Lonestar College -Kingwood

General Chemistry 1411

Predicting, Writing Equations and Classification

Introduction
There are several different ways to classify reactions and most reactions can be classified in more than
one way. In this experiment you will observe a number of reactions and record your observations. Then
you will complete the analysis of each experiment:

predict products and determine if a reaction occurred

write the correct formulas and balanced reaction equations
identify the type of reaction
provide any other required information or analysis.

A separate data/analysis sheet for each experiment is provided for this purpose. The completed sheets
will constitute your lab report. You are expected to use your textbook, your lecture notes, the solubility
table in your textbook, and the solubility of compounds table attached to this lab to assist you in these
tasks. For oxidation reduction reaction determinations you will need to assign oxidation numbers to
assist you in reaching your decision and in the reported data. In addition, for certain experiments, the
data page for the experiment will include guidance to assist you in the analysis. Please refer to this.

Background and Information

You will be required to classify each reaction in one or more of the following categories based on your
observations and analysis. Name all types that apply.
 Metathesis (double displacement)
AB +CD  AD + CB
 Oxidation-Reduction
change in oxidation number of reactants
 Precipitation
insoluble solid formed in aqueous solution
 Displacement (single displacement)
A + CD  AD + C
 Combination (composition)
A + B  AB
 Decomposition
AB  A + B
 Acid/ Base or Neutralization
HX + MOH MX + H2O
2
From your observations you must decide if a reaction has occurred using the indicators of a reaction:
 change in temperature; observed by touch or thermometer
 precipitate formed; precipitation observation--- the clear solutions will turn cloudy and/or
will have solids on the bottom or walls.
 gas generated; bubbles will be observed in the reaction solution
 liquid formed; the most common liquid formed is H2O which cannot be directly observed in
aqueous solutions so must be discerned from the reaction products of the equation; other
liquids such as Br2 can be observed
  color change; a distinct change in color not due to dilution, precipitate or liquid formation,
e.g. a clear pink solution becoming clear colorless
 change in oxidation number; cannot be observed directly; must determine by analysis of
oxidation numbers of reaction equation
 Significant change in appearance and physical properties
In writing complete and net ionic equations, the first step is to identify if a species has changed form
from the left side of the equation to the right. In most cases this results from formation of a product as a
precipitate, a metallic solid, a gas or a liquid, usually H2O or Br2 . Therefore, examine the products for
these species. If they form, they do not ionize so do not appear as ions in the ionic equations. The net
ionic equation includes only those species that change and is derived from the complete ionic equation.
Be sure to write the correct subscripts, i.e. (aq), (g), (s) or (l) in the equations and balance all
equations.

Procedures
There are general procedures and for many experiments specific procedures provided on the data
page for that experiment. These must be followed carefully.

Each experiment has a separate data sheet which has the number of the experiment on it. These must be
used.

Unless otherwise noted, for each experiment using solutions measure approximately 5 ml of each
indicated reactant solution into separate test tubes. Measure 5 ml of solution into the test tube with
the 10 ml graduate and note the level. Thereafter you can approximate the 5 ml and need not measure,
as these are qualitative experiments. Before mixing, observe the appearance of each reactant or solution
and record on data sheet. Mix by pouring back and forth between test tubes several times and observe
results. You must observe from the moment of mixing onward as some effects are very transient.
Others may take time to appear so reexamine after some time has passed if initially you do not
observe any change. Record all that you observe, not just one thing.

Below are listed the reactants you will need for each experiment. Refer to detailed instructions for
that experiment on the data page before proceeding. If no procedures are given, just use about 5
ml of each solution and mix the two solutions by pouring one test tube into the other and
observing results. The experiments may be done in any order

1. 0.3M Na2CO3(aq) ( sodium carbonate)

0.5 M HCl(aq) (hydrochloric acid)
Analysis hint: This is carbonate/acid reaction

2. 0.1M Pb(NO3)2(aq) (lead(II) nitrate)

0.1M NaI(aq) (sodium iodide)

3. 2.0 ml of 0.2M CuSO4(aq) ( copper (II) sulfate).

approx. 0.8 grams granular zinc metal
(read and carefully follow directions on data sheet)
.
4. solid (NH4)2CO3
red litmus paper
(read and carefully follow directions on data sheet)
5. ~ 0.5 grams of steel wool (Fe)
~ 1.5 grams of sulfur powder
(This must be done in the hood. Read and carefully follow directions on data sheet)

6. 0.1M NaCl(aq) (sodium chloride)

0.3M Na2CO3(aq) (sodium carbonate)

7. 3M H2SO4(aq) (sulfuric acid)

3M NaOH(aq) (sodium hydroxide)

8. 0.1M Na2SO4(aq) (sodium sulfate)

0.1M BaCl2(aq) (barium chloride)

9. dextrose ( C6H12O6) (aq) (aka glucose)

Benedict’s solution (contains Cu2+ ion) (aq)
(read and carefully follow directions on data sheet)

10. approx. 1 cm strip of Mg metal

Ignite bunsen burner

11. Br2 (in cyclohexane ) (bromine)

0.1M KI(aq) solution (potassium iodide)
Perform this experiment in the hood and wear gloves
Bromine is corrosive to skin so avoid contact, use gloves provided, and hexane is flammable
so there should be no open flames near by.
(read and carefully follow directions on data sheet)

12. approx. 1 cm strip of Mg metal placed in test tube

add 2 ml of 10% HCl(aq) solution

13. 1 gram of sulfur powder

(This must be done in the hood. Read and carefully follow directions on data sheet

Analysis and Results

Complete a data sheet for each experiment and place them in numerical order for your report.
 Data/Analysis/Results Sheet
Use for experiments 1,2,6,7,8
Experiment # _________
Formulas of reactants ____________________ _______________________
Observations
Appearance of reactant 1 ___________________________________
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
___________________________________
Observations after mixing ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Did reaction occur? yes/no
Indicator for conclusion? ______________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Formulas of products from reaction
___________________________________
___________________________________
Was precipitate produced yes/no_______
if so identify by formula _________
Was liquid or gas produced yes/no ______
if so identify by formula _________

Equations: (Balance all equations and show correct subscripts)

Molecular equation

Complete ionic reaction

Net ionic reaction

Oxidation reduction
If ox-red reaction show oxidation number determination and identify species oxidized and reduced.

Classify reaction (list all types that apply)

Discard solutions 1, 6, 7 and 8 to sink. Discard waste 2 to marked container .

 Data/Analysis/Results Sheet
Use for experiments 1,2,6,7,8
Experiment # _________
Formulas of reactants ____________________ _______________________
Observations
Appearance of reactant 1 ___________________________________
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
___________________________________
Observations after mixing ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Did reaction occur? yes/no
Indicator for conclusion? ______________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Formulas of products from reaction
___________________________________
___________________________________
Was precipitate produced yes/no_______
if so identify by formula _________
Was liquid or gas produced yes/no ______
if so identify by formula _________

Equations: (Balance all equations and show correct subscripts)

Molecular equation

Complete ionic reaction

Net ionic reaction

Oxidation reduction
If ox-red reaction show oxidation number determination and identify species oxidized and reduced.

Classify reaction (list all types that apply)

Discard solutions 1, 6, 7 and 8 to sink. Discard waste 2 to marked container .

 Data/Analysis/Results Sheet
Use for experiments 1,2,6,7,8
Experiment # _________
Formulas of reactants ____________________ _______________________
Observations
Appearance of reactant 1 ___________________________________
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
___________________________________
Observations after mixing ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Did reaction occur? yes/no
Indicator for conclusion? ______________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Formulas of products from reaction
___________________________________
___________________________________
Was precipitate produced yes/no_______
if so identify by formula _________
Was liquid or gas produced yes/no ______
if so identify by formula _________

Equations: (Balance all equations and show correct subscripts)

Molecular equation

Complete ionic reaction

Net ionic reaction

Oxidation reduction
If ox-red reaction show oxidation number determination and identify species oxidized and reduced.

Classify reaction (list all types that apply)

Discard solutions 1, 6, 7 and 8 to sink. Discard waste 2 to marked container .

 Data/Analysis/Results Sheet
Use for experiments 1,2,6,7,8
Experiment # _________
Formulas of reactants ____________________ _______________________
Observations
Appearance of reactant 1 ___________________________________
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
___________________________________
Observations after mixing ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Did reaction occur? yes/no
Indicator for conclusion? ______________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Formulas of products from reaction
___________________________________
___________________________________
Was precipitate produced yes/no_______
if so identify by formula _________
Was liquid or gas produced yes/no ______
if so identify by formula _________

Equations: (Balance all equations and show correct subscripts)

Molecular equation

Complete ionic reaction

Net ionic reaction

Oxidation reduction
If ox-red reaction show oxidation number determination and identify species oxidized and reduced.

Classify reaction (list all types that apply)

Discard solutions 1, 6, 7 and 8 to sink. Discard waste 2 to marked container .

 Data/Analysis/Results Sheet
Use for experiments 1,2,6,7,8
Experiment # _________
Formulas of reactants ____________________ _______________________
Observations
Appearance of reactant 1 ___________________________________
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
___________________________________
Observations after mixing ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Did reaction occur? yes/no
Indicator for conclusion? ______________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Formulas of products from reaction
___________________________________
___________________________________
Was precipitate produced yes/no_______
if so identify by formula _________
Was liquid or gas produced yes/no ______
if so identify by formula _________

Equations: (Balance all equations and show correct subscripts)

Molecular equation

Complete ionic reaction

Net ionic reaction

Oxidation reduction
If ox-red reaction show oxidation number determination and identify species oxidized and reduced.

Classify reaction (list all types that apply)

Discard solutions 1, 6, 7 and 8 to sink. Discard waste 2 to marked container .

 Data Analysis/Results Sheet
Use for experiment #3
Experiment #3
Place ~ 2 ml of 0.2M CuSO4(aq) in a test tube. Weigh approximately 0.8 grams of granular zinc onto
weighing paper and after making initial observations, add the zinc to the test tube containing CuSO4(aq) ,
stir and observe. Set test tube aside, stir or shake occasionally and observe after at least 10 minutes.

Formulas of reactants ____________________ _______________________

Observations
Appearance of reactant 1 ___________________________________
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
___________________________________
Observations after mixing ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Did reaction occur? yes/no
Indicator for conclusion?
Formulas of products from reaction

Was precipitate produced yes/no_______

if so identify by formula _________
Was liquid or gas produced yes/no ______
if so identify by formula _________
Equations: (Balance all equations and show correct subscripts)
Molecular equation

Complete ionic reaction

Net ionic reaction

Oxidation reduction
If ox-red reaction show oxidation number determination and identify species oxidized and
reduced

Classify reaction (list all types that apply)

Discard waste to container.
Analysis aid: Copper metal has reddish/brown color. Copper ion is blue in aqueous solution and zinc
ion is colorless.
 Data/Analysis/Results Sheet
Use for experiment 4
Experiment #4
In a dry test tube put a quantity of solid (NH4)2CO3 sufficient to give about ¼ inch at the bottom.
Moisten a strip of red litmus paper with deionized water and hold over the mouth of the test tube during
the experiment. Use a test tube clamp to hold the test tube at a 45 degree angle and gently heat the
bottom of the test tube using a burner. Observe the solid, the walls of the test tube walls and the color of
the litmus paper. While heating gently wave your hand over the mouth of the test tube so you can gently
sniff any evolving vapors. Do not inhale deeply.

Observations
appearance solid (NH4)2CO3 ________________________
___________________________________
color of litmus paper: before_______ after_________

Observations during and after heating

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Odor ___________________________________

Did reaction occur? yes/no

Indicators for conclusion? ______________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Write the formulas for any gases or liquids produced.

Balance molecular equation with correct subscripts for reaction

Classify reaction (list all types that apply

Oxidation reduction
If ox-red reaction show oxidation number determination and identify species oxidized and
reduced

Hints. Refer to carbonate reactions in guide. Red litmus turns blue in presence of a base.
Refer to bottle of dilute NH3 solution for odor identification.

Discard waste to sink.

 Data Analysis/Result Sheet
Use for experiment 5
Experiment # 5
This experiment must be performed in the hood as noxious vapors are produced.
In a crucible put ~ 0.5 grams of steel wool. This should be placed at the bottom of the
crucible and should be loosely compacted.
Place ~ 1.5 grams of powdered sulfur in crucible so it intimately contacts and is mixed well
with the steel wool.
Place the crucible on a clay triangle, place the lid on the crucible so it completely closes the
crucible and heat strongly with burner for at least 5 minutes.
After 5 minutes, remove the cover and examine the contents. If all the sulfur has been
reacted stop. If not replace the cover and heat for an additional 2 minutes.
After this, turn off the burner and allow to cool.
When cool enough to handle, examine the contents of the crucible. And probe with your
stirring rod to determine how the texture has changed. Record your observations on the data
sheet.

Formulas of reactants ____________________ _______________________

Observations
Appearance of reactant 1 ___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
Observations (if any) during heating
` evidence of gases?______________________
odors?_______________________________
Observations of product: appearance_____________________________
___________________________________
Did reaction occur? yes/no
Indicators for conclusion? ______________
___________________________________
Balanced molecular equation

Oxidation number of iron before ____________after___________

Oxidation number of sulfur before ____________after___________

Classify reaction (list all types that apply)

Discard waste to container and clean crucible and lid by heating with burner.
 Data/Analysis/Results Sheet
Use for experiment 9
Experiment # __9_______
1. Prepare a hot water bath using a beaker three quarters full of water and a hot plate. Turn on the
hot plate to heat the water
2. Weigh approximately 0.8 grams of dextrose (aka glucose) crystals and place in a test tube.
Add 3 ml of deionized water to dissolve. Observe appearance of solution and record.
3. Measure 2 ml of Benedict’s solution in a graduate and record appearance.
4. Add the benedict solution to the test tube with the glucose and place in water bath.
5. Leave in water bath and periodically observe over about a 15 minute period. Observe and
record results.

Observations
appearance of: Benedict solution________________________
glucose solution ______________________________

Observations after heating ___________________________________

___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Did reaction occur? yes/no
Indicator for conclusion? ______________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Oxidation number of copper ion before _____________________

Oxidation number of copper ion after _____________________

Reaction type _______________________

Analysis aid. Copper(I) ion has a dark red/rusty color and products are insoluble in water.
Copper (II) ion is blue and is soluble.

Dispose of solution to container for copper waste.

 Data Analysis/Results Sheet
Use for experiment #10

Experiment #_10
Procedures: Grasp Mg metal strip in metal forceps and place in hottest part of burner. Do not look
directly at metal during reaction. Observe result and appearance of product and record

Formulas of reactants ____________________ _______________________

Observations
appearance of reactant 1 _____________________________
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
___________________________________
Observations during reaction ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Appearance of product ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Did reaction occur? yes/no
Indicator for conclusion? ______________
___________________________________
___________________________________

Oxidation Numbers
before after
Mg: ______ ______
O: ______ ______

Equation:

Reaction Type

Discard waste to trash.

 Data/Analysis/Results Sheet
Use for Experiment #11
Experiment # 11
Procedures: Perform this experiment in the hood and wear gloves
Bromine is corrosive to skin so avoid contact and hexane is flammable so there should be
no open flames near by.
Place 2 ml KI solution in test tube. Observe and record appearance..
Be sure the cap on the Bromine-cyclohexane bottle is tight and shake strongly to mix. Using the
eyedropper, withdraw from the middle level of the bottle about 2 ml of Br2 - in cyclohexane
mixture into your 10 ml graduated cylinder. Observe and record appearance. If colorless call the
instructor before proceeding.
Mix the two and shake test tube vigorously using gloved hand.
Allow to settle and observe and record the color of the two layers formed.

Discard all solutions to container in hood

Observations
Reactants ___________________ ____________________________
appearance of reactant bromine/cyclohexane
_______________________________________________________
appearance of KI solution ___________________________________
___________________________________
Observations of layers before shaking
top _________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
bottom _________________________________________________________
Observations after shaking and settling
top __________________________________________________

bottom _______________________________________________

Did reaction occur? yes/no

Indicator for conclusion? ___________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Oxidation number of Bromine before and after reaction
___________ ____________
Oxidation number of iodine before and after reaction
__________ ____________
Equations: (Balance all equations and show correct subscripts)
Molecular equation (only KI and Br2 are involved)

Classify reaction (list all types that apply)

Analysis aid: Bromine has straw yellow to reddish color in elemental state in cyclohexane. Br ion is
colorless in aqueous solution. In this experiment may appear a light yellow- ink after the
reaction. Bromine elemental state dissolves in cyclohexane but not water.

Iodine is purple in elemental state. Iodine ion is colorless in aqueous solution.

Iodine in elemental state dissolves in cyclohexane but not water.
Cyclohexane has lower density than water, floats on top of water and does
not dissolve in water.

Discard waste to container in hood.

 Data/Analysis/Results Sheet
Use for Experiment #12
Experiment # 12
Formulas of reactants ____________________ _______________________
Observations
appearance of reactant 1 ___________________________________
___________________________________
2 ___________________________________
___________________________________
Observations after mixing ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Did reaction occur? yes/no
Indicator for conclusion? ______________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Formulas of products from reaction
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

Equations: (Balance all equations and show correct subscripts)

Molecular equation

Oxidation reduction
If ox-red reaction show oxidation number determination and identify species oxidized and
reduced

Classify reaction (list all types that apply)

Discard waste to sink.

Analysis aid: Gas produced is H2.

 Data Analysis/Result Sheet
Use for experiment #13
Experiment # 13
This experiment must be performed in the hood as noxious vapors are produced.
Place ~ 1 gram of powdered sulfur in crucible.
Place the crucible on a clay triangle without a lid.
Tilt the crucible towards you so you can observe its contents through the glass of the hood
while conducting the experiment.
 Moisten a strip of blue litmus paper with deionized water and use forceps to hold just above
the mouth of the crucible while heating. Observe what happens to the litmus paper.
Heat the crucible strongly with a burner, observe and record observations.
Allow apparatus to cool, discard any waste to waste container and remove apparatus from
hood.

Formulas of reactants ____________________ _______________________

Observations
Appearance of reactants ___________________________________
___________________________________
Observations during heating _______________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
litmus color before_______ after ________
evidence of gases?______________________
odors?_______________________________
Observations of product: appearance_________________________________
_________________________________________
Did reaction occur? yes/no
Indicators for conclusion? ______________
___________________________________
Balanced molecular equation

Oxidation number of sulfur before ____________after___________

Classify reaction (list all types that apply)

Compare oxidation number of sulfur after this reaction to that of sulfur after reaction #5 and
discuss.
Hint: Nonmetal oxides produce acid solutions which turn litmus paper red when dissolve in water. Refer
to Guide to Reactions, two nonmetals reacting to from compound.
 Table 1
Solubility of Compounds

Compound Solubility in Water Precipitate Color

Al(OH)3 insoluble white

Al(NO3)3 soluble
BaCl2 soluble
BaCO3 insoluble white
BaCrO4 insoluble yellow
Ba(NO3)2 soluble
BaSO4 insoluble white
CaCO3 insoluble white
CuCl2 soluble
Cu(NO3)2 soluble
CuSO4 soluble
CuS insoluble black
Fe SO4 soluble
Fe SO3 soluble
K2CO3 soluble
KCl soluble
K2CrO4 soluble
KIO3 soluble
KNO3 soluble
NH4Cl soluble
PbCO3 insoluble white
PbCrO4 insoluble yellow
Pb(OH)2 insoluble white
Pb(IO3)2 insoluble white
Pb(NO3)2 soluble
PbI2 insoluble yellow
MgCl2 soluble
Mg(OH)2 insoluble white
Mg(NO3)2 soluble
NaNO3 soluble
Na2SO4 soluble
Na2CO3 soluble
NaCl soluble
NaHCO3 soluble
SrCO3 insoluble white
ZnCl2 soluble
Zn(OH)2 insoluble
Zn(NO3)2 soluble