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Experimental Study of Floating Roof

Integrity for Seismic Sloshing

October 8, 2008
Haruki NISHI, Dr.Eng.

National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster


Fire and Disaster Management Agency
Background
 Oil storage tanks are regulated by the Fire Service Law
(FSL) in Japan.
 Technical standards of Earthquake-proof OST are
defined in the FSL.
• ≒ the standard in API 650 App. E
 20.7% of large earthquakes are occurred in Japan.
 Six floating roofs sank and two tank fires occurred in
the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake.
 Collapse of a floating roof may lead to a large tank fire,
FDMA decided to reinforce the standard to prevent a
similar disaster in the future earthquake.
Distribution of Hypocenter of Large
Earthquakes(>M5.0,1998-2007)
Sloshing
 Any motion of the free liquid surface inside its
containers
 Depending on the type of disturbance and
container shape, the free liquid surface can
experience different types of motion; simple
planar, nonplanar, rotational, irregular beating,
symmetric, asymmetric.
 Actual FRT has a floating roof on the surface.
→Floating roof may collapse by the sloshing.
Liquid sloshing in cylindrical tank

Under sinusoidal lateral excitation, free surface


Seismic Sloshing of Oil Storage Tank
 Resonance between liquid (oil) and ground
motion
 Larger diameter – longer sloshing period
 Higher liquid height – shorter sloshing period

D=10m
T=3s

D=50m
T=8s

D=100m
T=13s
Damage to the Oil Storage Tanks due to
Liquid Sloshing in the Past Earthquakes
 1964 Niigata Earthquake
 Nihonkai-chubu Earthqukae(1983)
 2003 Tokachi-oki Earthquake
昭和石油新潟製油所

 Detail of the Damage


• Overflow of the Oil
• Tank Fire Ring-type, Open-top
• Sinking of the Floating Roof タンクのリング火災(秋田火力発電
所)
Ring-type (Rim) fire on crude oil tank
(2003.9.26)
Open-top (Full surface) fire on Naphtha tank
(2003.9.28)
Sinking of the floating roof of the 40,000k
l kerosene tanks

30063
Naphtha Tank

30063
Naphtha Tank

40061
Kerosene Tank

40062
Kerosene Tank
40061
Kerosene Tank

Two floating roofs sank.


40062 (2003/9/30 16:43)
Kerosene Tank

Fractured welding
(2003/9/28 14:26) part between the
outer rim and the
lower deck of the
pontoon
(Bottom view)
Oil spill onto the deck of the 100,000kl crude oil
tank(2003/9/26)

Buckling of
the pontoons

Diameter 80m, Estimated sloshing height 1.4m


Floating roof of the #100654 crude oil tank
sank completely in the end
(2003/9/30, four days after the earthquake)

Fractured welding
Buckled pontoon(P40&P41) of the #100654 crude oil tank
(2nd mode dominant, sloshing height 1.4m)
Evaluation method of the Sloshing Height
in the Fire Service Law
(1) Natural period of the 1st order mode of sloshing
(1)
max
D 3.68H
Ts1 2 ・coth (1)
3.68 g D
H
Here, D:Tank diameter, H:Liquid height,
g:gravitational acceleration D

(2)Maximum sloshing height

(1) D 2π
max 0.837 SV
2g TS1 (2)

Here, Sv:Velocity response spectrum (105cm/s→200cm/s present)

Based on the velocity potential theory with small sloshing


height assumption
Strength Evaluation of Floating
Roofs for Seismic Sloshing
 Standard before the earthquake in the FSL
 API650 Appendix C
 C.3.4.1
 Floating roofs shall have sufficient buoyancy
to remain afloat on liquid
 a. 250mm of rainfall in a 24-hour
 b. Two flooded pontoon compartments plus
center deck in single-deck pontoon roofs
To prevent the
Building a structural evaluation system of a floating roof same damage
in the future

(Problem to build a simpler method) earthquake


from occurring

(1)Linear response could not explain the damaged to the floating roof
Problem
(2) Floating roof of the 100,000kl tank damaged even with small sloshing height
2

(1) Effect of the


1

1st mode40,000kl、4m 0

-1

-2 0 2

Effect of the Large sloshing height and non-linear sloshing

(Simplification) Velocity response spectrum & damping factor


2

0.5

(2) Effect of the


0

2nd
mode 100,000kl -0.5

-1

-2 0 2

Evaluation of the effect of the out of plane


deformation of the deck

Construct technical standards regarding a structural evaluation


in the Fire Service Law
石油タンクは消防法で規制、現行では雨水滞水時の浮力に関する規定があるだけ
Normal

Sloshing
(Elevation angleθ) θ

Side view at sloshing(rotate C.C.W.)


Model tank experiment using
shaking table
Capacity Diameter Height Roof type Liquid Content
height
300kl 7.6m 5m Single-deck type 3m Water

Natural period
1st mode 3(sec)
2nd mode 1.7(sec)
Mode Floating Roofs

Carbon steel (thickness


4.5mm) Aluminum(thickness3mm)

D
D
Stainless steel(thickness g R4
Stainless steel(thickness1mm) 0.3,0.6mm) D ≒ 10 7
Sloshing Experiment of Free Surface
1st mode excitation experiment
using the aluminum floating roof
Stainless Steel Floating Roof (thickness 0.3mm)
Experiment exciting 2nd mode of Sloshing

Central part of the deck of the floating roof vibrates heavily.


(Amplitude of shaking table 22mm、20waves、period1.7s、Sv=2800mm/s)
Floating Roof Shaking Experiment using an
Actual Tank
Air Cylinder Deck

38000

A:magnification
Shell plate
Pontoon× 20 Annular deck

6t 4.5t 8t
4.5t
Deck

200 2400 32500


150 38000

Diagram of the actual tank


(capacit 15,000kl)
Floating roof excitation equipment

Valve

Air cylinder

Controller
Jig

Air compressor

Shell plate

Eight air cylinders are installed onto the floating roof


Point of
loading

Point of Inner diameter 250mm


loading Stroke 2m
Max. rated pressure 0.7MPa
Double acting cylinder→
※Restriction Push pull loading
Only 1st mode can be excited since the points of loading are
At the pontoon.
Damping Factor and Sloshing Height
7
6
D am ping factor(%)

0.25M P a_600s
5 0.2M P a_600s
4 0.15M P a_600s
3 0.3M P a_300s
2 0.25M P a_300s
1 0.2M P a_300s
0 0.15M P a_300s
0 500 1000 0.1M P a_300s
Sloshing height(m m )
Relationship between sloshing height and damping factor at each air pressure and
excitation duration
Measurement of the Circumferential bending
strain at the pontoon

Shell plate
Pontoon
Annular deck

歪みゲージ
Strain gauge

Deck

200 2400

Cross section of the pontoon


Strain Measured at the Pontoon and Calculated
Strain from the FSL
40 800
P ontoon
low er end
0 0

V ertical displacem ent (m m )


P ontoon
B ending strain( st)

upper
-40 -800 end
C al.
-80 -1600

η1m ax
-120 -2400 η(1) max:0.813(m)
β1m:3.23×10-1
k:2.35×104(N/m2)
E:2.06×1011(N/m2)
Iθ:0.00287 (m4)
-160 Time -3200 Rm:17.6(m)
300 Interval310 320 330 340 350 ρ:1.00×103(kg/m3)
B:2.4(m)
7.5s Elapsed tim e(s) Mθ:5.23×104(Nm)
Ze:2.08×10-3(m3)
σb1:2.52×107 (N/m2)

(1)
2 Strian b1 becomes large when sloshing height η(1)max
b1 2.26 k I max is both at max. and min.
b1
E Z eff 8EI Rm Rm
k
Rm4
Conclusions
 Elucidate the mechanism of damage to large
oil storage tank during an earthquake
Regarding large sloshing height for the 1st mode
and the 2nd mode
→ Reinforcing Seismic Design of Floating Roof
Sloshing Height Estimation
more than 2m → 4m
(depending the region and tank diameter)
Strain at Pontoon < 0.9 y
Fire Service law and related ordinance were revised in 2005
Enforced in 2005→Plan of reinforcement by 2007
→Reinforcement by 2017
End
Shell plate

補強案A Pontoon
Annular deck

Deck

補強案B Shell plate


Pontoon
Annular deck

Deck
Non-linearity of the sloshing
Non-linear
a

a
Upward:
Linear z+=z+a
Downward

z-=z-a

Shape of wave surface cross section when small


sloshing height assumption dose not hold

When sloshing height is large, upward height and downward height differ.
Wave form for excitation
10

D isplacem ent(m m )
5

0 experim e
nt
-5 Input
w ave data
-10
0 10 20 30
Tim e(s)

Laser displacement meter

Shaking direction

Wire displacement meter on the rack


a
Real
Sloshing
(Non-linear)
a

Side view at sloshing(rotate C.C.W.)

Out-of-plane bending

Fracture of welded part of the pontoon by out-of-plane bending


Strain at the pontoon
2
(1)
EI
M max
2.26 1m
max
Max. circumferential bending
Rm Rm moment of the pontoon modeled as
a ring beam
k
1m
8 EI
k Ratio of the rigidity of the outer pontoon and the spring
Rm4
corresponding to the buoyancy

M Mθ
b1
Z eff
Circumferential bending stress of the pontoon Mθ

2
(1)
b1 2.26 k I max
b1
E Z eff 8EI Rm Rm
k
Rm4

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