green glass
1 sherd Earthenware building material
8 sherds Mochaware (refit) small pot/cup 19th
1 sherd blue and white china with applied decoration
4 111 3 sherds (2 refit) joggled slipware 17th/18th 18/08/16
1 sherd glazed earthenware rim 18th/19th
2 sherds glazed earthenware bases
3 sherd (refit) green/yellow earthenware rim
1 sherd iron glazed earthenware
1 clay pipe stem
1 stoneware pot base
17 sherds partially glazed earthenware jug, including handle 19th
and rim fragments
1 sherd Willow pattern rim 1815 –
1 sherd Willow pattern plate
1 sherd Pearlware plate 19th
5 106 1 sherd slipware handle 17th/18th 18/08/16
1 sherd slipware
3 sherds green/yellow glazed earthenware 18th/19th
2 sherds (one a partial handle) glazed earthenware 19th
1 sherd glazed stoneware
6 109 2 sherds earthenware with rubble filled glaze ? 18/08/16
18th/19th
7 109 1 sherd joggled slipware 17th/18th 18/08/16
1 sherd slip trailed earthenware
1 sherd mottle glazed earthenware
1 sherd glazed earthenware base 18th/19th
1 clay pipe funnel
1 shard green glass bottle base 19th/20th
8 Spoil 1 sherd slipware 18th 18/08/16
2 glazed earthenware rims 18th/19th
1 earthenware pot handle
2 sherds glazed earthenware 19th

1 104 1 clay pipe stem 19th 16/01/17
1 sherd white china with light blue decoration
1 sherd white china plate base 19th/20th
1 shard green glass bottle neck
1 intact small white glass bottle
1 intact large white glass bottle, hexagonal in shape with
embossed lettering, “BOOTHS DISTILLERY LONDON” 20th
1 sherd glazed earthenware tile
1 sherd earthenware ashtray
1 metal car part 20th/21st
2 112 2 sherd (refit) internally glazed earthenware rim 19th 16/01/17
1 sherd willow pattern plate rim
1 sherd Mochaware rim 19th/20th
1 oyster shell
3 106 2 sherd (refit) dark brown internally glazed earthenware 18th/19th 16/01/17
1 sherd willow pattern china cup rim and handle 19th
2 sherd (refit) willow pattern china
1 sherd pearlware feathered blue edge
1 sherd white china footing (for cup etc) with blue
decoration
2 sherd (refit) white china plate base 19th/20th
1 oyster shell
4 112 1 clay pipe stem 18th/19th 17/01/17
1 sherd earthenware
1 sherd stoneware with dark brown glaze 19th
1 sherd white china bowl 19th/20th
1 oyster shell
5 105 1 sherd tin glazed tin glazed stoneware base 18th 17/01/17
1 sherd earthenware 19th/20th
1 shard aqua blue glass
1 metal fragment 20th
1 iron filament
1 hard rubber ball
6 106 2 sherd (refit) tin glazed pot rim 17th 17/01/17
4 sherds, possible Somerset earthenware with partial glaze 18th/19th
1 small sherd glazed earthenware
1 sherd light blue tin glazed stoneware
3 clay pipe stems
2 sherd glazed earthenware rims
1 sherd iron glazed stoneware/ possibly Lambeth & Doulton. 19th
3 sherds Mocha ware
1 sherd saltglazed stoneware
2 sherds earthenware, 1 a rim
1 sherd gadrooned white china rim with blue decoration
3 sherds feathered rimmed white china with blue decoration
1 sherd white china pot top with blue decoration
1 sherd white china with blue decoration
2 sherds white china bases with blue decoration
1 sherd white china cup rim with blue decoration 19th/20th
1 shard green glass
1 shard white frosted glass rim
2 sherds white china plate rim
7 sherds white china
3 bones
1 bone claw/fang
4 oyster shells
7 105 1 metal ring 17/01/17
1 sherd Mocha ware 19th/20th
9 138 2 sherds Staffordshire slipware 18th/ 19th 19/01/17
1 sherd of Lambeth & Doulton handle
1 ceramic insulator 20th
3 bones
10 101 1 square metal buckle 19/01/17
1 shard aqua green glass rim 20th
1 shard green glass
1 glazed ceramic fitting 20th/21st
1 uncased battery “AA”
1 piece plastic
11 201 1 sherd local slipware with ridged rim 17th/18th 23/01/17
1 sherd Staffordshire Slipware with ridged rim
2 sherd (refit) green/yellow glazed earthenware handle
2 sherd Somerset earthenware 18th
1 sherd fine tempered North Devonshire earthenware
2 Sherds Staffordshire slipware
1 sherd Staffordshire slipware base
1 sherd Staffordshire slipware handle
1 sherd iron glazed earthenware base
1 sherd Nottinghamshire stoneware
1 sherd Creamware bowl 19th/20th
1 sherd off-white plate with gadrooned edge and embossed
decoration
2 bone fragments
1 tooth
12 202 3 sherd North Devonshire 18th 23/01/17
8 clay pipe stems
1 clay pipe bowl
1 sherd Staffordshire 18th/19th
1 sherd Staffordshire base
1 sherd local, glazed earthenware
2 sherds glazed earthenware
1 sherd glazed stoneware base
2 shards thick green glass
2 sherds Mochaware 19th
1 sherd earthenware tile 19th/20th
1 lump of coal
3 oyster shells
1 bone jaw fragment with tooth
1 tooth
3 bones
13 208 2 sherd (refit) German Westarwald Stoneware base 18th 23/01/17
1 sherd Somerset earthenware jug rim
1 sherd internally green glazed earthenware 18th/19th
14 214 2 sherds local earthenware slipware 17th/18th 23/01/17
1 sherd internally glazed earthenware pot base 18th/19th
1 sherd earthenware handle
1 lump coal
15 213 1 sherd local slipware rim 18th 23/01/17
1 sherd fine tempered Devonshire
3 sherds glazed earthenware bowl rim 18th/19th
1 sherd green glazed earthenware pot rim
1 clay pipe stem
3 sherds internally glazed earthenware pot rims
2 sherds earthenware
1 sherd internally glazed earthenware
2 shards green glass
4 bone fragments
2 teeth
1 lump charcoal
16 212 1 sherd green glazed earthenware 17th/18th 23/01/17
1 sherd local slipware rim
1 sherd Staffordshire slipware 18th/19th
1 clay pipe stem
1 sherd earthenware, glazed internally burnished externally
3 bone fragments

17 208 1 sherd Staffordshire slipware, with moulded decoration and 17th 23/01/17
ridged rim
2 sherds Staffordshire slipware with ridged rims 17th/18th
1 sherd tin glazed stoneware
1 sherd earthenware, external iron glazed and applied green 18th
decoration
1 sherd old North Devonshire pot base
2 sherds Staffordshire slipware pot rims
1 sherd iron glazed earthenware pot base
2 sherds internally glazed earthenware pot bases
1 sherd internally glazed earthenware rim
9 bone fragments of bone
1 bone jaw
3 teeth
18 217 2 sherds North Devonshire slipware 23/01/17
19a 137 1 sherd tin glazed egg cup 17th/18th 26/01/17
2 bags 1 sherd tin glazed rim
3 sherds Somerset, one a rim 18th/19th
2 sherds internally glazed earthenware
1 sherd embossed decoration Lambeth & Doulton 19th
1 sherd Mochaware rim
1 sherd midlands glazed stoneware drain pipe
2 sherds feathered edge Pearlware with blue decoration
1 sherd Willow pattern saucer base
1 sherd white china pouring spout with blue floral decoration
1 half white china saucer with blue decoration
2 sherds willow pattern, light blue decoration
1 sherd willow pattern china tea cup
3 sherds china plate rims with blue decoration
1 sherd Creamware base
6 sherds white china plate rims 20th
2 sherds white china bases
1 shard white flute glass
6 bone fragments
14 oyster shells weight
19b 1 sherd Somerset 17/18th 26/01/17
3 sherd (refit) glazed earthenware rim 18th/19th
3 sherds glazed earthenware, 1 a base 19th
1 sherd Pearlware with featured blue rim
6 sherds white china with blue decoration
3 sherd (refit) white china cup with blue decoration
3 sherds Mocha ware
1 sherd possible Lambeth and Doulton
1 sherd glazed stoneware base/lid
2 sherds badly damaged/corroded earthenware pot
5 sherds cream ware
2 shards green glass 19/20th
2 sherds blue glazed stoneware
1 bone knife handle
6 oyster shells
19c 5 clay pipe stems 18th/19th 26/01/17
7 sherds glazed earthenware (badly damaged)
1 sherd feathered edge Pearlware rim 19th
2 white china cup halves, with blue Chinoiserie decoration
1 sherd Mochaware
1 sherd Lusterware
1 sherd china cup handle with embossed decoration
7 sherds rust damaged white china 19th/20th
1 sherd rust damaged white china handle
1 brass draw handle
1 bone fragment
2 oyster shells
20 213 1 sherd local slipware rim 18th/19th 24/01/17
1 sherd German stoneware rim
1 sherd Somerset
1 sherd glazed earthenware base
1 sherd stoneware 19th
21 217 2 sherds glazed earthenware bases 18th/19th 23/01/17
2 clay pipe stems
1 clay pipe stem and bowl
22 213 1 sherd green glazed earthenware, possible ridge tile M 24/01/17
Clay pipe bowl with Tudor rose heel stamp 18th
1 clay pipe stem
1 sherd tin glazed pot base with mottled pink decoration
1 sherd old North Devonshire rim
3 glazed earthenware pot rims
2 glazed earthenware bases 18th/19th
1 sherd damaged earthenware pot rim
23 237 2 sherds (refit) internal green glaze earthenware 18th/19th 25/01/17
1 sherd internal green glaze, earthenware rim
1 shard green glass
24 241 2 clay pipe bowls 17th/18th 25/01/17
1 sherd thin earthenware pot handle, iron glazed possibly
Cistercian
25 244 3 sherds Staffordshire slipware bowl rim 17th/18th 25/01/17
26 142 6 sherd (refit) brown glazed stoneware/pot/mug 18th/19th 21/01/17
4 sherds glazed earthenware badly damaged/corroded
3 sherds earthenware badly damaged/corroded
1 sherd white china cup side with ruffled rim and light blue
chinoiserie decoration variant 19th
1 sherd pearlware cup base with blue chinoiserie decoration
2 sherd (refit) white china with blue feathered rim
1 sherd Mocha ware
1 sherd Creamware
12 sherds white china 19th/20th
1 lump brown iron slag
1 lump brown/green iron slag
1 lump turquoise iron slag
6 oyster shells
9 bone fragments
27 310 1 sherd green glazed earthenware ridge tile M? 25/01/17
2 sherds Somerset 18th/19th
1 clay pipe
1 clay pipe stem
1 sherd stoneware, glazed pot handle 19th
1 sherd internally glazed earthenware base
1 jaw bone with teeth
1 bone fragment
28 306 9 sherds local slipware rims 17th/18th 25/01/17
2 sherds Staffordshire slipware rims
1 sherd tin glazed pot base possibly Delft
2 sherds German stoneware with embossed decoration and
“GR”
2 clay pipe stems
2 sherds Staffordshire slipware 18th
3 sherds Staffordshire slipware bases
1 sherd Staffordshire slipware partial handle
3 sherds Staffordshire slipware

1 sherd Nottinghamshire pottery
1 sherd North Devonshire rim and handle
3 sherds Somerset earthenware 18th/19th
1 sherd glazed earthenware rim with “W” and “I” cut into it
1 sherd internally glazed rim with, thumbprint external
decoration
6 sherds glazed earthenware rims
1 sherd iron glazed pot handle
2 shards green glass bottle neck
2 sherds earthenware building material
2 oyster shells
2 teeth
1 bone fragment
29 306 3 clay pipe stems 17th/18th
5 sherds stoneware bottle 18th/19th
1 sherd white cup with blue decoration 19th
1 sherd blue glazed china
1 sherd white stoneware with blue decoration 19th/20th
1 sherd white stoneware
1 bone fragment
1 sherd Westerwald
1 sherd North Devon 18th
3 sherds local slipware, 2 rims, 1 base
1 sherd stoneware 18th/19th
1 sherd Mochaware 19th
1 sherd earthenware building materials 19th/20th
1 sherd white china base
31 1 shard unusual white glass bottle neck 26/01/17
32 Spoil 1 sherd tin glazed stoneware 17th/18th 26/01/17
1 sherd local slipware
1 sherd slipware, unknown fabric
1 clay pipe stem and heel
1 sherd Somerset earthenware
1 sherd stoneware jar 18th/19th
1 sherd glazed earthenware 18th/19th
1 tooth
33 306 1 sherd glazed ridge tile M?
2 sherds Staffordshire slipware plate 17th/18th
1 large sherd North Devonshire rim 18th
1 clay pipe bowl with partial stamp on heel
1 sherd Staffordshire slipware base 18th/19th
1 sherd glazed earthenware partial handle
2 sherds glazed earthenware, (refit)
34 307 1 sherd tin glazed stoneware 17th/18th 26/01/17
1 clay pipe stem with partial stamp on heel
35 115 1 brown glass bottle stopper 19th/20th 26/01/17
1 sherd china with blue and gold lustre decoration
2 metal belt buckles
6 fragments of clocks internal workings and gears
1 decorated ventilation brick
1 bone fragment
36 123 1 clay pipe bowl 18th 27/01/17
37 137 1 glass bottle stopper, engraved “Daddies” 1920s? 27/01/17
38 608 1 curved clay pipe stem 17th/18th 30/01/17

1 sherd white china rim, blue band decoration, gold lustre 19th/20th
rim
39 400 1 sherd Staffordshire slipware 18th/19th 30/01/17
1 sherd white china blue decoration 19th
1 sherd willow pattern rim
1 oyster shell
40 421 1 sherd stoneware bottle base 18th/19th 30/01/17
1 sherd white china rim blue decoration 19th
41 403 2 shards green glass 19th 30/01/17
1 sherd white china with blue band decoration and gold
lustre rim 19th/20th
1 sherd white china
1 shard white glass
42 608 1 clay pipe bowl with a central ridge decoration 18th/19th
1 sherd stoneware base 19th
43 410 1 sherd tin glazed 17th/18th
2 clay pipe stems
1 clay pipe bowl
2 sherds (refit) North Devonshire 18th
1 sherds Staffordshire slipware rim
1 sherd glazed ridged earthenware rim 18th/19th
1 sherd slightly glazed earthenware handle
1 sherd glazed earthenware pot lid 19th/20th
1 sherd embossed blue and white Pearlware
1 sherd pastel blue china. 20th
44 408 1 clay pipe stem 17th/18th
1 sherd North Devonshire base 18th
1 sherd Staffordshire slipware with ridged rim
1 sherd Queen Ann Staffordshire slipware 19th
1 sherd salt glazed stoneware
1 sherd stoneware pot base and side
1 sherd Lambeth and Doulton
1 sherd white china bottle neck 19th/20th
1 clay pipe stem and partial heel
1 large shard green glass bottle bottom 18th/19th
1 shell
46 408 2 sherds slipware, 1 a base 17th/18th
12 sherds (refit) large North Devonshire pot base 18th
1 sherd earthenware rim with internal green glaze.
47 423 1 sherd tin glazed stoneware 17th/18th
1 clay pipe stem
1 sherd white china with blue decoration 19th
48 408 1 clay pipe bowl 17th/18th
1 clay pipe bowl with sun rays stamp on heel
1 clay pipe stem
1 sherd Staffordshire slipware 18th
2 sherds Somerset, 1 a rim 18th/19th
1 sherd earthenware, internally glazed and burnt
1 sherd partially glazed earthenware
1 sherd earthenware
2 sherds local slipware

3 bones
50 525 1 clay pipe bowl with stamp on heel 18th
1 green glazed earthenware base 18th/19th
1 bone fragment
51 521 1 sherd Staffordshire slipware 18th/19th
1 sherd green glazed earthenware
52 419 2 sherds earthenware with internal glaze 18th/19th
54 609 1 sherd iron glazed earthenware rim 18th/19th
55 610 1 sherd glazed earthenware rim 18th/19th
1 sherd iron glazed earthenware rim
57 610 1 sherd iron glazed earthenware base 18th/19th
2 sherd (refit) iron glazed earthenware base
58 615 1 sherd green glazed Bristol Redcliff earthenware M
59 616 1 fragment of iron ore
60 611 1 sherd slipware base 17th/18th
1 sherd slipware rim
1 sherd slipware
1 clay pipe stem
61 610 2 clay pipe stems 18th/19th 08/02/17
5 sherds internally glazed earthenware 19th
62 606 1 clay pipe 17th/18th
1 sherd Lusterware pot top 19th/20th
1 sherd off white china plate rim 20th/21st
1 sherd glazed stoneware bowl with square handle and
brown geometrical pattering
63 610 1 sherd local slipware rim 17th/18th
2 clay pipe bowls
3 sherd (refit) Staffordshire slipware
1 sherd Queen Ann Staffordshire slipware 18th/19th
1 sherd possibly North Devonshire
1 shard brown glass
64 610 1 sherd green glazed earthenware ridge tile M?
1 sherd German Westerwald rim 17th/18th
1 sherd Somerset 18th/19th
1 sherd stone tile, white glaze with pink decoration
1 sherd cup rim with green decoration. 20th/21st
A.P.A.C. Ltd Appendix III FINDS EV/ABG3/16
DSC09984
104 1

1 104 1 clay pipe stem 19th 16/01/17
1 sherd white china plate base 19th/20th
1 shard green glass bottle neck
1 intact small white glass bottle
1 intact large white glass bottle, hexagonal in shape with
embossed lettering, “BOOTHS DISTILLERY LONDON” 20th
1 sherd glazed earthenware tile
1 metal car part 20th/21st
DSC0004
112 2

2 112 2 sherd (refit) internally glazed earthenware rim 19th 16/01/17
1 sherd willow pattern plate rim
1 sherd Mochaware rim 19th/20th
1 oyster shell
DSC0006
106 3

3 106 2 sherd (refit) dark brown internally glazed earthenware 18th/19th 16/01/17
1 sherd willow pattern china cup rim and handle 19th
2 sherd (refit) willow pattern china
1 sherd pearlware feathered blue edge
1 sherd white china footing (for cup etc) with blue
decoration
2 sherd (refit) white china plate base 19th/20th
1 oyster shell
DSC0007
112 4

1 sherd earthenware
1 sherd stoneware with dark brown glaze 19th
1 sherd white china bowl 19th/20th
1 oyster shell
DSC0008
112 5

5 112 1 sherd tin glazed tin glazed stoneware base 18th 17/01/17
1 sherd earthenware 19th/20th
1 metal fragment 20th
1 iron filament
1 hard rubber ball 20th/21st
DSC0009
106 6

6 106 2 sherd (refit) tin glazed pot rim 17th 17/01/17
4 sherds, possible Somerset earthenware with partial glaze 18th/19th
1 small sherd glazed earthenware
1 sherd light blue tin glazed stoneware
3 clay pipe stems
2 sherd glazed earthenware rims
1 sherd iron glazed stoneware/ possibly Lambeth & Doulton. 19th
3 sherds Mocha ware
2 sherds earthenware, 1 a rim
1 sherd gadrooned white china rim with blue decoration
3 sherds feathered rimmed white china with blue decoration
1 sherd white china pot top with blue decoration
2 sherds white china bases with blue decoration
1 sherd white china cup rim with blue decoration 19th/20th
1 shard green glass
1 shard white frosted glass rim
2 sherds white china plate rim 20th/21st
3 bones
1 bone claw/fang
4 oyster shells
DSC00010
106 6
DSC00011
105 7

7 105 1 metal ring 17/01/17
DSC00012
128 8

1 sherd Mocha ware 19th/20th
DSC00013
138 9

9 138 2 sherds Staffordshire slipware 18th/ 19th 19/01/17
1 sherd of Lambeth & Doulton handle
1 ceramic insulator 20th/21st
3 bones
DSC00014
101 10

10 101 1 square metal buckle 19/01/17
1 shard aqua green glass rim 20th
1 shard green glass
1 glazed ceramic fitting 20th/21st
1 uncased battery “AA”
1 piece plastic
DSC00015
201 11

11 201 1 sherd local slipware with ridged rim 17th/18th 23/01/17
1 sherd Staffordshire Slipware with ridged rim
2 sherd (refit) green/yellow glazed earthenware handle
2 sherd Somerset earthenware 18th
1 sherd fine tempered North Devonshire earthenware
2 Sherds Staffordshire slipware
1 sherd Nottinghamshire stoneware
1 sherd Creamware bowl 19th/20th
1 sherd off-white plate with gadrooned edge and embossed
decoration
2 bone fragments
1 tooth
DSC00016
202 12

12 202 3 sherd North Devonshire 18th 23/01/17
8 clay pipe stems
1 clay pipe bowl
1 sherd Staffordshire 18th/19th
1 sherd Staffordshire base
1 sherd local, glazed earthenware
1 sherd glazed stoneware base
2 shards thick green glass
2 sherds Mochaware 19th
1 sherd earthenware tile 19th/20th
1 lump of coal
3 oyster shells
1 bone jaw fragment with tooth
1 tooth
3 bones
DSC00017
208 13

13 208 2 sherd (refit) German Westarwald Stoneware base 18th 23/01/17
1 sherd Somerset earthenware jug rim
1 sherd internally green glazed earthenware 18th/19th
DSC00018
214 14

14 214 2 sherds local earthenware slipware 17th/18th 23/01/17
1 sherd internally glazed earthenware pot base 18th/19th
1 sherd earthenware handle
1 lump coal
DSC00019
213 15

15 213 1 sherd local slipware rim 18th 23/01/17
1 sherd fine tempered Devonshire
3 sherds glazed earthenware bowl rim 18th/19th
1 sherd green glazed earthenware pot rim
1 clay pipe stem
3 sherds internally glazed earthenware pot rims
4 bone fragments
2 teeth
1 lump charcoal
DSC00020
212 16

16 212 1 sherd green glazed earthenware 17th/18th 23/01/17
1 sherd local slipware rim
1 sherd Staffordshire slipware 18th/19th
1 clay pipe stem
1 sherd earthenware, glazed internally burnished externally
3 bone fragments
DSC00021
208 17a

17 208 1 sherd Staffordshire slipware, with moulded decoration and 17th 23/01/17
ridged rim
2 sherds Staffordshire slipware with ridged rims 17th/18th
1 sherd tin glazed stoneware
1 sherd earthenware, external iron glazed and applied green 18th
decoration
1 sherd old North Devonshire pot base
2 sherds Staffordshire slipware pot rims
1 sherd iron glazed earthenware pot base
2 sherds internally glazed earthenware pot bases
9 bone fragments of bone
1 bone jaw
3 teeth
DSC00022
208 17b
DSC00023
217 18

18 217 2 sherds North Devonshire slipware 17th/18th 23/01/17
DSC00024
137 19a

19a 137 1 sherd tin glazed egg cup 17th/18th 26/01/17
2 bags 1 sherd tin glazed rim
3 sherds Somerset, one a rim 18th/19th
2 sherds internally glazed earthenware
1 sherd embossed decoration Lambeth & Doulton 19th
1 sherd Mochaware rim
1 sherd midlands glazed stoneware drain pipe
2 sherds feathered edge Pearlware with blue decoration
1 sherd Willow pattern saucer base
1 sherd white china pouring spout with blue floral decoration
1 half white china saucer with blue decoration
2 sherds willow pattern, light blue decoration
1 sherd willow pattern china tea cup
3 sherds china plate rims with blue decoration
1 sherd Creamware base
6 sherds white china plate rims 20th
2 sherds white china bases
1 shard white flute glass
6 bone fragments
14 oyster shells
DSC00025
137 19a
DSC00026
137 19a
DSC00027
137 19b

19b 137 1 sherd Somerset 17/18th 26/01/17
3 sherd (refit) glazed earthenware rim 18th/19th
3 sherds glazed earthenware, 1 a base 19th
1 sherd Pearlware with featured blue rim
3 sherd (refit) white china cup with blue decoration
3 sherds Mocha ware
1 sherd possible Lambeth and Doulton
1 sherd glazed stoneware base/lid
2 sherds badly damaged/corroded earthenware pot
5 sherds cream ware
2 shards green glass 19/20th
2 sherds blue glazed stoneware
1 bone knife handle
6 oyster shells
DSC00028
137 19b
DSC00029
137 19c

19c 137 5 clay pipe stems 18th/19th 26/01/17
7 sherds glazed earthenware (badly damaged)
1 sherd feathered edge Pearlware rim 19th
2 white china cup halves, with blue Chinoiserie decoration
1 sherd Mochaware
1 sherd Lusterware
1 sherd china cup handle with embossed decoration
7 sherds rust damaged white china 19th/20th
1 sherd rust damaged white china handle
1 brass draw handle
1 bone fragment
2 oyster shells
DSC00030
213 20

20 213 1 sherd local slipware rim 18th/19th 24/01/17
1 sherd German stoneware rim
1 sherd Somerset
1 sherd stoneware 19th
DSC00031
217 21

21 217 2 sherds glazed earthenware bases 18th/19th 23/01/17
2 clay pipe stems
1 clay pipe stem and bowl
DSC00032
213 22

22 213 1 sherd green glazed earthenware, possible ridge tile M 24/01/17
Clay pipe bowl with Tudor rose heel stamp 18th
1 clay pipe stem
1 sherd tin glazed pot base with mottled pink decoration
1 sherd old North Devonshire rim
3 glazed earthenware pot rims
2 glazed earthenware bases 18th/19th
1 sherd damaged earthenware pot rim
DSC00033
237 23

23 237 2 sherds (refit) internal green glaze earthenware 18th/19th 25/01/17
1 sherd internal green glaze, earthenware rim
1 shard green glass
DSC00034
241 24

24 241 2 clay pipe bowls 17th/18th 25/01/17
1 sherd thin earthenware pot handle, iron glazed possibly
Cistercian
DSC00035
213 25

25 213 3 sherds Staffordshire slipware bowl rim 17th/18th 25/01/17
DSC00036
142 26

26 142 6 sherd (refit) brown glazed stoneware/pot/mug 18th/19th 21/01/17
4 sherds glazed earthenware badly damaged/corroded
3 sherds earthenware badly damaged/corroded
1 sherd white china cup side with ruffled rim and light blue
chinoiserie decoration variant 19th
1 sherd pearlware cup base with blue chinoiserie decoration
2 sherd (refit) white china with blue feathered rim
1 sherd Mocha ware
1 sherd Creamware
12 sherds white china 19th/20th
1 lump brown iron slag
1 lump brown/green iron slag
1 lump turquoise iron slag
6 oyster shells
9 bone fragments
DSC00037
142 26
DSC00038
310 27

27 310 1 sherd green glazed earthenware ridge tile M? 25/01/17
2 sherds Somerset 18th/19th
1 clay pipe
1 clay pipe stem
1 sherd stoneware, glazed pot handle 19th
1 sherd internally glazed earthenware base
1 jaw bone with teeth
1 bone fragment
DSC00039
306 28

28 306 9 sherds local slipware rims 17th/18th 25/01/17
2 sherds Staffordshire slipware rims
1 sherd tin glazed pot base possibly Delft
2 sherds German stoneware with embossed decoration and
“GR”
2 clay pipe stems
1 sherd Staffordshire slipware partial handle
1 sherd Nottinghamshire pottery
1 sherd North Devonshire rim and handle
3 sherds Somerset earthenware 18th/19th
1 sherd glazed earthenware rim with “W” and “I” cut into it
1 sherd internally glazed rim with, thumbprint external
decoration
6 sherds glazed earthenware rims
1 sherd iron glazed pot handle
2 sherds earthenware building material
2 oyster shells
2 teeth
1 bone fragment
DSC00040
306 28
DSC00041
306 28
DSC00042
306 29

5 sherds stoneware bottle 18th/19th
1 sherd white cup with blue decoration 19th
1 sherd blue glazed china
1 sherd white stoneware with blue decoration 19th/20th
1 sherd white stoneware
1 bone fragment
DSC00043
306 30

1 sherd Westerwald
1 sherd North Devon 18th
3 sherds local slipware, 2 rims, 1 base
1 sherd stoneware 18th/19th
1 sherd Mochaware 19th
1 sherd earthenware building materials 19th/20th
1 sherd white china base
DSC00044
306 31

31 306 1 shard unusual white glass bottle neck 20th 26/01/17
DSC00045
32

32 Spoil 1 sherd tin glazed stoneware 17th/18th 26/01/17
1 sherd slipware, unknown fabric
1 clay pipe stem and heel
1 sherd Somerset earthenware
1 sherd stoneware jar 18th/19th
1 sherd glazed earthenware 18th/19th
1 tooth
DSC00046
306 33

33 306 1 sherd glazed ridge tile M?
2 sherds Staffordshire slipware plate 17th/18th
1 large sherd North Devonshire rim 18th
1 clay pipe bowl with partial stamp on heel
1 sherd Staffordshire slipware base 18th/19th
1 sherd glazed earthenware partial handle
2 sherds glazed earthenware, (refit)
DSC00047
307 34

34 307 1 sherd tin glazed stoneware 17th/18th 26/01/17
1 clay pipe stem with partial stamp on heel
DSC00048
115 35

35 115 1 brown glass bottle stopper 19th/20th 26/01/17
1 sherd china with blue and gold lustre decoration
2 metal belt buckles
6 fragments of clocks internal workings and gears
1 decorated ventilation brick
1 bone fragment
DSC00049
123 36

36 123 1 clay pipe bowl 18th 27/01/17
DSC00050
119 37

37 119 1 glass bottle stopper, engraved “Daddies” 1920s? 27/01/17
DSC00051
608 38

38 608 1 curved clay pipe stem 17th/18th 30/01/17
1 sherd white china rim, blue band decoration, gold lustre 19th/20th
rim
DSC00052
400 39

39 400 1 sherd Staffordshire slipware 18th/19th 30/01/17
1 sherd white china blue decoration 19th
1 sherd willow pattern rim
1 oyster shell
DSC00053
421 40

40 421 1 sherd stoneware bottle base 18th/19th 30/01/17
1 sherd white china rim blue decoration 19th
DSC00054
403 41

41 403 2 shards green glass 19th 30/01/17
1 sherd white china with blue band decoration and gold
lustre rim 19th/20th
1 sherd white china
1 shard white glass
DSC00055
608 42

42 608 1 clay pipe bowl with a central ridge decoration 18th/19th
1 sherd stoneware base 19th
DSC00056
417 43

43 417 1 sherd tin glazed 17th/18th
2 clay pipe stems
1 clay pipe bowl
2 sherds (refit) North Devonshire 18th
1 sherds Staffordshire slipware rim
1 sherd glazed ridged earthenware rim 18th/19th
1 sherd slightly glazed earthenware handle
1 sherd glazed earthenware pot lid 19th/20th
1 sherd embossed blue and white Pearlware
1 sherd pastel blue china. 20th
DSC00057
408 44

1 sherd North Devonshire base 18th
1 sherd Staffordshire slipware with ridged rim
1 sherd Queen Ann Staffordshire slipware 19th
1 sherd salt glazed stoneware
1 sherd stoneware pot base and side
1 sherd Lambeth and Doulton
1 sherd white china bottle neck 19th/20th
DSC00058
421 45

1 clay pipe stem and partial heel
1 large shard green glass bottle bottom 18th/19th
1 shell
DSC00059
408 46

46 408 2 sherds slipware, 1 a base 17th/18th
12 sherds (refit) large North Devonshire pot base 18th
1 sherd earthenware rim with internal green glaze.
DSC00060
423 47

47 423 1 sherd tin glazed stoneware 17th/18th
1 clay pipe stem
1 sherd white china with blue decoration 19th
DSC00061
408 48

1 clay pipe bowl with sun rays stamp on heel
1 clay pipe stem
1 sherd Staffordshire slipware 18th
2 sherds Somerset, 1 a rim 18th/19th
1 sherd earthenware, internally glazed and burnt
1 sherd partially glazed earthenware
1 sherd earthenware
DSC00062
610 49

2 sherds local slipware
3 bones
DSC00063
525 50

50 525 1 clay pipe bowl with stamp on heel 18th
1 green glazed earthenware base 18th/19th
1 bone fragment
DSC00064
521 51

51 521 1 sherd Staffordshire slipware 18th/19th
1 sherd green glazed earthenware
DSC00065
419 52

52 419 2 sherds earthenware with internal glaze 18th/19th
DSC00066
419 53

DSC00067
609 54

54 609 1 sherd iron glazed earthenware rim 18th/19th
DSC00068
610 55

1 sherd iron glazed earthenware rim
DSC00069
608 56

DSC00070
610 57

57 610 1 sherd iron glazed earthenware base 18th/19th
2 sherd (refit) iron glazed earthenware base
DSC00071
615 58

58 615 1 sherd green glazed Bristol Redcliff earthenware M
DSC00072
59

59 1 fragment of iron ore
DSC00073
610 60

60 610 1 sherd slipware base 17th/18th
1 sherd slipware rim
1 sherd slipware
1 clay pipe stem
DSC00074
610 61

61 610 2 clay pipe stems 18th/19th 08/02/17
5 sherds internally glazed earthenware 19th
DSC00075
606 62

62 606 1 clay pipe 17th/18th
1 sherd Lusterware pot top 19th/20th
1 sherd off white china plate rim 20th/21st
1 sherd glazed stoneware bowl with square handle and
brown geometrical pattering
DSC00076
610 63

63 610 1 sherd local slipware rim 17th/18th
2 clay pipe bowls
3 sherd (refit) Staffordshire slipware
1 sherd Queen Ann Staffordshire slipware 18th/19th
1 sherd possibly North Devonshire
1 shard brown glass
DSC00077
610 64

64 610 1 sherd green glazed earthenware ridge tile M?
1 sherd German Westerwald rim 17th/18th
1 sherd Somerset 18th/19th
1 sherd stone tile, white glaze with pink decoration
1 sherd cup rim with green decoration. 20th/21st

165: 21-23 Neville Street, Abergavenny. Archaeological Evaluation

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165: 21-23 Neville Street, Abergavenny. Archaeological Evaluation

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DOCUMENT NO 309 July 2017

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION REPORT

Development to the rear of 21-23 Neville Street, Abergavenny

A planning application will be submitted to Monmouthshire County Council for a proposed

1 Site Location map

PL01 Trench location, portacabin, shed and vegetation [100]

Appendix I Contexts sheets

complete section sequence for recording.

2 Site Location and Description

3 Geology and Topography

4 Brief archaeological and historical background

E000314 Archaeological Excavation 11 Neville Street Radcliff & Knight 1963

Cartographic evidence throws some light on the area of interest.

5 Aims and Objectives

Provide a detailed record of the work to allow for a report to be produced.

Allow for the development to be monitored.

6 Scope of the Work

All remains of potential interest were considered, whatever their date.

1. 5m x 2m; aligned north south at the entrance to the general site

TP1 Stake hole [129] and pit [133], PL15

All finds recovered were recorded to context and bagged.

All data was set from an arbitrary site datum point 1.

10 Evaluation Trenches Results

Trench 1. (refer to fig 08)

Disturbances to the sequences were:

[113] a cut preceding [104] and cut into [105] [107].

Trench 2. (refer to figs 09, 10, 11 & 12)

A tentative suggestion of generalisation would be:

[103] = [240/241] = [315]

Sequence area 1 north BB:

From the surface down, PL 45, the stratigraphic sequence was:

[100] surface vegetation

Disruptions to the sequence are:

[111] to the west only under [121].

Internally to [105] PL47

[120] a level of compacted lime

Sequence area 1 south AA:

AA is a complete section along the south side of area 1

The general sequence is:

[100] surface vegetation

[136] east lens of sandy silt sloping from [107]

Disruptions to the lower sequence PL49, PL50 are:

[130] a possible cut for post/hole [129], preceding [112]

Sequence area 1 south AB:

Clearing of section AA revealed another wall [144] to the right.

Sequence area 2 north CC:

[100] topsoil and vegetation.

Disruptions to the sequence were:

Sequence area 2 south DD:

The sequence runs:

[100] topsoil and vegetation.

[234] = [202/210/307] reddish soil with plaster and charcoal

Area 4, upper section

In comparison, the south side, Partial FF was:

Area 4, lower section, PL41:

The north did however have more evidence of disturbance:

Plan view section 5 fig 13

Sequence area 5&6 north EE, PL39:

There were however some anomalies:

and a number of disturbances:

Sequence area 5&6 south FF, PL40:

Terminus post quem

The evaluation produced sixty-four assemblages from forty of the contexts:

Of these 21 contained 20th century material: