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Standardization of Cross Flow Turbine Design for Typical Micro hydro conditions in
Pakistan
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Power2014-32049
J. A. Chattha M. S. Khan
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering,
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences & Mohammad Ali Jinnah University,
Technology Islamabad, Pakistan
Topi, Pakistan
H. Iftekhar S. Shahid
Faculty of Mechanical Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering Engineering
GIK Institute of Engineering GIK Institute of Engineering
Sciences & Technology Sciences & Technology
Topi, Pakistan Topi, Pakistan
cos 2 u
2C2u11 cos 1 1
cos 1 V1
= (7)
V1
= f r, , H
Figure 1: Head vs. Efficiency
Table 2 shows that there are a total of 6 designs i.e., 6 diameter Figure 2: Velocity triangle at the inlet of runner
turbines, catering different flow rates at different runner rpm
and head range. Designs 7, 12 and 14 may not be considered
DESIGN 1 CALCULATION:
since in case of a flow rate of 18 cusecs and in the above sites
two or three turbines may be installed in parallel. It is necessary
Runner Outer Diameter (D1) is chosen to be 40 cm.
to not consider the three designs in order to achieve our
objective of reduce standard designs of CFTs. Using Eq.(2) and plugging in 16 ft for this particular design the
N comes out to be 222 rpm. For our case, using Eq. (1) LD1 =
Designs 7, 12 & 14 are not considered because of following 2591 cm2
reasons: Breadth of the runner(L):
1) To reduce the number of CFT off-shelf designs Dividing L.D1 by D1, L comes out to be 64.8cm
2) For flow rates of more than 18 cusecs turbine shaft needs to
be reinforced to increase its strength (higher probability of shaft Thickness of jet (So):
failure)
3) Manufacturing cost increases drastically Thickness of jet is calculated using Eq.(3)
4) The same purpose of reaping the full potential of site can be
achieved by installation of parallel turbines D1
Number of blades: n
The complete design of a specific CFT is now discussed. t
Angle of Attack (α1):
cos 2 Fixing the number of blades to 30 as recommended by Aziz &
u
2C2u11 cos 1 1 Desai [13] and putting D1=40cm and t=4.2cm. Spacing of
cos 1 V1 blades ‘s1’ in the runner:
=
V1
According to the above turbine efficiency α1 should be s1 t sin 1 = 2.1cm
decreased in order to increase efficiency of turbine. The angle
of attack may be kept 16o as it is convenient for construction. Radial rim width: a 0.17 D1 i.e., =6.8cm
Calculations are therefore based on angle of attack of 16o ,
since:
Inner diameter of the runner:
u1 = V1 cos 1
1
2 . D2 D1 2a , i.e., = 26.4 cm
From the velocity triangle shown in Fig. 2 the angle of attack
can be calculated:
Radius of blades curvature:
tan 1 2 tan 1
D1 D2
2
Putting α1 = 16o gives β1 = 30o. 1
4 D1
= 11.2 cm
D2
cos 1 cos 1'
D1
Blade central Angle In order to select single design, from the group of designs of
D
that head range, find the flow rate range in which site flow
cos 1 2 cos 1' rate lies.
1
D
tan Finally, a turbine design is selected out of the designs given
2 D2 '
sin 1 sin 1 in Table 2. However, it may not be necessarily the desired
D1 design, as there is a possibility that smaller design (the
design above it) is more feasible, because flow rate ranges
Where δ is the blade central angle which comes out to be have been developed using Eq. (1) and keeping head
minimum of that particular head range.
48.69o. Using 1 = 30o and blade exit angle 1' =55o as
In order to check that if the smaller design can fit the site
recomended by Aziz & Desai [13] and diameter ratio of 0.68. conditions, consider the value of D of the design above that
Distance of jet from centre of shaft: of the selected turbine design. Put in the site head and site
flow rate, if L/D ratio falls below 1.5 then select the smaller
y1 (0.1986 - 0.945k)D1 , i.e., = 4.66 cm design (i.e., the design above the turbine design selected
earlier).
Distance of jet from inner periphery of the runner:
Figure 3a shows the graph of L ≤ 1.5 D. Only consider the
y2 (0.1314 - 0.945k)D1 , i.e., = 1.97 cm portion in the first quadrant. The graph of L = 1.5 D is a straight
line. Whereas the graph of L<1.5D is the shaded portion in the
For most cases k ranges between 0.075- 0.1 and is thus first quadrant. L is on the Y axis and D is on the x axis.
considered to be 0.087.
This is repeated for all cases and Table 3 shows the CFT design
parameters calculations of all designs.
Turbine Selection:
QV12
HPin =
C2 2 g
Figure 3d: Plot of Specific Speed vs. Efficiency for Head range
105-250 ft
Figure 3b: Plot of Specific Speed vs. Efficiency Head for range
10-32 ft
Fig 4: Output Power vs. Specific Speed
CONCLUSION
The CFT design standardization will help in selection of turbine
from the shelf and thus facilitate in quick installation. Designs for
typical micro-hydro sites for Pakistan have been discussed in
detail. Design 1 is of D 40 cm and L 59 cm, design 2 is D 50 cm
and L 78 cm, design 3 is of D 60 cm and L 91 cm, design 4 is of
D 70 cm L 105 cm, design 5 is of D 80 cm L 119 cm and design
6 is of D 90 cm L 134cm. Other parameters that have been
calculated include number of blades, radius of blade curvature,
blade spacing, diameter ratio and jet thickness. The graphs
between specific speed and efficiency, specific speed and power
have been plotted in Figs 3a, 3b, 3c and Fig 4 respectively that
determine the operating conditions of the turbine.
The lengths of the turbine can be altered according to site flow
Figure 3c: Plot of Specific Speed vs. Efficiency for Head range rates at an appropriate diameter by keeping L/D small. This
32-105 ft alteration will be effective to reduce the weight of the turbine
thus making it more efficient during operation. Similarly within a
head range ω can be adjusted for maximum efficiency. An
advantage of keeping L/D smaller is to get a smaller turbine area.