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October 8, 2008
Haruki NISHI, Dr.Eng.
D=10m
T=3s
D=50m
T=8s
D=100m
T=13s
Damage to the Oil Storage Tanks due to
Liquid Sloshing in the Past Earthquakes
1964 Niigata Earthquake
Nihonkai-chubu Earthqukae(1983)
2003 Tokachi-oki Earthquake
昭和石油新潟製油所
30063
Naphtha Tank
30063
Naphtha Tank
40061
Kerosene Tank
40062
Kerosene Tank
40061
Kerosene Tank
Fractured welding
(2003/9/28 14:26) part between the
outer rim and the
lower deck of the
pontoon
(Bottom view)
Oil spill onto the deck of the 100,000kl crude oil
tank(2003/9/26)
Buckling of
the pontoons
Fractured welding
Buckled pontoon(P40&P41) of the #100654 crude oil tank
(2nd mode dominant, sloshing height 1.4m)
Evaluation method of the Sloshing Height
in the Fire Service Law
(1) Natural period of the 1st order mode of sloshing
(1)
max
D 3.68H
Ts1 2 ・coth (1)
3.68 g D
H
Here, D:Tank diameter, H:Liquid height,
g:gravitational acceleration D
(1) D 2π
max 0.837 SV
2g TS1 (2)
(1)Linear response could not explain the damaged to the floating roof
Problem
(2) Floating roof of the 100,000kl tank damaged even with small sloshing height
2
1st mode40,000kl、4m 0
-1
-2 0 2
0.5
2nd
mode 100,000kl -0.5
-1
-2 0 2
Sloshing
(Elevation angleθ) θ
Natural period
1st mode 3(sec)
2nd mode 1.7(sec)
Mode Floating Roofs
D
D
Stainless steel(thickness g R4
Stainless steel(thickness1mm) 0.3,0.6mm) D ≒ 10 7
Sloshing Experiment of Free Surface
1st mode excitation experiment
using the aluminum floating roof
Stainless Steel Floating Roof (thickness 0.3mm)
Experiment exciting 2nd mode of Sloshing
38000
A:magnification
Shell plate
Pontoon× 20 Annular deck
6t 4.5t 8t
4.5t
Deck
Valve
Air cylinder
Controller
Jig
Air compressor
Shell plate
0.25M P a_600s
5 0.2M P a_600s
4 0.15M P a_600s
3 0.3M P a_300s
2 0.25M P a_300s
1 0.2M P a_300s
0 0.15M P a_300s
0 500 1000 0.1M P a_300s
Sloshing height(m m )
Relationship between sloshing height and damping factor at each air pressure and
excitation duration
Measurement of the Circumferential bending
strain at the pontoon
Shell plate
Pontoon
Annular deck
歪みゲージ
Strain gauge
Deck
200 2400
upper
-40 -800 end
C al.
-80 -1600
η1m ax
-120 -2400 η(1) max:0.813(m)
β1m:3.23×10-1
k:2.35×104(N/m2)
E:2.06×1011(N/m2)
Iθ:0.00287 (m4)
-160 Time -3200 Rm:17.6(m)
300 Interval310 320 330 340 350 ρ:1.00×103(kg/m3)
B:2.4(m)
7.5s Elapsed tim e(s) Mθ:5.23×104(Nm)
Ze:2.08×10-3(m3)
σb1:2.52×107 (N/m2)
(1)
2 Strian b1 becomes large when sloshing height η(1)max
b1 2.26 k I max is both at max. and min.
b1
E Z eff 8EI Rm Rm
k
Rm4
Conclusions
Elucidate the mechanism of damage to large
oil storage tank during an earthquake
Regarding large sloshing height for the 1st mode
and the 2nd mode
→ Reinforcing Seismic Design of Floating Roof
Sloshing Height Estimation
more than 2m → 4m
(depending the region and tank diameter)
Strain at Pontoon < 0.9 y
Fire Service law and related ordinance were revised in 2005
Enforced in 2005→Plan of reinforcement by 2007
→Reinforcement by 2017
End
Shell plate
補強案A Pontoon
Annular deck
Deck
Deck
Non-linearity of the sloshing
Non-linear
a
a
Upward:
Linear z+=z+a
Downward
:
z-=z-a
When sloshing height is large, upward height and downward height differ.
Wave form for excitation
10
D isplacem ent(m m )
5
0 experim e
nt
-5 Input
w ave data
-10
0 10 20 30
Tim e(s)
Shaking direction
Out-of-plane bending
M Mθ
b1
Z eff
Circumferential bending stress of the pontoon Mθ
2
(1)
b1 2.26 k I max
b1
E Z eff 8EI Rm Rm
k
Rm4