Project report

Of
Chemistry
On

Soap and Detergents

Submitted for the partial fulfillment of requirement for the completion of

Class XII by Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)

(Session 2018-2019)
Submitted by: Sumit Pandey
Roll no:
Under the guidance of
Mr. Shashi Bhushan
PGT – CHEMISTRY

Tagore Academy Public School, Faridabad

Submitted to:

Tagore Academy Public School

Sector 3, Faridabad
Haryana, 121004
 Acknowledgement
I would like opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to all those
people without whom this project could never been completed. First and
foremost I would like to thank my parents for their inexhaustible source of
inspiration.

I would like to extend my gratitude to Ms. Manorama Arora, The Director,

Tagore Academy Public School, Faridabad for her constant guidance and
providing nice platform to learn.

I would like to thank Ms. Aruna Singh, The Principle, Tagore Academy Public
School, Faridabad for her constant encouragement and moral support, without
which I would have never been able to give my best.

I would also like to thank Ms. Manju Vashistha, The vice Principle, Tagore
Academy Public School, Faridabad for her efforts in providing well equipped
and efficient environment to learn.

I would also like to thank Mr. Shashi Bhushan, PGT Chemistry, Tagore Academy
Public School, Faridabad for his keen interest in my work and every useful
practical knowledge and for their kind supervision.

Their guidance and supervision was helpful in bringing this work to conclusion.

Name and Signature of student

Sumit Pandey, XII Medical

Date
/ / 201
 Certificate

This is to certify that review and Compilation work of

the project entitled Soaps and Detergents
.
Is the independent work done by Sumit Pandey,
Admission Number 12353 XII D and is submitted
to the department of CHEMISTRY, Tagore Academy
Public School, Faridabad under my supervision and
guidance during session 2018-2019.

I wish him all success in future endeavors.

Signature Signature

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 INDEX
SN. Content Page No.

1. Introduction 1-2
2. Experiment number 1 3-6
3. Experiment number 2 7-8
4. Experiment number 3 9-11
5. Bibliography 12
 Introducti
on
The characteristics features of soaps are that it tends to concentrate at the
surface of solution or at interfaces. Their property of soap enables them to
reduce surface tension of solution & cause foaming. Molecules of surface
compounds contain two types of characteristic groups,

• Water Loving (Hydrophilic), and

• Long Hydrocarbon chain (Hydrophobic).

Thus one end of molecules (Hydrophobic end) of soap tends to go to Oil/ Dirt/
Area to be clean and concentrate at the interface.

We use soap because they remove dirt from clothes and skin. However all
soaps are not effective. Soaps are Sodium or Potassium salts and Fatty acid,
thus Soaps are soluble in water because of presence of long chain of fatty
acids.

Emulsion is formed between water and dirt, which looks like foam & dirt, is
washed away with access of water. Thus washing capacity of soaps would
therefore depend upon the extent to which soaps can furnish foam with
water. In other words, Foaming capacity of soaps determines it’s washing
capacity. The extent of foam formed also depends on the nature of water
used.

If water we use is soft, the soap will easily form the foam. But if the water we
use is hard, then even good quality of soap can’t furnish foam because Hard
water contains Calcium and Magnesium ions which form insoluble Ca, Mg salts
of Carboxylic acid which are precipitated as Scum.

The hard water can be used for washing purposes but before using hard water
the hardness of water should be removed by heating it or by some salts.

However, if Detergents are used it will form foam with both Soft & Hard water,
because detergents are Sodium or Potassium salts of Aliphatic or Aromatic
sulphuric acid and even Ca & Mg salts of these acids are soluble and hence do
not form precipitate rather foam is formed.

If we use Distilled water, the foam is easily formed with both Soaps and
Detergents because it does not contain any kind of ion.

HERE,

A. FATTY ACID CHAIN OR HYDROCARBON CHAIN

B. SODIUM SALT OF AROMATIC OR ALIPHATIC SULPHURIC ACID.
PREPARATION OF SOAP

Soap
For visual: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MBg59xrSTs or Scan the QR code

Experiment 1
AIM:
To Prepare Soap in Laboratory

Requirements:
 Lard
 Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, pellets
 Sodium chloride, NaCl, technical grade
 Ethanol, C2H5OH, 95%
 Boiling chips
 Erlenmeyer flask, 125-mL
 Beakers, 2 400-mL, 150-mL
 Graduated cylinders, 25-mL, 125 or 250-mL
 Funnel
 Spatula
 Stirring rod
 Cheesecloth
 Ring stand
 Clamp to hold Erlenmeyer flask
 Watch glass
 Scissors

Theory:
Soaps are prepared by the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils. This process is
known as saponification.

A by-product of this reaction is Glycerol which is useful as in foods, as

antifreeze, as a tobacco-moistening agent, and in the manufacture of
nitroglycerine and dynamite.

Procedure:
 Weigh 5 g of solid sodium hydroxide, NaOH, into a clean 100 or 150-mL
beaker.
 Add 15 ml of ethanol, and 15 ml of distilled water to the beaker. Stir to
dissolve the sodium hydroxide.
 Place about 5 g of lard or shortening into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask.
 Add the solution of sodium hydroxide to the lard or shortening in the flask.
 Add 2 or 3 boiling chips to the flask, and cover it with a watch glass.
 Arrange the apparatus as shown in Figure. If a hot plate is used, support
the flask over a beaker of water placed on the hotplate surface.
 Heat the flask in the steam just above the water surface of a boiling water
bath. As the water in the bath evaporates, lower the reaction flask so the
bottom almost makes contact with the boiling water surface. Remember
to temporarily remove the watch glass while you make this adjustment so
that it does not fall and break.
 Allow the reaction to proceed for at least 30 minutes.
 While saponification proceeds, prepare a salt solution by dissolving about
25g of sodium chloride, NaCl, in 150 ml of water contained in a 400 ml
beaker.
 After 40 minutes turn off your burner or the hotplate, remove the flask
from the heat (you can use the clamp securing the flask as a handle) and
pour the hot reaction mixture into the salt solution.
 Pour a small amount of the mixture from the beaker back into the reaction
flask to rinse out most of the remaining reaction mixture.
 Add the rinse material to the beaker.
 Stir the resulting mixture in the beaker thoroughly for several minutes.
 Filter the mixture through a funnel containing 2 or 3 layers of cheesecloth.
 Wash the collected soap twice with l0 mL portions of ice-cold water.
 Remove the cheesecloth from the funnel, and twist it to remove excess
water from the soap.
 Figure. Apparatus for the preparation of the soap.

Experiment 2
AIM:
To compare the foaming capacity of different types of soaps available in
market

Requirements:
Apparatus: - Chemicals: -
 Five 100ml conical flasks • Five different soap samples
  Five test tubes
 100ml measuring cylinder
 Test tube stand
 Weighing machine
 Stop watch

Theory:
The foaming capacity of soap depends upon the nature of the soap and its
concentration. This may be compared by shaking equal volumes of solutions of
different samples having the same concentration with same force for the same
amount of time. The solutions are then allowed to stand when the foam
produced during shaking disappears gradually. The time taken for the foam to
disappear in each sample is determined. The longer the time taken for the
disappearance of the foam for the given sample of soap, greater is its foaming
capacity or cleansing action.

Procedure:
1. Take five 100ml conical flasks and number them 1, 2,3,4,5. Put 16ml of
water in each flask and add 8 Grams of soap.
2. Warm the contents to get a solution.
3. Take five test tubes; add 1ml of soap solution to 3ml of water.
4. Repeat the process for each soap solution in different test tubes.
5. Close the mouth of the test tube and shake vigorously for a minute. Do the
same for all test tubes and with equal force.
6. Start the timer immediately and notice the rate of disappearance of 2mm
of froth.

Observation:
The following outcomes were noticed at the end of the experiment

Test Tube No. & Volume of Soap Volume of Water Time taken for
Name of soap Solution added disappearance of
2mm froth
1. Dove 8 ml 16 ml 11’42”
 2. Lux 8 ml 16 ml 3’28”
3. Tetmosol 8 ml 16 ml 5’10”
4. Santoor 8 ml 16 ml 15’32”
5. Cinthol 8 ml 16 ml 9’40”

Result:
The cleansing capacity of the soaps taken is in the order:

Santoor > Dove > Cinthol > Tetmosol > Lux

From this experiment, we can infer that Santoor has the highest foaming
capacity, in other words, highest cleaning capacity.

Lux on the other hand is found to have taken the least amount of time for the
disappearance of foam produced and thus is said to be having the least foaming
capacity and cleansing capacity.

Preparation of
Detergents
A synthetic detergent, a sodium alkyl sulfate called sodium dodecylsulfate, will
be prepared by reacting dodecyl Alcohol (Dodecanol) with sulfuric acid.
 Dodecanol + Sulphuric acid = Dodecylsulfate + Water

The resulting dodecylsulfate is converted to the sodium salt by a reaction with

sodium hydroxide

Dodecylsulfate sodium Dodecylsulfate

For visual: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAPmn06SvA4s or Scan the QR code

Experiment 3
AIM:
To prepare Detergent in Laboratory

Requirement:
 Dodecanol (dodecyl alcohol), C12H25OH
 Sulphuric acid, H2SO4, concentrated
 Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 6M
 Phenolphthalein solution, 1%
 Sodium chloride, NaCl, technical grade
 Erlenmeyer flask, 125-mL
 Beakers, 400-mL, 150-mL, 100-mL
 Graduated cylinders, 10-mL, 25-mL, 125-mL
 Funnel
 Spatula
 Stirring rod
 Cheesecloth
 Watch glass
 Scissors

Procedure:
 Place 5 ml of Dodecanol into a 100-mL beaker.
 Measure 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4, in a 10-mL graduated
cylinder.
 With stirring, slowly add the 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid to the
Dodecanol in the beaker. Continue to stir for 1 minute after addition of the
sulfuric acid is complete. Let the mixture stand for 10 minutes.
 Fill a 250-mL beaker one-third full of ice, add about 10 g of sodium
chloride, NaCl, and mix thoroughly. Add water to bring the total volume of
the mixture to 75 ml.
 Mix 5 ml of 6 M sodium hydroxide with 10 mL of water in a small beaker.
Mix well, and then add 4 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. The pink
color of the phenolphthalein may begin to fade in the strongly basic
solution.
 Prepare a mixture of about 25 mL of ice water.
 After the 10 minutes, carefully pour the sodium hydroxide solution into
the Dodecanol-sulfuric acid mixture. Stir until the pink color disappears. A
large amount of solid detergent should form.
 Pour the detergent mixture into the ice-salt bath. Stir to break up large
lumps of detergent.
 Filter the precipitated detergent mixture through 2-3 layers of cheesecloth
in a funnel mounted on a ring stand.
 Wash the collected detergent twice with 10 ml portions of ice-cold water.
 Remove the cheesecloth from the funnel, squeeze excess water from the
solid detergent.

BIBLOGRAPHY
Parts of this project have been referred from foreign
sources and have been included in this investigatory
project after editing and observing under guidance of
teacher.

The references of the sources are: -

 N.C.E.R.T
 Comprehensive Chemistry
 Modern ABC
 Fundamentals of Chemistry
 JBD