Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Presented
March 12, 2011
2
System Overview - Distribution Protection
Objective:
Protect people (company personnel and the public) and equipment by the proper
application of overcurrent protective devices.
Devices include:
Relays operating to trip (open) circuit breakers or circuit switchers, and/or fuses blowing
for the occurrence of electrical faults on the distribution system.
Design tools used:
1 – Transformer and conductor damage curves,
2 - Time-current coordination curves (TCC’s), fuse curves, and relay overcurrent
elements based on symmetrical components of fault current.
Documentation:
1 - One-line diagrams and Schematics with standardized device designations as defined
by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) – keeps everyone on the
same page in understanding how the system works.
2 - TCC’s
3
System Overview – Inside the
Substation Fence
115 kV SYSTEM
MOSCOW
A-172
XFMR
12/16/20 MVA HIGH LEAD LOW
115/13.8kV DELTA/WYE
13.8 kV BUS
Feeder relay 500A, 13.8 kV
FDR #515 PT-1 13.8 kV FDR
3Ø = 5158 #512
556 ACSR SLG = 5346
Transformer PT-2A PT-2B 500 A FDR
#4 ACSR #2 ACSR
relays
556 ACSR 3Ø = 3699 1 PHASE
SLG = 3060 #4 ACSR
#4 ACSR 3Ø = 558
3Ø = 1907
SLG = 1492 SLG = 463
3-250 KVA
1 PHASE PT-6A PT-6B WYE/WYE
#4 ACSR #4 ACSR PT-8
PT-6C 65T
#4 ACSR
3Ø = 322
SLG = 271
4
PT-7
System Overview – Outside the
Substation Fence
115 kV SYSTEM
MOSCOW
A-172
XFMR
Midline 12/16/20 MVA HIGH LEAD LOW
115/13.8kV DELTA/WYE
recloser
13.8 kV BUS
relay 500A, 13.8 kV
FDR #515 PT-1 13.8 kV FDR
3Ø = 5158 #512
556 ACSR SLG = 5346
PT-2A PT-2B 500 A FDR
#4 ACSR #2 ACSR
#4 ACSR 3Ø = 558
3Ø = 1907
SLG = 1492 SLG = 463
3-250 KVA
1 PHASE PT-6A PT-6B WYE/WYE
#4 ACSR #4 ACSR PT-8
PT-6C 65T
#4 ACSR
3Ø = 322
SLG = 271
PT-7
5
115 kV SYSTEM
MOSCOW
System Overview – A-172
Each device has at least one curve plotted with current and time values XFMR
12/16/20 MVA HIGH LEAD LOW
on the Time Coordination Curve. 115/13.8kV DELTA/WYE
13.8 kV BUS
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
1000 5 1000
500A, 13.8 kV
FDR #515 PT-1 13.8 kV FDR
700
4
700
3Ø = 5158 #512
500
400
500
400
556 ACSR SLG = 5346
300 6 300 PT-2A PT-2B 500 A FDR
A. Conductor damage curve. k=0.06710 A=556000.0 cmils
Conductor AAC #4 ACSR #2 ACSR
200 FEEDER 252 SMALLEST CONDUCTOR TO PROTECT 200
S 10 10 3Ø = 3453
E
C
O 7 2 7
SLG = 2762
STATION VCB 252 PROTECTION
N
D 5 5 PT-5 LINE RECLOSER P584 FUSE
2. IDR 252 51P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500
S 4 CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=0.4072s 4
1
Ia= 5665.9A (35.4 sec A) T= 0.30s
3 3
3. IDR 252 50G 351S INST TD=1.000
2 CTR=800/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=0.048s
5f B 2 #4 ACSR 3Ø = 558
3Io= 0.0A (0.0 sec A) T=9999s
3Ø = 1907
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
SLG = 1492 SLG = 463
1 4. 252 140T FUSE stn S&C Link140T
Total clear. FAULT DESCRIPTION:
1 3-250 KVA
.7
Ia= 5665.9A T= 0.09s
MIDLINE OCR
Bus Fault on: 0 IDR 252 13.8 kV 3LG
.7 1 PHASE PT-6A PT-6B WYE/WYE
.5
5. Phase unit of recloser MID LINE OCR
.5 #4 ACSR #4 ACSR PT-8
.4 Fast: ME-341-B Mult=0.2
Slow: ME-305-A Add=1000.
.4
PT-6C 65T
.3 Ia= 5665.9A T(Fast)= 0.03s .3
.05 .05
.04 .04
PT-7
.03 .03
.02 .02
Fault I=5665.9 A
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
1000
10 2 3 4 5 7 100
5
2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
1000
What are the types of curves?
700 700
4
500
400
500
400
Damage Curves:
300
200
6 300
A. Conductor damage curve. k=0.06710 A=556000.0 cmils
Conductor AAC
FEEDER 252 SMALLEST CONDUCTOR TO PROTECT 200
- transformer
100
B. Transf. damage curve. 12.00 MVA. Category 3
Base I=502.00 A. Z= 8.2 percent.
IDAHO RD 12/16/20 MVA XFMR 100
- conductor
70 70
50
40
50
40
Protective Curves:
30
20
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
HI-SIDE CT'S
1. IDR A-777 51P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200
30
20
- relay
CTR=600/5 Pickup=2.A No inst. TP@5=0.3096s
S 10
Ia= 679.8A (5.7 sec A) T= 0.78s H=8.33
10
- fuse
E
C
O 7 2 7
STATION VCB 252 PROTECTION
N
D 5 5
2. IDR 252 51P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500
S 4 CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=0.4072s 4
1
Ia= 5665.9A (35.4 sec A) T= 0.30s
3 3
2
3. IDR 252 50G 351S INST TD=1.000
CTR=800/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=0.048s
3Io= 0.0A (0.0 sec A) T=9999s
5f B 2 So, what curve goes where?
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
.7
4. 252 140T FUSE stn S&C Link140T
Total clear.
Ia= 5665.9A T= 0.09s
FAULT DESCRIPTION:
Bus Fault on: 0 IDR 252
1
13.8 kV 3LG
.7
Damage curves are at the top and to
MIDLINE OCR
.5
.4
5. Phase unit of recloser MID LINE OCR
Fast: ME-341-B Mult=0.2
.5
.4
the right of the TCC.
Slow: ME-305-A Add=1000.
.3 Ia= 5665.9A T(Fast)= 0.03s .3
.1
Minimum melt.
Ia= 5665.9A T= 0.01s
.1 A
Protective curves lowest and to the
.07 .07 left on the TCC correspond to those
.05 .05
.04
.03
.04
.03
devices farther from the substation
.02 .02
where the fault current is less.
Fault I=5665.9 A
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
700
1000
700
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
70 70
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
S 10 10
E
C
O 7 7
N
D 5 5
3
4
.7
1
.7
.3 .3
.2 .2
.05 1 .05
.04 .04
.03 .03
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
Comment Date
8
Conductor Damage Curves
Copper Conductor Damage Curves ACSR Conductor Damage Curves
(2/0 damage at 1500A @ 100sec.) (2/0 damage at 900A @ 100sec.)
50 50 50 50
40 40 40 40
30 30 30 30
20 20 20 20
E. Conductor damage curve. k=0.14040 A=20820.0 cmils .1 F. Conductor damage curve. k=0.08620 A=33100.0 cmils F E DC B A.1
.1 Conductor Copper (bare) AWG Size 6 E D C B A .1 Conductor ACSR AWG Size 4
#6 Copper .07 #4 ACSR .07
.07 .07
.05 1 .05
.05 1 .05 .04 .04
.04 .04
.03 .03
.03 .03
.02 .02
.02 .02
.01 .01
.01 .01 10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7 CURRENT (A)
CURRENT (A)
TIME-CURRENT CURVES @Voltage 13.8 kV By DLH
TIME-CURRENT CURVES @Voltage 13.8 kV By DLH
For ACSR Conductor Damage Curves No.
For Copper Conductor Damage Curves No.
Comment Date 12/13/05
Comment Date 12/13/05 9
Conductor Ampacities
Conductor at 25°C ambient taken from the Westinghouse Transmission & Distribution book.
ACSR Copper
Ampacity Ratings Ampacity Ratings
10
Conductor Protection Graph
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
1000 1000
700 700
1
500
400
500
400
Comparing a 140T fuse versus a
300 300
#4 ACSR Damage curve.
200 200
The 140T won’t protect the
100
1. Moscow 515 Kear 140T Kearney 140T
Total clear.
100 conductor below about
70 70
50 50
550 amps where the curves cross.
40 40
A. Conductor damage curve. k=0.08620 A=33100.0 cmils
30 Conductor ACSR AWG Size 4 30
20 20
S 10 10
E
C
O 7 7
N
D 5 5
S 4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
.7 .7
.5 .5
.4 .4
.3 .3
.2 .2
.1 A .1
.07 .07
.05 .05
.04 .04
.03 .03
.02 .02
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
12
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
1000 1000
500 500
300 6
400
300
A. Transf. damage curve. 7.50 MVA. Category 3
Base I=313.78 A. Z= 7.3 percent.
200 Rockford 13.8kV - ROCKFORD115 115.kV 1 T 200
- Low maintenance 30
20
STATION TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
4
30
20
2. SMD-2B 65E VERY SLOW 176-19-065
- Panel house & station battery not required Minimum melt.
H=8.33
• Low interrupting rating from 1,200A (for CTR=500/5 Pickup=2.A No inst. TP@5=0.048s
.7
6. LAT RP4211 FUSE S&C Link 65T
Total clear.
1
.7
40KAIC. .2 .2
.05 1 3 .05
rating. Thus, a 65 amp fuse will blow at 130 .04 .04
.03 .03
amps. This compromises the amount of .02 .02
1.0 PU
B b
0.5 PU 0.5 PU
C c
14
Transformer Protection using a Circuit Switcher
Showing Avista’s present standard using Microprocessor relays.
13.8kV 115kV
15
Transformer Protection using a Circuit Switcher
Showing Avista’s old standard using Electromechanical relays.
16
Transformer Protection using a Circuit Switcher
500
11
700
500
•
400 400
•
Conductor ACSR AWG Size 2/0
200 FEEDER 251 SMALLEST CONDUCTOR TO PROTECT 200
Relays can be set to operate faster B. Transf. damage curve. 12.00 MVA. Category 3
Base I=502.00 A. Z= 8.2 percent.
70
IDAHO RD 12/16/20 MVA XFMR 100
70
fuses. 50
40
50
40
•
30 30
5
4 20
•
CTR=600/5 Pickup=2.A No inst. TP@5=0.3096s 10
downstream devices. C
O
N
D
7
5
4. IDR A-777 51Q 351 SEL-EI TD=4.200
CTR=600/5 Pickup=1.3A No inst. TP@5=1.1401s
H=8.33
LO-SIDE CT'S
7 7
5
S 4 3. IDR A-777 51N 351 SEL-EI TD=5.700 4
1
CTR=1200/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=1.5473s
2
3 3
5. IDR A-777 51Q 587 W2 SEL-EI TD=4.300
• Higher cost.
STATION VCB 251 PROTECTION
1 1
7. IDR 251 51P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500
CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=0.4072s
•
.7 .7
Higher maintenance. .5
.4
6. IDR 251 50P 351S INST TD=1.000
CTR=800/5 Pickup=7.A No inst. TP@5=0.048s .5
.4
•
9. IDR 251 51G 351S SEL-EI TD=3.900
.2
CTR=800/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=1.0587s
.2
•
.1 CTR=800/5 Pickup=5.2A No inst. TP@5=0.9501s A .1
.05 8 6 .05
MINIMUM FAULT TO DETECT:
.04 3LG=2460A, SLG=1833A, L-L=2130A .04
.02 .02
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
17
Transformer Protection using a Breaker
This is very similar to using a circuit switcher with a couple of advantages such as:
• Higher interrupting – 40kAIC for the one shown below.
• Somewhat faster tripping than a circuit switcher (3 cycles vs. 6 – 8 cycles).
• Possibly less maintenance than a circuit switcher.
• The CT’s would be located on the breaker so it would interrupt faults on the bus section up to
the transformer plus the transformer high side bushings.
18
Relay Overcurrent Curves
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
1000 1000
200 200
Very Inverse
Inverse
100 100
70 1 70
Moderately Inverse
50
40
1. EXTREMELY INVERSE SEL-EI TD=15.000
CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=4.0718s
50
40
Short Time Inverse – least steep
30 30
20 5 20
5. VERY INVERSE SEL-VI TD=6.000
CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=1.5478s The five curves shown here have the same
S
E
C
10
7
2 10
7
pickup settings , but different time dial
O
N
D
S
5
4
2. INVERSE SEL-I TD=2.000
CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=0.8558s
5
4
settings.
3 3
3
2
These are basically the same as various E-M
1 3. MODERATELY INVERSE SEL-2xx-MI TD=1.000
CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=0.324s
1 relays.
.7 .7
.5 .5
4
.4
.3
.4
.3
Avista uses mostly extremely inverse on
.2
4. SHORT TIME INVERSE SEL-STI TD=1.000
CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=0.1072s
.2
feeders to match the fuse curves.
.1 .1
.07 .07
.05 .05
.04 .04
.03 .03
.02 .02
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
700 700
11
500 500
300
400
300
A. Conductor damage curve. k=0.08620 A=133100.0 cmils
70
IDAHO RD 12/16/20 MVA XFMR 100
70
30 30
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
2
5. IDR A-777 51Q 587 W2 SEL-EI TD=4.300
CTR=1200/5 Pickup=5.4A No inst. TP@5=1.1672s B
3
.5
.4
6. IDR 251 50P 351S INST TD=1.000
CTR=800/5 Pickup=7.A No inst. TP@5=0.048s
.7
.5
.4
.2
9. IDR 251 51G 351S SEL-EI TD=3.900
CTR=800/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=1.0587s
.2
CTR=800/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=0.048s
.07 .07
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
.05 8 6 .05
MINIMUM FAULT TO DETECT:
.04 3LG=2460A, SLG=1833A, L-L=2130A .04
.02 .02
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
100 1. EXT INV 1 SEL-EI TD=9.000 100 100 1. EXT INV 1 SEL-EI TD=15.000 100
CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=2.4431s CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=4.0718s
70 70 70 1 70
2. ~EXT INV 1 SEL-EI TD=9.000 2. ~EXT INV 1 SEL-EI TD=12.000 2
50 CTR=800/5 Pickup=5.A No inst. TP@5=2.4431s 50 50 50
CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=3.2574s
40 5 4 3 2 1 40 40 3 40
30 30 30 30
3. ~EXT INV 2 SEL-EI TD=9.000 3. ~EXT INV 2 SEL-EI TD=9.000 4
CTR=800/5 Pickup=4.A No inst. TP@5=2.4431s CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=2.4431s
20 20 20 20
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
.7 .7 .7 .7
.5 .5 .5 .5
.4 .4 .4 .4
.3 .3 .3 .3
.2 .2 .2 .2
.1 .1 .1 .1
700 700
200
B. Conductor damage curve. k=0.06710 A=556000.0 cmils
Conductor AAC
556 kCMil AAC
200 types of curves based on the type of
100 100
fault current being measured:
70 70
50 50
40 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 40
1. INT A-742 51P 351 SEL-VI TD=10.000 1
30 30
20
CTR=600/5 Pickup=0.8A No inst. TP@5=2.5797s
H=8.33
20
Transformer relay curves
5
5. INT A-742 51G 351 SEL-VI TD=5.000
S 10
CTR=600/5 Pickup=0.8A No inst. TP@5=1.2898s
H=8.33
10
51P – phase time overcurrent
6
E
C 7
O
N
6. INT A-742 51Q 351 SEL-VI TD=3.000
CTR=600/5 Pickup=0.8A No inst. TP@5=0.7739s 2
7
51N or 51G – ground time overcurrent
D 5 H=8.33 5
S 4 4
1 1
.5
.4
CTR=800/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=0.2322s
.5
.4
Feeder relay curves
.3
4. INT 12F1 51Q 351S SEL-VI TD=0.500
CTR=800/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=0.129s
.3
51P – phase time overcurrent
.2 .2
.03 .03
.02 .02
This brings us to a brief discussion of:
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
22
Symmetrical Components
Three phase (3LG) fault - Positive sequence currents – for setting phase elements in relays.
Phase -Phase (L-L) fault - Negative sequence currents – for setting negative sequence elements in relays.
Single phase (1LG or SLG) fault - Zero sequence currents – for setting ground elements in relays.
24
Symmetrical Components – Positive Sequence, 3LG 13.8 kV Fault
You have only positive sequence voltage and current since the system is balanced.
A a
R R
B b
C c
IA = 619 ∠-88° Ia = 5158 ∠-118°
IB = 619 ∠ 152° Ib = 5158 ∠ 122°
Phase currents and voltages for the 115kV side.
IC = 619 ∠ 32° Ic = 5158 ∠ 2°
Phase current = Sequence current
That is; Ia = I+.
IA = Ia / 8.33 = 5158A / 8.33
IA = 619A
25
Symmetrical Components – Negative Sequence, L-L 13.8 kV Fault
A a
R R
B b
C c
IA = 309 ∠-28° Ia = 0 ∠ 0°
IB = 619 ∠ 152° Ib = 4467 ∠ 152° 115kV side sequence currents and voltages
IC = 309 ∠-28° Ic = 4467 ∠-28°
26
Symmetrical Components – Zero Sequence, 1LG 13.8 kV Fault
A a
R R
B b
C c
IA = 370 ∠-118° Ia=3I0=5346 ∠-118°
IB = 0 ∠ 0° Ib = 0 ∠ 0°
115kV side sequence currents and voltages
IC = 370 ∠ 62° Ic = 0 ∠ 0°
Ia = 3Va/(Z1 + Z2 + Z0)
27
Symmetrical Components - Summary of 13.8 kV Faults
If you have a Delta-Wye transformer bank, and you know the voltage ratio and secondary phase
current values for 13.8kV 3LG (5158) and SLG (5346) faults, you can find the rest:
28
Symmetrical Components - Summary of 13.8 kV Faults
29
Electromechanical Relays
used on Distribution Feeders
1 reclosing relay
30
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
1000 1000
300
500
400
300
6
200 200
7
FEEDER VCB PROTECTION
3. LAT421 51P CO-9 CO-9 TD=1.900
10
7
O CTR=600/5 Pickup=4.A No inst. TP@5=0.4618s
minimum Coordinating Time Interval N
D
S
5
4
5. LAT421 51N CO-9 CO-9 TD=3.000
CTR=600/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=0.7228s
5
4
devices. 1 1
.5
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
.5
Total clear.
overcurrent only). .4 .4
.2 .2
load· .05
.04
4 2 .05
.04
.03 .03
.02 .02
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
31
Electromechanical Relays
used on Distribution Feeders
Pickup setting criteria of 2/1 ratio of “end of line” fault duty / pickup
- ensures that the relay will “see” the fault and operate when needed.
FEEDER SETTINGS
51P = 2000 / 2 = 1000 A
51N = 1000 / 2 = 500 A
13 kV BUS
MIN FAULT
3LG = 2000 A
1LG = 1000 A
32
Electromechanical Relays
used on Distribution Feeders
13 kV BUS
FAULT at MIDLINE
3LG = 2000 A
1LG = 1000 A
33
Electromechanical Relays
used on Distribution Feeders
13 kV BUS
SECTION
LOAD = 500 A
34
Electromechanical Relays
used on Distribution Feeders
35
Electromechanical Relays
used on Distribution Feeders
Reclosing
• Most overhead feeders also use reclosing capability to automatically re-energize the feeder
for temporary faults. Most distribution reclosing relays have the capability of providing up to three
or four recloses.
-- Avista uses either one fast or one fast and one time delayed reclose to lockout.
• The reclosing relay also provides a reset time generally adjustable from about 10 seconds to
three minutes. This means if we run through the reclosing sequence and trip again within the reset
time, the reclosing relay will lockout and the breaker will have to be closed by manual means. The
time to reset from the lockout position is 3 to 6 seconds for EM reclosing relays.
-- Avista uses reset times ranging from 90 to 180 seconds.
• Lockout only for faults within the protected zone. That is; won’t lockout for faults beyond
fuses, line reclosers etc.
• Most distribution reclosing relays also have the capability of blocking instantaneous tripping.
-- Avista normally blocks the INST tripping after the first trip to provide for a Fuse Protecting
Scheme.
36
Electromechanical Relays
used on Distribution Feeders
13 kV BUS
RECLOSING SEQUENCE
Closed
Open
0.5" 12" LOCKOUT
RESET = 120"
(INST Blocked during Reset Time)
37
Distribution Fusing – Fuse Protection/Saving Scheme
700 700
2
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
50 50
1
- Station or midline 50 element protects fuse. 40
30
40
30
20 20
During fault: S
E
10 10
.7
STATION FEEDER RELAYING
1. M15 515 GND TIME CO-11 TD=4.000
CTR=160 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=1.0192s
1
.7
.1 .1
block the instantaneous trip from tripping again. .07 .07
That way, if the fault still exists you force the .05
.04
3 .05
.04
.03 .03
time delay trip and the fuse will blow before you .02 .02
trip the feeder again thus isolating the fault and .01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
500
1
500
S&C type T fuses can still be protected by a
400 400
50
70
50
6T – 120 amps
40
30
40
30
8T – 160 amps
20 20 10T – 225 amps
S 10
1. BR1 S&C 140T S&C Link140T
Minimum melt. 10
12T – 300 amps
E
C
O
N
7 7 15T – 390 amps
5 5
D
S 4 3. M15 515 S&C 80T S&C Link 80T
Minimum melt.
4 20T – 500 amps
3 3
2 2
25T – 640 amps
2. ENDTAP S&C 40T S&C Link 40T
Minimum melt. 30T – 800 amps
1 1
.7 .7
40T – 1040 amps
.5
.4
.5
.4
50T – 1300 amps
.3 .3
65T – 1650 amps
.2 .2
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
NOTE: These values were taken from the S&C data bulletin 350-170 of March 28, 1988 based on no
preloading and then preloading of the source side fuse link. Preloading is defined as the source side
fuse carrying load amps equal to it’s rating prior to the fault. This means there was prior heating of
that fuse so it doesn’t take as long to blow for a given fault.
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
1000 1000
700 700
2
500 500
400 400
300 1 300
200 200
100 100
1. T FUSE S&C Link100T
Minimum melt.
70 70
2. 251 140T FUSE stn S&C Link140T
50 Total clear. 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
S 10 10
E
C
O 7 7
N
D 5 5
S 4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
.7 .7
.5 .5
.4 .4
.3 .3
.2 .2
.1 .1
.07 .07
.05 .05
.04 .04
.03 .03
.02 .02
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
Typical continuous and 8 hour emergency rating of the S&C T rated silver fuse links plus the 140T
and 200T.
700 700
1
500 500
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
70 70
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
3 3
2 2
1 1
.7 .7
.5 .5
.4 .4
.3 .3
.2 .2
.1 .1
.07 .07
.05 .05
.04 .04
.03 .03
.02 .02
41
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
1000 5 1000
500
4
700
500
400 400
300 6 300
A. Conductor damage curve. k=0.06710 A=556000.0 cmils
Conductor AAC
200 FEEDER 252 SMALLEST CONDUCTOR TO PROTECT 200
70 70
50 50
40 40
30 30
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
HI-SIDE CT'S
20 1. IDR A-777 51P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200 20
CTR=600/5 Pickup=2.A No inst. TP@5=0.3096s
Ia= 679.8A (5.7 sec A) T= 0.78s H=8.33
S 10 10
E
Typical Coordinating Time Intervals (CTI) C
O 7
STATION VCB 252 PROTECTION
2 7
N
that Avista generally uses between protective D
S
5
4
2. IDR 252 51P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500
CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=0.4072s 1
5
4
Ia= 5665.9A (35.4 sec A) T= 0.30s
devices. 3
3. IDR 252 50G 351S INST TD=1.000
3
Other utilities may use different times. 2 CTR=800/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=0.048s
3Io= 0.0A (0.0 sec A) T=9999s
5f B 2
DEVICES: CTI .7
Ia= 5665.9A T= 0.09s
MIDLINE OCR
Bus Fault on: 0 IDR 252 13.8 kV 3LG
.7
.5 .5
(Sec.) .4
5. Phase unit of recloser MID LINE OCR
Fast: ME-341-B Mult=0.2 .4
Slow: ME-305-A Add=1000.
Relay – Fuse Total Clear 0.2 .3 Ia= 5665.9A T(Fast)= 0.03s
.2 .2
Relay – Series Trip Recloser 0.4 6. T FUSE S&C Link 50T
Minimum melt.
Ia= 5665.9A T= 0.01s
Relay – Relayed Line Recloser 0.3 .1 .1 A
.05 .05
Hi Side Xfmr Relay – Feeder Relay 0.4 .04 .04
.02 .02
Fault I=5665.9 A
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
42
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
1000 5 1000
500
4
700
500
400 400
300 6 300
A. Conductor damage curve. k=0.06710 A=556000.0 cmils
Conductor AAC
200 FEEDER 252 SMALLEST CONDUCTOR TO PROTECT 200
70 70
50 50
40 40
30 30
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
HI-SIDE CT'S
20 1. IDR A-777 51P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200 20
CTR=600/5 Pickup=2.A No inst. TP@5=0.3096s
Ia= 679.8A (5.7 sec A) T= 0.78s H=8.33
S 10 10
E
Typical Coordinating Time Intervals (CTI) C
O 7
STATION VCB 252 PROTECTION
2 7
N
that Avista generally uses between protective D
S
5
4
2. IDR 252 51P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500
CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=0.4072s 1
5
4
Ia= 5665.9A (35.4 sec A) T= 0.30s
devices. 3
3. IDR 252 50G 351S INST TD=1.000
3
Other utilities may use different times. 2 CTR=800/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=0.048s
3Io= 0.0A (0.0 sec A) T=9999s
5f B 2
DEVICES: CTI .7
Ia= 5665.9A T= 0.09s
MIDLINE OCR
Bus Fault on: 0 IDR 252 13.8 kV 3LG
.7
.5 .5
(Sec.) .4
5. Phase unit of recloser MID LINE OCR
Fast: ME-341-B Mult=0.2 .4
Slow: ME-305-A Add=1000.
Relay – Fuse Total Clear 0.2 .3 Ia= 5665.9A T(Fast)= 0.03s
.2 .2
Relay – Series Trip Recloser 0.4 6. T FUSE S&C Link 50T
Minimum melt.
Ia= 5665.9A T= 0.01s
Relay – Relayed Line Recloser 0.3 .1 .1 A
.05 .05
Hi Side Xfmr Relay – Feeder Relay 0.4 .04 .04
.02 .02
Fault I=5665.9 A
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
43
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
1000 1000
300
19. RAT 231 51P CO-11 CO-11 TD=1.800
17 18
MIDLINE C390 FED FROM RAT 231 - MINIMUM CONDUCTOR TO PROTECT
300
CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=0.4533s Conductor AAC
MIDLINE C390 FED FROM HUE 142 - MINIMUM CONDUCTOR TO PROTECT
200 16. RAT 231 50P CO-11 INST TD=1.000 200
CTR=800/5 Pickup=7.A No inst. TP@5=0.048s
20 19 20
5. HUE 142 50P 251 INST TD=1.000 1
4 10 11
CTR=160 Pickup=7.A No inst. TP@5=0.048s 8
3
CTR=160 Pickup=5.2A No inst. TP@5=1.0858s 4
3
HUE 142 MID C270R PROTECTION
devices. 2
CALLED "HUE 142 LINE" IN POWERBASE
RECLOSE IS 1SEC, 12SEC, LO, 120 SEC RESET 2
Other utilities may use different times. 8. HUE ML C270R 51P CO-11 TD=1.500
CTR=400/5 Pickup=7.A No inst. TP@5=0.3766s
DEVICES: CTI .5
CTR=400/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=1.8052s
.5
.4 12. HUE ML C270R 50N INST TD=1.000 .4
(Sec.) .3
CTR=400/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=0.048s
.3
Relay – Series Trip Recloser 0.4 2. C390R MID 50P CO-9 INST TD=1.000
CTR=300/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=0.048s
.1 A .1 B
Relay – Relayed Line Recloser 0.3 .07 4. C390R MID 51N CO-9 CO-9 TD=2.500 .07
CTR=300/5 Pickup=5.A No inst. TP@5=0.6037s
Lo Side Xfmr Relay – Feeder Relay 0.4 .05
3. C390R MID 50N CO-9 INST TD=1.000
12 3 2 9
14 7 5
16 .05
.04 CTR=300/5 Pickup=5.A No inst. TP@5=0.048s .04
Hi Side Xfmr Relay – Feeder Relay 0.4 .03 .03
LARGEST DOWNSTREAM FUSE FROM 390R MIDLINE
44
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
1000 1000
700 700
11
500 500
300
400
300
A. Conductor damage curve. k=0.08620 A=133100.0 cmils
Conductor ACSR AWG Size 2/0
200 FEEDER 251 SMALLEST CONDUCTOR TO PROTECT 200
70 70
50 50
40 40
30 30
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 3
HI-SIDE CT'S
20 1. IDR A-777 51P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200 5
4 20
9
CTR=600/5 Pickup=2.A No inst. TP@5=0.3096s 10
H=8.33
2. IDR A-777 51G 351 SEL-VI TD=1.000
S 10 CTR=600/5 Pickup=1.A No inst. TP@5=0.258s 10
E H=8.33
C 4. IDR A-777 51Q 351 SEL-EI TD=4.200
7 CTR=600/5 Pickup=1.3A No inst. TP@5=1.1401s 7 7
O
N H=8.33
5 LO-SIDE CT'S 5
Typical Coordinating Time Intervals (CTI) D
S 4 3. IDR A-777 51N 351 SEL-EI TD=5.700
CTR=1200/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=1.5473s
1 4
2
that Avista generally uses between protective 3
5. IDR A-777 51Q 587 W2 SEL-EI TD=4.300
CTR=1200/5 Pickup=5.4A No inst. TP@5=1.1672s
3
2 B 2
devices.
Other utilities may use different times. 1
STATION VCB 251 PROTECTION
7. IDR 251 51P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500
1
CTR=800/5 Pickup=6.A No inst. TP@5=0.4072s
.7 .7
6. IDR 251 50P 351S INST TD=1.000
.5 CTR=800/5 Pickup=7.A No inst. TP@5=0.048s .5
DEVICES: CTI .4
9. IDR 251 51G 351S SEL-EI TD=3.900
.4
.3 .3
CTR=800/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=1.0587s
(Sec.) .2 8. IDR 251 50G 351S INST TD=1.000 .2
.07 .07
Relay – Relayed Line Recloser 0.3 .05
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
8 6 .05
MINIMUM FAULT TO DETECT:
Lo Side Xfmr Relay – Feeder Relay 0.4 .04 3LG=2460A, SLG=1833A, L-L=2130A
11. 251 140T FUSE stn S&C Link140T
.04
.03 .03
.02
45
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
1000 1000
700 700
1
300
500
400
300
6
200 200
100 100
A. Transf. damage curve. 7.50 MVA. Category 3
70 Base I=313.78 A. Z= 6.9 percent. 70
Latah Jct 13.8kV - LATAHJCT115 115.kV T
50 50
40 40
B. Conductor damage curve. k=0.08620 A=105500.0 cmils
30 Conductor ACSR AWG Size 1/0 30
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 5
20 20
1. SMD-2B 65E VERY SLOW 176-19-065
Minimum melt. 3
H=8.33
S 10 FEEDER VCB PROTECTION 10
E
C 3. LAT421 51P CO-9 CO-9 TD=1.900
O 7 7
Typical Coordinating Time Intervals (CTI) N
D 5
CTR=600/5 Pickup=4.A No inst. TP@5=0.4618s
3
CTR=600/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=0.7228s 4
3
2. LAT421 50P CO-9 INST TD=1.000
devices. 2
CTR=600/5 Pickup=4.6A No inst. TP@5=0.048s
A 2
Other utilities may use different times. 4. LAT421 50N CO-9 INST TD=1.000
CTR=600/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=0.048s
1 1
DEVICES: CTI .5
6. LAT421 FUSE S&C Link100T
Total clear.
.5
.4 .4
(Sec.) .3 .3
.07 .07
Lo Side Xfmr Relay – Feeder Relay 0.4 .05 4 2 .05
.03
.04
.03
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
46
1
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
1000 1000
700 700
500 1. Moscow515 Kear 140T Kearney140T 500
Coordinating Time Intervals 400
300
Minimummelt.
I= 5158.1A T= 0.10s
400
300
S 10 10
E 3
Top – Ckt Swr w/ Phase E-M relay C 7 7
O 5 5
N 4 4
D
3 3
S
----- 0.4 sec. ------ 2 2
1 1
Middle - E-M Phase relay for a 500 .7 .7
Amp Feeder .5
.4
.5
.4
.3 .3
.2 .2
----- 0.2 sec. ------
.1 .1
.07 .07
Bottom – 140T Feeder Fuse (Total .05 .05
.04 .04
Clear) .03 FAULT DESCRIPTION: .03
Close-In Fault on: 0 MoscowCity#2 13.8kV - 0 BUS1 TAP 13.8kV 1L 3LG
.02 .02
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S 10 10
E
Top – Ckt Swr w/ E-M Phase relay C 7 7
O 5 5
N 4 4
D
3 3
S
----- 0.4 sec. ------ 2 2
1 1
Middle - E-M relays (Phase & .7 .7
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S 10 10
E 3
Top – Ckt Swr w/ E-M relay C 7
O 5
7
5
N 4 4
D
3 3
S
----- 0.4 sec. ------ 2 2
1 1
Middle - E-M (Phase) relay for a 500 .7 .7
Amp Feeder .5
.4
.5
.4
.3 .3
.2 .2
----- 0.2 sec. ------
.1 .1
.07 .07
Bottom – 140T Feeder Fuse (Total .05 .05
.04 .04
Clear) .03
FAULT DESCRIPTION:
.03
.02 Close-In Fault on: 0 MoscowCity#2 13.8kV - 0 BUS1 TAP 13.8kV 1L LL Type=B-C .02
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
700
17
1000
700
5
2. INT A-742 51G 351 SEL-VI TD=1.000 NORTH BRANCH SMALLEST TRUNK CONDUCTOR
70 70
11. INT A-742 51Q 587 W2 SEL-EI TD=4.300
50 CTR=1200/5 Pickup=5.4A No inst. TP@5=1.1672s 50
7
10
7 7
N
4
10. INT 12F2 51Q 351S SEL-EI TD=3.500
CTR=800/5 Pickup=5.2A No inst. TP@5=0.9501s
1
5
Two Fuses .5
.4
16. F2 MID 466R 51Q 351R SEL-EI TD=3.800
CTR=500/1 Pickup=1.54A No inst. TP@5=1.0315s
.5
.4
.3 .3
.2 .2
.04
FAULT DUTY AT 140T - WHEN FED FROM WEST MID 466R
3LG=2093, LL=1813, SLG=1520
FAULT DUTY AT 140T - WHEN FED FROM NORTH (N.O. PT)
148 12 6 .05
.04
3LG=1932, LL=1673, SLG=1388
.03 17. INT F2 140T FUSE stn S&C Link140T .03
Total clear.
.02 .02
.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
INT 12F2 & MID 466R TIME-CURRENT CURVES @ Voltage 13.8 kV By JDH
For Indian Trail feeder 12F2 and 12F2 Midline 466R in INT 2007base.olr No.
Comment AT SUB: 3LG= 5719A, LL=4951A, SLG= 5880A Date 1-29-08
50
IEEE Device Designations commonly used in Distribution Protection
Avista sometimes adds letters to these such as F for feeders, T for transformers, B for bus and BF for
breaker failure.
52
Distribution Transformer
Electromechanical Relays
53
Distribution Transformer
Electromechanical Relays - Setting Criteria
Relays:
3 High Side Phase Overcurrent (with time and instantaneous elements)
1 Low Side Ground Overcurrent (with time and instantaneous elements)
Sudden Pressure Relay
54
Distribution Transformer
Electromechanical Relays - Setting Criteria
Phase Overcurrent Settings – Current measured on 115kV side
51P Pickup (time overcurrent)
Don’t trip for load or cold load pickup (use 2.4 * highest MVA rating)
Ends up being higher than the feeder phase element pickup
Example: 12/16/20 MVA unit would use 2.4*20*5 = 240 amps (1940A low side)
56
Distribution Transformer & Feeder Protection
with Microprocessor Relays
Advantages:
Lower burden to CT
Event Reports!!!!!!!!!
Remote Communications
More Settings
Microprocessor Relay
57
Distribution Transformer & Feeder Protection
with Microprocessor Relays
Elements We Set:
51P
50P
50P2 (FTB)
51G
50G (115kV)
51N (13.8kV)
50N1 (FTB)
58
Distribution Transformer & Feeder Protection
with Microprocessor Relays
Symmetrical
Components!
60
Distribution Transformer & Feeder Protection
with Microprocessor Relays
61
Distribution Transformer & Feeder Protection
with Microprocessor Relays
Note that the microprocessor relay only responds to the 60 HZ fundamental and that this
fundamental portion of inrush current is ≅ 60% of the total. So to calculate a setting, we could use
the 8 times rule of thumb along with the 60% value. For a 12/16/20 MVA transformer, the
expected inrush would be 8*12*5*0.6 = 288 amps. We set a little above this number (360 Amps).
62
Distribution Transformer & Feeder Protection
with Microprocessor Relays
63
Distribution Transformer & Feeder Protection
with Microprocessor Relays
Elements We Set:
Microprocessor Feeder Relay 51P
Overcurrent 50P
Reclosing 51G
Fast Trip Block Output 50G
Breaker Failure Output 51Q
64
Distribution Transformer & Feeder Protection
with Microprocessor Relays
65
Distribution Transformer & Feeder Protection
with Microprocessor Relays
66
Distribution Transformer & Feeder Protection
with Microprocessor Relays
67
Transformer Differential Protection
• The differential relay is connected to both the high and low side transformer BCT’s.
• EM Differential Relay
Since the distribution transformer is connected delta – wye the transformer CT’s
have to be set wye – delta to compensate for the phase shift.
68
Transformer Differential Protection – External Fault
PRI I
SEC I
CURRENT FLOW THROUGH AN E/M 87 DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY FOR AN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FAULT
CT POLARITY MARK
BCT'S
87 EXTERNAL FAULT
R1 THE SECONDARY CURRENTS FLOW THROUGH BOTH
RESTRAINT COILS IN THE SAME DIRECTION AND THEN
CIRCULATE BACK THROUGH THE CT'S. THEY DO NOT
FLOW THROUGH THE OPERATE COIL
87
OP
87
R2
BCT'S
PRI I SEC I
69
Transformer Differential Protection – Internal Fault
PRI I
SEC I
CT POLARITY MARK
BCT'S 87
R1
87 INTERNAL FAULT
OP THE SECONDARY CURRENTS FLOW THROUGH BOTH
RESTRAINT COILS IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS, ADD
AND THEN FLOW THROUGH THE OPERATE COIL AND
87 BACK TO THE RESPECTIVE CT'S
R2
BCT'S
SEC I
PRI I
70
HANDOUT
MOSCOW FEEDER 515 PROTECTION EXAMPLE
71
Where do we start (Cont’d)
72
How do we proceed?
73
Begin at the END
74
POINT 6B:
• What we know:
– 3Ø lateral feeding to a 65T at the end
– #4 ACSR exists.
• Coordination:
– Temporary Faults - From Table 1 we see that an 80T fuse can be protected up to
2,050 amps for temporary faults and the 3Ø fault is 1,907 amps so we could choose
an 80T or higher from that standpoint
– Fuse-to-Fuse Coordination – From Table 2, we see that we need an 80T, or larger,
fuse to coordinate with the downstream 65T fuses (at fault duties < 1400A
w/preload)
– Conductor Protection - From Table 7 we see that #4 ACSR can be protected by a
100T or smaller fuse
– Fault Detection - Under the Relay Setting Criteria we want to detect the minimum
end fault with a 2:1 margin. The SLG is 463 so the maximum fuse we could use
would be: 463/2 (2:1 margin) = 231 amps so the largest fuse we could use is 231/2
(blows at twice the rating) = 115 so we could use a 100T or smaller fuse for this
criteria
– Loading – Assume the load at the end is all there is so no need to worry
75
Point 6B - So what fuse size should we use?
• 80T
76
POINT 5 – Midline Recloser:
• What we know:
– 3Ø line of #4 ACSR feeding to point 6
– 3LG = 3453 A, 1LG = 2762 A
• Coordination:
– Temporary Faults - The fault duties at the recloser are: 3Ø = 3,453 amps
and SLG = 2,762. We will assume we have a fused lateral just beyond
the line recloser and we want to protect it for temporary faults. From
Table 1 we see that we can protect a 100T fuse up to 2,650 and a 140T up
to 3,500 amps. Therefore, from this standpoint we could use a 140T fuse
beyond the recloser
– Conductor Protection - From Table 7 we see that #4 ACSR can be protected by a
100T or smaller fuse. That means that we won’t be able to set the line recloser to
coordinate with a 140T and still protect the conductor. Therefore, we have to
compromise and we will sacrifice the fuse protection for temporary faults in order
to gain protection for the conductor. NOTE: This normally isn’t too bad because
most faults are SLG and are somewhat less than the calculated value because of
fault resistance and distance to the fault out on the lateral
– Coordination – We will try and coordinate with a 100T fuse and still protect the #4
ACSR conductor. Once we determine the overcurrent pickup values, we will
choose a Time Lever to provide 0.2 seconds (see Table 6) coordination with the
fuse and then will recheck to determine if we are satisfied with the conductor 77
protection
POINT 5 (Cont’d):
1. Fault Detection & Loading - The loading information we obtained from the
Distribution Group is 84 amps normal and cold load ≅ 2 times = 168 amps.
Therefore, we can set the phase PU at?
• 200 amps which would carry the load and pick it up cold load.
• However, #4 ACSR can carry around 140 amps (see Table 4) so we would probably
want to set about 300 amps to allow for load growth. NOTE: We do not set the phase
overcurrent to protect the conductor from normal or emergency loading
2. The Ø-Ø fault at point 6 is 0.866*1907 = 1,651 so our margin to detect that fault
would be 1651/300 = 5.5:1 so no problem with the 300 amps Ø PU from that
standpoint (used Ø-Ø because it’s the minimum multi phase fault)
3. SLG Fault Detection – The SLG at point 6 is 1,492 so we could set the ground
up to 1492/2 = 745 amps and still detect the fault. However, our criteria says to
set as low as possible and still coordinate with the largest downstream device
and from above we’re trying to use a 100T. Again this is 300 amps so in this
case the ground PU will be set the same as the phase
4. Instantaneous Units – The phase instantaneous will be set at 350 A and the
ground instantaneous unit will be set at 300 A. Note that they can’t reach all the
way to point 7 so they can’t protect the point 6C fuse from temporary faults
occurring near the end of the lateral
78
POINT 3C:
• What we know:
– The fault duty at point 3 is: 3Ø = 3,699 amps and the SLG is 3,060
– #4 ACSR 3Ø trunk feeding to the line recloser with a SLG of 2,762 amps
• Coordination:
1. Temporary Faults - From Table 1 we see that a 140T fuse can be protected up to
3,500 amps for temporary faults and the 3Ø fault is 3,699 amps. This again
appears to indicate we would want to use a 200T fuse
2. Coordination – We set the line recloser up to coordinate with a 100T fuse so we
wouldn’t be able to coordinate with the recloser by using a 140T so this would
indicate we need a 200T
3. Conductor Protection - From Table 7 we see that #4 ACSR requires a 100T fuse
or smaller to be protected. OOPS
4. The above coordination and conductor protection dilemma means that we can’t
solve this problem by fusing this lateral. We also can’t remove the fuse because
the substation setting of 960 A can’t protect the conductor either.
79
Point 3C - Solutions?
• Move Recloser
• Reconductor
80
POINT 1:
• What we know:
– This is a 500 amp feeder so must set to carry load. NOTE: The load is 325
amps and cold load 650
– The fault duty at point 1 is: 3Ø = 5,158 amps and SLG = 5,346
– We want a Fuse Protection Scheme.
• Coordination:
1. Temporary Faults – We have decided that a 140T fuse is the maximum fuse we
will use on the feeder even though it can’t be protected at the maximum fault
duties.
2. Coordination – We will coordinate with a 140T fuse at the maximum SLG fault
duty of 5,346 amps with 0.2 seconds coordination time per Table 6. We will
also coordinate with the line recloser settings with 0.3 seconds coordination time
again per Table 6
3. Conductor Protection – The main trunk is 556 ACSR and from Table 7 a 500
amp feeder setting of 960 A can protect 1/0 ACSR or higher so no problem
since all laterals are fused.
81
POINT 1 (Cont’d):
4. Fault Detection & Loading – We will set the phase pickup to carry 500 amps
normally plus pick up cold load so will set at 960 amps.
• The Ø-Ø fault at point 5 is 0.866*3453 = 2990 so our margin to detect that
fault would be 2990/960 = 3.1:1 so no problem
• SLG Fault Detection – Again per our criteria we will set as low as possible
and still coordinate with the maximum downstream devices with the same
coordination times as above
• The SLG at point 5 is 2,762 so our margin to detect that fault is: 2762/480 =
5.7:1 so no problem
• Instantaneous Units – The phase instantaneous will be set at 1,120A and
the ground instantaneous unit will be set at 480 A
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Questions?
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