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Application of Surveying in Construction Report Writing
Acknowledgements
I’m would like to thank all those who have contributed during the development of the report.
First, I want to mention all people participated in the speedup progress of the report. Thank
my lecturer Mrs. Vipula Abeyratne for giving this valuable opportunity to write a report on
“Applications of Surveying in Construction” under the module of Project Study (L1105).
I’m also thank for College of Quantity Surveying for giving this opportunity to complete the
report within our lecture module.
I want to acknowledge every person who contributed towards the finding of facts related to
the topic. I would like to thank every person who coordinate construction industry
professionals with our team to obtain the industrial facts related to the topic.
I take this opportunity to thank to my organizations for given freedom to gather information
about Surveying.
Finally, I’m offer my heartiest gratitude to my parents, my friends and everybody who supported
us for the success.
Thank You,
K.K.A.M. Jayawardhana
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Application of Surveying in Construction Report Writing
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ i
Abstract ................................................................................................................................ vv
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1
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Application of Surveying in Construction Report Writing
9. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………14
10. References……………………………………………………………………………..15
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Application of Surveying in Construction Report Writing
List of Figures
Figure 1- Cadastral surveying map ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 2- Topographic or Detail Surveys ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 3- Aerial Surveying .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 4- Ancient Surveying Equipment ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 5- Total Station......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 6- 3D Laser scaning ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Application of Surveying in Construction Report Writing
Abstract
Proper planning for physical development requires maps, prepared by surveyors, showing
the locations of existing features, infrastructures and nature of the terrain. The study defined
surveying and a surveyor. The purpose is to show convincingly that surveying is very
important in National development.
Previous works were reviewed. The reviewed works showed many applications of surveying
in Infrastructural Development. The methodology examined the contributions and necessity
of surveying in National Infrastructural Development. It exposed various applications of
surveying, and various methods of surveying used. Modern surveying techniques and
measuring equipment available and in use were discussed.
It was made clear that Highway Planning, Buildings should be preceded by a massive
gathering of geo-referenced data. The necessary materials are aerial photographs, Satellite
images, Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment, Electronic Distance Measuring
(EDM) equipment, Total Station, etc. Ways that Remote Sensing help to make highway and
Building construction easier were discussed. The findings indicate that applications of
modern surveying techniques are very necessary in physical planning and infrastructural
development. The techniques make planning and implementation easy, straight forward and
more accurate
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Application of Surveying in Construction Report Writing
1. Introduction
Surveying has to do with the determination of the relative spatial location of points on or
near the surface of the earth. It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances
between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines,
and of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements.
Along with the actual survey measurements are the mathematical calculations. Distances,
angles, directions, locations, elevations, areas, and volumes are thus determined from the
data of the survey. Survey data is portrayed graphically by the construction of maps, profiles,
cross sections, and diagrams. This report would provide brief idea on Lean Construction
concepts, development of Lean Construction and the application of lean concepts in the
construction industry.
Land surveying is basically an art and science of mapping and measuring land. The entire
scope of profession is wide, it actually boils down to calculate where the land boundaries are
situated. This is very important as without this service, there would not have been railroads,
skyscrapers could not have been erected and neither any individual could have put fences
around their yards for not intruding others land.
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Application of Surveying in Construction Report Writing
Geodetic surveying
Cadastral surveying
Engineering surveying
Aerial surveying
Mining surveying
Hydrographic surveying
In the construction industry before beginning the new real task they need to complete most
appropriate looking over techniques to decide area of site and it’s encompassing it named
cadastral map to showing property boundaries. From that guide can comprehend topography
of site and natural resource availability.
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Application of Surveying in Construction Report Writing
This type of survey is associated with the engineering design (topographic, layout and as
built) often requiring geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. It is
required in planning and execution of nearly every form of construction. The equipment
commonly used for this are theodolites, GNSS (GPS) and levelling instruments:
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Design and Costing: ‐ For capacity of the wall, volume of material within given limits, or
volume required to fill an empty space. All of these are determined by doing a survey and
certain calculations
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Application of Surveying in Construction Report Writing
Nearly a thousand years later, magnets were used in China to determine direction, a
predecessor to modern compasses. The diopter soon became the instrument of choice for
surveyors after the development of geometry. Allowing professionals of the era the freedom
of mobility, diopters accurately calculated the division of land while offering a convenient
alternative to ropes, chains, and sighting instruments. Though not extremely complex, this
instrument paved the way for surveyors to explore while practicing their craft.
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At the same time, the development of computerized geographic information systems (GIS)
has permitted assessors to develop location based property records or cadasters, and to
coordinate sales data with location. More sophisticated and less expensive GIS technology
now offers the potential for full integration with CAMA for spatial analysis. Initial attempts
to quantify location effects faced difficulties not only in defining and maintaining “economic
neighbourhoods” or zones, contiguous areas of relatively homogeneous land values, but also
in understanding the dynamics of the interactive, elusive locational factor. Some efforts
developed different mathematical models for each geographic region or “cluster” of
properties with similar characteristics. However, these approaches could not capture the
many complex, interrelated and significant micro-variations within any given neighborhood,
and could not reduce the determination of location value to an objective process.
Lucas County pioneered a new approach to location value-the use of GIS tools to develop a
response surface that represents the effect of location on land value. The response surface is
a fitted three-dimensional surface that represents a percentage adjustment to land and/or land
and improvements based on a parcel’s geocoded location. Included in the analysis are
geographic coordinates and distances from important features, such as other recent sales,
institutions, amenities or other “value influence centers.” This analysis results in a three-
dimensional representation, with the height of the surface at any specific x-y coordinate
indicating the approximated location value of that parcel. This variable is then evaluated
with others, such as land and building size, quality, condition and depreciation, to produce a
total estimated value for the parcel.
In the Lucas County example, the response surface differs from a mathematical equation in
that it is developed through a spatial analysis process available in GIS to estimate the effects
of location on value and refine those estimates after comparing them with sales and appraisal
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Application of Surveying in Construction Report Writing
data. This approach still relies on an element of appraisal and economic judgment in
determining neighborhood boundaries for location effects, but it can be tested and refined
by observing the effect of different neighborhood “breaklines” on the resulting three-
dimensional value surface.
To be used successfully in mass appraisal, these sophisticated approaches must yield results
that are reasonable, understandable and available to typical taxpayers. Lucas County has
pioneered this aspect of the assessment process, as well. All real estate records, values and
maps are available on a CD with GIS viewing software, priced at its production cost of $10,
and online free at all public libraries in the county. Taxpayers can view property records or
create customized maps showing the location of multiple parcels and the relationships
among their taxable values.
The advancement of new technology means Surveyors can now take measurements and
report data with increased speed and accuracy. Modern Surveyors get to use the latest
technology to get their job done every day.
Allow the measurement of features or points anywhere in the world, from space. The data
collected by these systems can be used to control large infrastructure projects or provide the
information for In-car navigation systems.
With the rapid progression of technology, one thing is certain; Surveyors will be at the
forefront of the latest technology. Who knows what cool gadgets Surveyors will be using
next?
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Application of Surveying in Construction Report Writing
‘Unmanned Aerial Vehicle’ come in many different models and sizes dependent on their
application. You may be familiar with its military applications, but drones are starting to be
used for commercial and even recreational purposes. They’re much cheaper and more nimble
than a helicopter or other conventional aircrafts but with the exact same advantages of aerial
photography and mapping. Taswater has recently deployed a drone as part of a $15m dam
project, read about it here.
6. SURVEYING SOFTWEAR
6.1. The MapScenes® System, developed by MicroSurvey, is the premiere software
solution for law enforcement professionals doing crime and accident reconstruction and
animation.
6.2. MicroSurvey sells the industry's most powerful, rugged and reliable data collectors.
When battery life and functionality are paramount, we choose only the best data collectors
available. Choose from the Nautiz X8 or Nautiz 10X by Handheld, or Juniper
Systems' Archer or Mesa. We also carry the T800 tablet by Getac, running a cool Windows
8. And, of course, our very own DC5 which flaunts a value second to none.
6.4. MicroSurvey FieldGenius®, is the most powerful graphics based surveying data
collection software available. FieldGenius allows you to do more in less time by taking
advantage of the higher power processors, high definition displays, and larger memory in
modern Windows Mobile powered data collectors and Windows 7 powered tablets.
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Application of Surveying in Construction Report Writing
6.5. MicroSurvey STAR*NET 8, is the most widely used and respected Least Squares
Adjustment package. Available in 4 different versions and with numerous data converters,
it is the easiest Least Squares with the most understandable results.
6.6. MicroSurvey sells the industry's most powerful, rugged and reliable data collectors.
When battery life and functionality are paramount, we choose only the best data collectors
available. Choose from the Nautiz X8 or Nautiz 10X by Handheld, or Juniper
Systems' Archer or Mesa. We also carry the T800 tablet by Getac, running a cool Windows
8. And, of course, our very own DC5 which flaunts a value second to none.
7. GEO-INFORMATIC
Geoinformatics has been described as "the science and technology dealing with the structure
and character of spatial information, its capture, its classification and qualification, its
storage, processing, portrayal and dissemination, including the infrastructure necessary to
secure optimal use of this information or "the art, science or technology dealing with the
acquisition, storage, processing production, presentation and dissemination of geoformation.
Geography and earth science increasingly rely on digital spatial data acquired from remotely
sensed images analyzed by Geographical Information System (GIS) and visualized on paper
or the computer screen.
Many fields benefit from geoinformatics, including urban planning and land use
management, in-car navigation systems, virtual globes, public health, local and national
gazetteer management, environmental modeling and analysis, military, transport network
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planning and management, agriculture, meteorology and climate change, oceanography and
coupled ocean and atmosphere modelling, business location planning, architecture and
archeological reconstruction, telecommunications, criminology and crime simulation,
aviation, biodiversity conservation and maritime transport.
From this surveyors methods we can do easily our calculation of the areas, volumes and
other measurements very accurately for the example when we have backfilling to the makeup
level if it is not leveled area before filling the soil of that area we should get levels of several
points getting that levels we can calculate volume of back filling area this is one of have to
calculate quantities
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9. CONCLUSION
The main aim of this assignment is to improve my knowledge about Application of
Surveying Techniques in Construction. In here I did and also I got Wide knowledge about
Important of the Surveying, Methodologies of The Surveying, Key concept of Surveying,
Application of Modern Surveying Techniques attached to QS job, Uses of Modern
Surveying equipment, Concept of Geoinformatic, Software tools in Modern Surveying
attached to QS job and Modern Surveying benefits.
Assignment making are one way to repeat what I had learned. I want to collect data to do
the report. I try to find data from internet, journals, articles, newspapers and reading books.
So also we can get knowledge and can improve our knowledge from that.
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Application of Surveying in Construction Report Writing
10. References
Dasanayake. S., Murayama. Y. (2010). Fundamental of surveying. Journal of construction
surveying, 6(2), 88-98.
Mnembe, L.,Ndaba, N.,Seedath, Y., Thusi,S. & Zaca,M .(June2012). Different Methods of
Surveying. Survey and Land information Department, 5(3), 108-120.
Morton, R. A., Leach, M. P., Paine, J. G., & Cardoza, M. A. (1993). Monitoring beach
changes using GPS surveying techniques. Journal of Coastal Research, 702-720.
Resop, J. P., & Hession, W. C. (2010). Terrestrial laser scanning for monitoring streambank
retreat: Comparison with traditional surveying techniques. Journal of Hydraulic
Engineering, 136(10), 794-798
Sturman, Brian; Wright, Alan. "The History of the Tellurometer" (PDF). International
Federation of Surveyors. Retrieved 20 July 2014
Summers inman. (2017, 04 21). Retrieved from summers inman web site:
http://www.summers-inman.co.uk/digital-surveying/
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