Theory Q1

Optical trap of neutral atoms (12 points),

Solution and Marking Scheme

 
1.1 At the instance when the seperation between charge centers is x , the external field E exerts
0.75pt   0.15
on them opposite forces F  eE.
 
After a time interval dt , the seperation is changed to x  dx , work done by the external field
      
on the charges is thus dW  Fdx  F  edx  E  dp  E 0.3
The power received by the atomic dipole

dW dp   
Pabs   E  pE 0.3
dt dt
1.2 Total work can be obtained by integration 0. 5
 
0.75pt E0   E0   1  1 
W   dp  E    dE  E   E02  p0 E0
0 0 2 2
Potential energy of the dipole is
1 
U dip  W   p0 E0 0.25
2
If the sign of Udip is incorrect or the factor 1/2 is missing, students get 0pt.

2 / 
2.1 
1.0pt The time average of any time dependent function is denoted by f  t    f  t  dt
2 0

 1  0.5
U dip  r       cos .E02  r  (1)
4

    cos  .I  r 
U dip  r    (2) 0.5
2 0 c
If student gets directly to eq. (2) – full mark (1.0pt)
If the answer is still correct but expressed in any quantity other than those requested – 0.5 pt.

3.1 The power absorbed by the oscillator from the driving field (and re-emitted as dipole
1.0pt radiation) is given by
   sin  .    2
Pabs  r   pE  E0  r  0.5
2
 sin  .     
Pabs  r    I r  (3) 0.25
 0c
 P    sin   0.25
The corresponding scattering rate is  sc  r   abs   I r . (4)
  0 c

 
4.1 In one dimensional Lorentz’s model, we replace E  r , t   E  x , t  . One can find the solution
2.0pt
of the form x  x0 cos t    thus from the equation of motion,

x    x  02 x  eE0 cos t / me
 x0 02   2  cos t     x0  sin t     eE0 cos t / me 0.25

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  
x0 02   2  cos     sin   cos t  02   2  sin     cos   sin t  0.25

 eE0 cos t / me
Comparing coefficients before cos t and sin  t on both sides, one has

eE0
 2
0   2  cos     sin   
me x0
0.5

 2
0   2  sin     cos   0

eE0 / me
x0  ; 0.25
2 2
 2
0      2 2

 
sin   (4)
2
02   2    2 2
0.25
(02   2 )
cos    (5)
2 2
 2
0   2
   2

0.25
p  ex  ex0 cos(t   )   E0 cos(t   ) (6)

e2 0.25
     (7)
2 2
me  2
0   2
   2

Note: students can obtain  via any of sin, cos, tan functions: full mark (0.25 pt)

5.1 The power radiated due to the damping force, thus

1.0pt 1 e2a 2
me  v.v   0.25
6 0 c3
1 e2 ( 2 r ) 2 0.25
 me  ( r ) 2   ,
6 0 c3
1 e 2 2 0.5
  . (8)
6 0 me c 3

6.1 Substituting e2 2
 6 0c3  /  2 the on-resonance damping rate    0  0 /     .
0.5pt me

Using Eq. (1), (4), (5) and (6) one has

1
     cos 
U dip  r  2 0 c 1 1 1 02   2
    ,
 sc  r     sin  2 tan  2  3 / 02  
 0.5
 0 c

7.1 From (1), (5) and (6) one has

0.5pt

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 0.5
U depth  U0 
   cos   I  0, 0     cos   2 P
  6c 2  02   2   / 02 P
2 6 2
2 0 c 2 0c  D0  2 2 2 2   D0
 0
     
 04 
7.2 Trap depth when P  4mW , laser wavelength   985nm, and D0  6 m. For sodium
1.0pt
0  589nm .

2 c 2 c
One has:   ; 0  ;
 0

1 e 202 2 e 2
And   3
 2
 6.4  107 s 1 0.5
6 0 me c 3 0 me c0

U depth  f kBT0 (factors f = 3/2, 1/2,1 are all accepted) 0.25

 f .T0  4.13 K 0.25

8.1 4k B fT0 0.25

0.5pt Using linear expansion, we have   
mD02
2kB fT0
and  z  0.25
mzR2

9.1 1
0.5pt Mean potential enery U ( z0 )  const  m2z z02 .
2
To estimate the particle momentum, we assume p ~ p, z ~ z0 . 0.2
 0.1
The uncertainty principle is written now p  .
z0
p2 2
Kinetic energy K   .
2m 2mz02
1 2 2 2 0.1
Total energy of the particle E  m z z0   const
2 2mz02
1 2 
Minimal energy corresponds to the energy balance m 2z z02  2
 z0  . 0.1
2 2mz0 m z
If the student followed a correct analysis any obtained correct answer upto some
multiplication factor: full mark
If the student obtained correct answer using dimensional analysis: only 0.1 pt is granted

9.2 
0.25pt Insert the expression of the cloud size z0  to the energy expression
m z
1 2 0.25
Emin  m 2z z02   const one obtains Emin   z  const.
2 2mz02
 z  1
If the student obtained the answer Emin  by using En    z  n   : full mark
2  2
9.3 From the uncertainty principle, the particle velocity therefore is estimated to be 0.25
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0.25pt   z
mvz   m z  v z  .
z0 m
1 1  z
Alternative estimation is constructed from kinetic energy: mvz2  K   z  vz 
2 2 m

10.1  0.2
0.5pt For the three dimendional trap, one has: z0  .
m z
 2 0.2
Similarly for x, y coordinates x0  y0  and thus  0  x02  y02  .
m  m 
z0 
The condensate aspect ratio:  .
0 2 z 0.1
Student may use either x0 , y0 or 0 in estimating the radial size of the cloud. Correct
answers upto multiplication factor: full mark
10.2  z
0.5pt vz  ,
m
  2  0.25
vx  v y  ,  v  vx2  v y2 ~ ,
m m
v 2 
~ . 0.25
vz z
Student may use either vx , v y or v in estimating expansion velocity in the radial direction.
Correct answers upto some multiplication factor: full mark
10.3 After the time t , the sizes of the condensate cloud are: 0.
0.5pt zL  z0  vz t  vz t  L  0  v t  v t . 25

zL vz z
The cloud aspect ratio after the time t ,  ~  1.
L v 2  0.25
Correct final answers upto some multiplication factor: full mark
10.4 Due to isotropic nature of thermal cloud, described by the Maxwell distribution:
0.5pt v
vT , z  vT ,   T ,   1. 0.2
vT , z
one can easily find zT , L  z0  vz t  vz t , T ,L  0  v t  v t . 0.2
After a very long time, the aspect ratio of the thermal cloud therefore:
T , L : zT , L ~ 1 0.1
Note: students use different velocities (arithmetrical, rms, projection….etc.) to
estimate the expansion of the cloud, as long as they give the correct ratio  L : zT ~ 1, full
mark of this sub question is granted. In this question, the correct multiplication factor is
requested. For incorrect multiplication factor: zero mark

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