A Descriptive Study on the Properties of Translucent Concrete

Purchia Jeda A. Pague¹

¹BS in Architecture Program, University of Mindanao, Davao City, Philippines
Email: purchiapague@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

There is a rising need to search for alternatives to the conventional building materials being used today.
With the amount of wastage being produced and the economic aspect being factored into the equation,
architects, engineers and builders have since sought for better and innovative solutions. The aim of this
descriptive study is to gather relevant information in relation to the properties that make-up the
translucent concrete. The methods and materials that have enabled the production and testing of the
said material have been enumerated and discussed within this study. The results have shown that the
translucent concrete is far more superior in terms of compressive strength in comparison to that of a
standard concrete block. Moreover, the translucent concrete also offers a promising solution to saving
energy by transmitting an image but not completely transparent when exposed to direct sunlight.

Keywords: Architecture, Building Technology, Translucent Concrete

INTRODUCTION

The need for new building materials as the new century arises has been a recurring thought for the past
decades to ponder and stress about up to the present day. With the introduction of various alternatives
and innovations to existing convenient building technologies and materials, architects, engineers and
builders are seeking more sustainable and energy-efficient solutions to combat the excessive
consumption, eventual economic downturn and wastage that the current practice has left to date. One
of the many arising and promising materials to grace the publications recently is the introduction of the
so-called “translucent” concrete. The development of translucent concrete through the study of Dr.
Bhavben K Shah and his colleagues in 2013 were credited to the integration of both concrete and optic
fibers wherein the latter was embedded onto the former. This revolutionary material design was the
brainchild of a conceptual thought by Hungarian architect Aron Losonczi in 2001 wherein a prototype
was done by successfully mixing a large amount of glass fiber into concrete which therefore produced
a “translucent” concrete block in 2003. This prototype was later then released and commercially sold
onto the market as LiTraCon. Years later, Joel S. and Sergio O.G. developed their own design of a
translucent concrete material that could only cater up to eighty percent (80%) of light passing through
whilst sustaining a lightweight property of only being seventy percent (70%) lighter than an average
concrete (Kashiyani, Raina, Pitroda, & Shah, 2013).

A known application for this said material was the erection of the Italian Pavilion within the Shanghai
Exposition in 2010 wherein instead of optic fibers, glass where used in their stead with regards to the
mixture for the translucent concrete. Moreover, Dr. Shah and his colleagues have stressed in their study
that it is preferable to create a new design with the same likeness to that of the existing translucent
concrete’s make-up today but with more attention on that safety and protective attribute that the said
material possesses. The material also promises an energy efficient solution with regards to consumption
of power for illuminative purposes by means of allowing the passage of light and more durability
through the use of optic fiber’s photo-elastic effect to study the stresses imposed on the material upon

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its application (Kashiyani, Raina, Pitroda, & Shah, 2013). For a more low-cost approach to the mixture,
coarse waste glass can be used in lieu of the optical fiber. Pagliolico and his colleagues (2015) have
done a preliminary study on the light transmittance properties of translucent concrete panels with coarse
waste glass as an alternative to optical fibers. The potential reuse of coarse glass eliminates the
excessive energy consumption of glass furnaces in relation to the production of new glass materials
therefore making it as sustainable and low-cost option (Pagliolico, et al., 2015).

Optical Fiber

The fiber optical lines are defined as thin strands of optically pure glass or plastic that has a diameter
that is slightly thicker than human hair. These strands were generally serving the purpose of transporting
light on a specific wavelength. Optical fibers are commercially available on the market (Sangshetty &
Dhawale, 2017). The types of optical fiber include: (1) multimode fiber, (2) single-mode fiber, (3)
multimode step-index fiber and (4) multimode graded-index fiber (Gawatre, Giri, & Bande, 2016).

Figure 1.1 Inside optical fiber cables. Source: https://www.scienceabc.com/innovation/fibre-optic-

copper-faster-better-signal-transmission-bandwidth-speed-cost-fast.html

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Properties and Materials

Paul and Dutta (2013) discusses the formulation for the creation of a translucent concrete on their paper
entitled, “Translucent Concrete”. The material is a mixture of polycarbonate and epoxy matrices
containing alongside glass fibers, optical fibers, colloidal silica, silica and diethylentriamine (DETA)
and Portland Cement. Moreover, Paul and Dutta further add that the translucent concrete has greater
mechanical strength properties than those of the standard concrete as the new material has lower density
and it also possesses mechanical characteristics that enable it to be utilized for both structural and
architectonic purposes. Table 1.1 shows the properties for Translucent Concrete Blocks as
commercially produced by the LiTraCon company.

Product LiTraCon - Light Transmitting Concrete

Form Pre-fabricated blocks
Ingredients 96% concrete, 4 % optical fiber
Density 2100 – 2400 Kg/m ²
Block Size 600 mm x 300 mm
Thickness 25 – 500 mm

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 Colour White, Grey or Black
Fiber Distribution Organic
Surface Finish Polished
Compressive Strength 50 N/mm ²
Bending Tensile Strength 7 N/mm ²

Table 1.1 LiTraCon – Light Transmitting Concrete Properties

source: https://www.litracon.hu/productlist.php

Figure 2.1 and 2.2: (left) Cella Septichora Visitors Centre in Pécs, Hungary, which has a door made
of LiTracon blocks set in a steel frame and LiTraCon panels used as a partition within a residential
home (right). Source: https://www.dezeen.com/2008/01/20/litracon-light-transmitting-concrete/
http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/litracon/product-150341-1686912.html

Compressive Strength

Paul and Dutta (2013) have also indicated that not only does an optical fiber have a good lighting
property but also the ratio of the optical fiber volume to that of the concrete is proportioned to the
transmission needed. In an experimental study done by Pradheepa and Dr. Krishnamoorthi (2015), the
compressive strength of the translucent concrete increased significantly when the optical fiber content
was increased as well. The researchers prepared their experimental samples through the use of a mold
with a cubic dimension of one-hundred and fifty millimeters (150mm x 150mm x 150mm). The two
faces of the mold were made of plywood that were drilled on an even spacing to allow the optical fiber
to hold in place during the process of the actual casting. Dr. Krishnamoorthi and Pradheepa have
concluded in their study that mixtures with four percent (4%) optical fiber content yield better results
with respect to the material’s compressive strength.

A. Average result of Normal Concrete and Concrete with Optical Fiber

Compressive Strength (N/mm²)

No. of Days Normal Concrete Optical Fiber Optical Fiber Optical Fiber
(2%) (2.5%) (4%)
7 14.44 12.79 13.26 13.50
14 19.51 17.87 18.90 19.24
28 27.26 25.66 26.63 27.14

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 Table 2.1 Average result of Normal Concrete and Concrete with Optical Fibre
Adapted from: “An Experimental Study on Translucent Concrete” by R. Pradheepa and Dr. R.
Krishnamoorthi, 2015, International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, Vol. 3, Issue 3,
174-177
B. Average result for Normal Mortar and Mortar with Optical Fiber

Compressive Strength (N/mm²)

No. of Days Normal Concrete Optical Fiber Optical Fiber Optical Fiber
(2%) (2.5%) (4%)
7 12.50 9.93 11.89 12.30
14 17.89 15.01 16.82 17.50
28 24.06 22.15 23.63 24

Table 2.2 Average result of Normal Concrete and Concrete with Optical Fiber
Adapted from: “An Experimental Study on Translucent Concrete” by R. Pradheepa and Dr. R.
Krishnamoorthi, 2015, International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, Vol. 3, Issue 3,
174-177

Figure 2.1 and 2.2: (left) wooden mould with optical fibers spaced with Styrofoam (expanded
polystyrene) and specimen preparation (right). Adapted from: “An Experimental Study on
Translucent Concrete” by R. Pradheepa and Dr. R. Krishnamoorthi, 2015, International Journal for
Scientific Research & Development, Vol. 3, Issue 3, 174-177

Light Transmission

A. B. Sawant, R. V. Jugdar and V. P. Chougule (2014) have conducted an experimental research on the
light transmission property of the translucent concrete. Their paper gives a thorough conclusion that as
percentage content of optical fiber within the mixture increases, the transmissive quality increases as
well. The results have yielded that the maximum intensity of light passing through an experimental
sample block for 1% of the optical fiber is 219.8 lux at cube face. They have also indicated that outdoor
light source ranges from 0 lux to 1193 lux in daytime between the hours of seven A.M. to seven P.M.
(7 A.M – 7 P.M.) (Sawant, Jugdar, & Chougule, 2014).

A. Table 3.1: Reflection of Light Through Different Surface Areas With 5 % Optical Fibers

Reflection of Light Through Blocks (From Different Block Area)

External Internal Radiation Intensity Near Cube Face In %
Time Radiation Near Box Face
(24 Hr.) Intensity in
0.450 sq.m. 0.360 sq.m. 0.270 sq.m. 0.203 sq.m. 0.090 sq.m.
Lux.
` 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

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 7:00 15:00 33.33 26.67 26.67 20.00 13.33
8:00 161.00 39.13 36.65 27.95 27.33 18.01
9:00 489.00 43.97 38.85 34.76 30.47 20.86
10:00 749.00 47.00 42.19 33.38 28.70 24.83
11:00 910.00 50.22 45.27 39.67 32.97 26.48
12:00 1092.00 53.66 48.26 42.22 36.90 32.05
13:00 1193.00 56.24 50.21 44.34 38.81 31.43
14:00 1075.00 50.98 45.86 38.23 35.07 26.33
15:00 861.00 45.41 40.65 34.96 31.13 23.34
16:00 768.00 39.19 35.29 30.86 26.95 20.18
17:00 453.00 34.66 31.13 27.15 23.84 17.22
18:00 201.00 18.41 16.92 12.44 12.94 9.95
19:00 54.00 3.70 3.52 3.33 2.96 2.22
20:00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table 3.1 Reflection of Light Through Different Surface Areas With 5 % Optical Fibers
Adapted from: “An Experimental Work on Light Transmitting Concrete by Using Optical Fiber” by
A.B. Sawant, R.V. Jugdar and V.P. Chougule, 2014, International Journal of Advanced Technology in
Engineering and Science, Vol. 2, Issue 12, 636-645

B. Table 3.2: Reflection of Light Through Different Surface Areas With 4 % Optical Fibers

Reflection of Light Through Blocks (From Different Block Area)

External Internal Radiation Intensity Near Cube Face In %
Time Radiation Near Box Face
(24 Hr.) Intensity in
0.450 sq.m. 0.360 sq.m. 0.270 sq.m. 0.203 sq.m. 0.090 sq.m.
Lux.
` 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
7:00 15.00 26.67 21.33 20.00 16.00 6.67
8:00 161.00 31.06 26.09 22.36 21.74 9.32
9:00 489.00 35.17 31.70 27.81 24.34 16.16
10:00 749.00 37.65 34.18 32.04 25.90 19.49
11:00 910.00 40.22 34.18 32.04 25.90 19.49
12:00 1092.00 42.95 38.64 33.79 31.14 22.16
13:00 1193.00 45.01 40.49 35.21 31.01 23.30
14:00 1075.00 40.74 36.65 32.09 28.09 21.02
15:00 861.00 36.35 32.52 28.46 24.16 19.16
16:00 768.00 31.38 28.26 24.74 19.53 15.63
17:00 453.00 27.81 24.94 21.63 19.65 11.04
18:00 201.00 14.93 13.43 9.45 10.45 4.98
19:00 54.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
20:00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table 3.2 Reflection of Light Through Blocks (From Different Block Area)
Adapted from: “An Experimental Work on Light Transmitting Concrete by Using Optical Fiber” by
A.B. Sawant, R.V. Jugdar and V.P. Chougule, 2014, International Journal of Advanced Technology in
Engineering and Science, Vol. 2, Issue 12, 636-645

Coarse Glass Waste as An Alternative to Optical Fiber

Pagliolico and his colleagues were able to conduct a preliminary study on the light transmittance
property of a translucent concrete panel mixture with coarse waste glass as an alternative to the optical
fiber. The researchers began the experimentation with a non-load bearing translucent concrete panel

5
prototypes (referred to as Beron Crystal on their paper) of whose mixture consisted of high-performing
and self-compacting white mortar embedding of 12-13wt. % of coarse flat glass scraps with a thickness
of two-point-five centimeters (2.5 cm). The measurement of the light transmission for the BC Panels
was done through the use of a photo-goniometer (Pagliolico, et al., 2015). The analysis for the outcome
of the study was based on the simulated environment of a clear sky with a sun through Daysin
simulations wherein a four-point-five-meter-long, four-point-five-meter-deep and three-meter high (4.5
m x 4.5 m x 3 m) sample room was created to assess the variation of the daylight amount in the room
and the energy demand (ED) for lighting in the room (Pagliolico, et al., 2015).

A. Table 4.1: Difference between measured and simulated LT values found for one prototype of BC;
also, a summary of the LT values found for all the prototypes from simulations done within the study.
The Openness Factor (OF) is also reported.
Clear Sky
Overcast Sky
with Sun Measured Measured
BC Openness Simulated
Simulated Light Δ=(LTs– Light Δ=(LTs–
Prototype Factor Light
Light Transmission LTm)/LTm Transmission LTm)/LTm
No. (OF) Transmission
Transmission (LTm,c) (LTm,o)
(LTs,o)
(LTs,c)
1 10.6% 4.91% 4.96% -1.11% 3.87% 3.80% +1.82%
2 8.4% 3.81% 2.51%
3 11.5% 4.84% 3.65%
4 9.9% 4.07% 3.03%
5 1.3% 1.75% 1.32%

Table 4.1 Reflection of Light Through Blocks (From Different Block Area)
Adapted from: “A Preliminary Study on Light Transmittance Properties of Translucent Concrete
Panels with Coarse Waste Glass Inclusions” by Simonetta L. Pagliolico, Valerio R.M. Lo Verso,
Annalisa Torta, Maurizio Giraud, Fulvio Canonico, Laura Ligi, 2015 Energy Procedia, Vol. 78, Issue
12, 1811-1816

B. Table 4.2: Summary for the results obtained.

DA EDl
ALE m sDA
Room Side DF m con,m (kWh/m
Orientation [luxh] Palermo (%) Palermo Palermo Palermo
Type Walls (%) (%) 2yr)
Turin Turin
Turin Turin
1 S w/ R 6.23 4350636 4414362 100 99 75.9 78.0 11.3 11.2
blinds
T1 6.62 4668931 4900448 100 100 77.8 31.3 10.6 9.6
T2 6.68 4711838 4951723 100 100 78.1 81.6 10.4 9.4
T3 6.75 4765640 5016708 100 100 78.5 82.1 10.0 9.1
1 N R 6.22 4621552 4616838 100 100 88.8 93.0 6.3 4.8
T1 6.63 5013275 5156609 100 100 89.5 93.9 5.9 4.3
T2 6.70 5081393 5230877 100 100 89.7 94.0 5.7 4.1
T3 6.75 5146840 2100737 100 100 91.5 94.1 5.0 4
2 S w/ R 3.07 2942450 2950001 41 41 55.5 58.3 18.6 16.8
blinds
T1 3.32 3208316 3254695 43 43 58.3 61.2 16.8 15.8
T2 3.36 3249984 3301660 45 45 58.7 61.6 16.7 15.9
T3 3.38 3275411 3332785 46 45 59.0 61.9 16.6 15.7
2 N R 3.09 2398005 2458564 95 100 74.7 80.8 14.1 10.6
T1 3.34 2639253 2734207 100 100 78.3 84.3 11.0 8.9
T2 3.36 2660650 2757001 100 100 78.3 84.3 10.8 9.1
T3 3.41 2719443 2820889 100 100 79.2 85.2 10.2 8.3

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Table 4:2 Results from Daysim simulations for the two sites considered. Configurations: E = 500 lx ;
LPD = 10 W/m2. Adapted from: “A Preliminary Study on Light Transmittance Properties of
Translucent Concrete Panels with Coarse Waste Glass Inclusions” by Simonetta L. Pagliolico,
Valerio R.M. Lo Verso, Annalisa Torta, Maurizio Giraud, Fulvio Canonico, Laura Ligi, 2015 Energy
Procedia, Vol. 78, Issue 12, 1811-1816

Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, and 3.6: Light Transmission effect of a single BC panel (50x50x2.5 cm) in
a clear sky day (a); LT of an interior real BC wall during a clear sky day (b), an afternoon sky day (c)
and in an electric lighting condition at night (d); illuminance measurements under the sun simulator
(e) and the sky scanning simulator (f). Adapted from: “A Preliminary Study on Light Transmittance
Properties of Translucent Concrete Panels with Coarse Waste Glass Inclusions” by Simonetta L.
Pagliolico, Valerio R.M. Lo Verso, Annalisa Torta, Maurizio Giraud, Fulvio Canonico, Laura Ligi,
2015 Energy Procedia, Vol. 78, Issue 12, 1811-1816

The researchers’ analysis on the results concluded that the current composition of the BC or Translucent
Concrete Panels with coarse waste glass inclusions are more ideal for internal wall applications rather
than for an exterior envelope due to their inability to couple well with insulating materials and other
materials used for external envelope.
Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) As an Alternative to Portland Cement

In an experimental study done by Harika and Reddy (2017), they prepared test specimens cubic forms.
All in all, 48 of specimens were cast and tested by considering different % replacements of GGBS at
0%,30%& 50% for cement.

A. Table 5.1: Specimen Parameters.

M Grade of Cement Ratio Used M 1:2

W/C Ratio 0.48
Replacement Materials GGBS
Total No. of Specimens 48

Table 5.1 Specimen parameters. Adapted from “Low Cost Translucent Concrete” by B.M. Harika and
Ajay Kumar Reddy, 2017 International Journal and Magazine of Engineering, Technology,
Management and Research, Vol. 4, Issue 4, 351-359

7
 Figure 3.7 and 3.8: Arrangement of Optical Fibers (left) and Casting of Cubes with GGBS as a
Replacement to Portland Cement. Adapted from “Low Cost Translucent Concrete” by B.M. Harika
and Ajay Kumar Reddy, 2017 International Journal and Magazine of Engineering, Technology,
Management and Research, Vol. 4, Issue 4, 351-359

After the casting and the curing of the cubic specimens, the researchers then proceeded to conduct a
compressive strength tests on the specimens (Harika & Reddy, 2017).

B. Fig 3.9: Graph of Compressive Strength Testing Results.

Figure 3.9: Compressive strength test for after specific curing periods. Adapted from “Low Cost
Translucent Concrete” by B.M. Harika and Ajay Kumar Reddy, 2017 International Journal and
Magazine of Engineering, Technology, Management and Research, Vol. 4, Issue 4, 351-359

The researchers have drawn a conclusion from a thorough analysis on the results that fifty percent (50%)
of a partial GGBS replacement done on the Portland Cement content yielded good results in terms of
their respective compressive strength after curing periods of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. It can be inferred to
that with the increased addition of GGBS as a replacement alongside a longer duration of curing time,
the compressive strength of the specimen increases as well however they have concluded that in order
to get the most efficient advantage to the replacement of the Portland Cement mixture, the mixture for
GGBS to replace the conventional concrete should only be about fifty percent of to that of the original
concrete’s.

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Costing

Within the Philippine setting, the components of the Translucent Concrete can be priced through the
type of mixture they follow:

Table 6.1: Cost comparison of materials.

Material Price
Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) Php 80/50kg (approx. Php 65/bag of 40 kg)
Portland Pozzolana Cement Php 255/bag (40 kg)
Sand Php 600/ cu. M.

Table 6.2: Cost comparison of materials.

Material Price
Plastic Optical Fiber (Commercial Grade) Php 57.45/meter (3.83 g/m)
Coarse Waste Glass Virtually none, can be procured from recycling
centers.

As inferred from the previous data shown above, the compressive strength difference between the
conventional mixture of the concrete specimen between the translucent concrete specimen ranges from
none to an increase in favor of the translucent concrete.

Table 6.3: Translucent Concrete with Optical Fiber Block with Class “A” (1:2:4) mix.

Material Cubic Meter Unit Price (Php) Price

Cement 0.126 40/bag 5.03
Sand 0.0063 600/cu.m. 3.78
Coarse
Aggregate 0.0126 700/cu.m. 8.81
(Gravel)
Optical Fiber
0.0058 57.45/m 0.33
(4%)
Total 17.95

Table 6.4: Translucent Concrete with Coarse Waste Glass Block with Class “A” (1:2:4) mix.

Material Cubic Meter Unit Price (Php) Price

Cement 0.0126 40/bag 5.03
Sand 0.0063 600/cu.m. 3.78
Coarse
Aggregate 0.0126 700/cu.m. 8.81
(Gravel)
Coarse Waste None;
Glass 0.0058 can be found at 00
Inclusion recycling centers.
Total 17.62

Table 6.5: Translucent Concrete with GGBS Cement Replacement and Coarse Waste Glass Inclusion
Block with Class “A” (1:2:4) mix.

Material Cubic Meter Unit Price (Php) Price

Cement 0.063 40/bag 0.25

9
 GGBS 0.063 65/40kg 0.41
Sand 0.0063 600/cu.m. 3.78
Coarse
Aggregate 0.0126 700/cu.m. 8.81
(Gravel)
Coarse Waste None;
Glass 0.0058 can be found at 00
Inclusion recycling centers.
Total 13.25

Table 6.6 LiTraCon Pre-cast Blocks End Pricing.

Panel Min. Net Price

Available Block
Thickness Quantity per Sq. m.
Std. Dimensions
(mm) Order (Php/Sq.m.)
600 x 300mm
150 (6 in.) 3 245203.59
(24 in. x 12in.) to
1200 x 400mm
200 (8 in.) 2 315838.12
(47 in. x 15 in)

Figure 6.6 LiTraCon Pre-cast Blocks End Pricing. Adapted from

www.litracon.com.au/f/Litracon_2014_Australasian_End_Pricing_for_Users.pdf

Estimate

Socalized Housing
Parameters
(B.P. 220)
Unit
Total Total Total
Material Compressiv Total
Floor Height Wall
Dimension e Strength Price per unit or No.
Area of Area Area Total Price
Material s (N/mm²) Sq.m of
With 8000lb Covere Covere Covere (Php)
(Thk. x (Php) Unit
Load d d d
Length x s
(Sq.m.) (Meter) (Sq.m.)
Height)
LiTraCon 150mm x
Light 600 mm x
24,5203.59/Sq.m 13,976,604.6
Transmitting 300 mm 70 320
. 3
Concrete (6 in. x 24
Blocks in. x 12 in.)

712 18
Translucent
Concrete 150mm x (5 m x 3 57
400 mm x 4.5 m)
with Optical
00 mm
Fiber Block (6 in. x 8 70 17.95/pc. 12780.4
with Class in. x 16 in.)
“A” (1:2:4)
mix

10
 Translucent
Concrete 150mm x
400 mm x
with Coarse
00 mm
Waste Glass (6 in. x 8 62 17.62/pc. 12545.44
Block with in. x 16 in.)
Class “A”
(1:2:4) mix.
Translucent 18
Concrete 712
(5 m x
with GGBS 4.5 m) 3 57
Cement 150mm x
400 mm x
Replacemen
00 mm
t and Coarse (6 in. x 8 58 13.25/pc. 9434
Waste Glass in. x 16 in.)
Inclusion
Block with
Class “A”
(1:2:4) mix.

CONCLUSIONS

The experimental studies and papers on the properties of the translucent concrete have attested to the
significant difference of compressive strength in terms of comparing the new material to that of the
standard concrete block. Energy efficiency is an attainable outcome as the light transmission property
of the translucent material enables the reduction of power consumption. The lightweight attribute of the
material also contributes to its advantages. The only drawback from this material is the lack of
availability within the small markets and the higher price of investment upon its purchase due to the
presence and integration of the optical fibers but when possible, coarse waste glass can be use in their
stead to allow for a more low-cost solution

REFERENCES

Gawatre, D. W., Giri, S. D., & Bande, B. B. (2016, March). Transparent Concrete As An Eco-Friendly
Material for Building. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, 5(3), 55-62.

Harika, B. M., & Reddy, A. K. (2017, April). Low Cost Translucent Concrete. International Journal and
Magazine of Engineering, Technology, Management and Research, 4(4), 351-359.

Kashiyani, B. K., Raina, V., Pitroda, J., & Shah, D. B. (2013). A Study on Transparent Concrete: A Novel
Architectural Material to Explore Construction Sector. International Journal of Engineering
and Innovative Technology, 2(8), 83-86.

Pagliolico, S. L., Lo Verso, V. R., Torta, A., Giraud, M., Canonico, F., & Ligi, L. (2015). A Preliminary
Study on Light Transmittance Properties of Translucent Concrete Panels with Coarse Waste
Glass Inclusions. Energy Procedia, 78, 1811-1816.

Paul, S., & Dutta, A. (2013, October). Translucent Concrete. International Journal of Scientific and
Research Publications, 3(10).

Pradheepa, R., & Krishnamoorthi, R. (2015). An Experimental Study on Translucent Concrete.

International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, 3(3).

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Sangshetty, P. R., & Dhawale, A. (2017, February). An Overview of Energy Efficiency of Translucent
Concrete. International Journal of Application on Innovation in Engineering and
Management, 6(2), 37-40.

Sawant, A., Jugdar, R., & Chougule, V. (2014, December). Experimental Work on Light Transmitting
Concrete By Using Optical Fibre. International Journal of Advanced Technology in
Engineering and Science, 2(12), 636-645.

Sharma, S., & Reddy, O. (2017, March). Transparent Concrete. International Journal of Engineering
Sciences and Research Technology, 6(3), 306-308.

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