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BS 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 SM
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
Private IP Address
Class A – 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
Class B – 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
Class C – 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
APIPA – 169.254.0.0 – 169.254.255.255 (65536)
LOOPBACK – 127.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255
Type of IP Addresses –
1) Unicast 2) Multicast 3) Broadcast 4) Loopback 5) APIPA
Class A –> 1 – 126, Class B –> 128 – 191, Class C –> 192 – 223, Class D –> 224 – 239, Class E–> 240 – 255
VLSM –
No. of Host Required = 120
Minimum No. of Host Bits = 7
No. of Network Bits = 32 – 7 = 25
Subnet Bits = 1
Total Subnet = 21 = 2
Total No. of Host = 27 – 2 = 128 – 2 = 126
S. M = 255.255.255.128
Block Size = 128
Sub Network 1 = Ex. 192.168.10.0 /25
Sub Network 2 = Ex. 192.168.10.128 /25
IEEE - Institute of Electrical Electronics Engineers,
OUI – Organationally Unique Identifier (48 – Bit)
IANA – Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Booting Sequence –
POST – Bootstrap – Check Configuration Register – For any Boot Command if found – Does what they say
– If no first file from flash – If no file – TFTP Boots – If No TFTP file – Goes to ROMMON. – After loading IOS – Check
Configuration – register 0x2142 then ignore startup, if 0x2102 load startup – If no startup found – TFTP Auto install
if No, Enter Setup Mode.
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Created by – Amit Challelwar, 7588773030
DHCP POOL
ROUTER(CONFIG)# IP DHCP POOL AMIT
ROUTER(DHCP-CONFIG)# NETWORK 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0
ROUTER(DHCP-CONFIG)# DEFAULT-ROUTER 10.0.0.1
ROUTER(DHCP-CONFIG)# DNS-SERVER 75.75.75.10
ROUTER(DHCP-CONFIG)# LEASE 0 0 10 (OPTIONAL – TO ASSIGNING THE LEASE PERIOD DD HH MM)
ROUTER(DHCP-CONFIG)#EXIT
ROUTER(CONFIG)# IP DHCP EXCLUDED-ADDRESS 10.0.0.19 10.0.0.30
RIP (v1/2) – Routing Information Protocol (AD – 120, 15 Hop count Reachable, Uses Bellman Ford Algorithm)
- V1 Uses Broadcasting
- It supports VLSM, Authentication, It uses Multicasting, Load Balancing – Equal cost with same bandwidth.
- RIP has one issue i.e. Routing Loops
- To avoid Routing Loops (Techniques)
o Maximum Hop Count 15 (16th Hop Unreachable)
o Split Horizon Rule (Already Run) – Don’t send same update back from the same interface
o Triggered Updates – Reset timers & set the updates if any n/w add or goes down
o Route Poisoning – As any n/w goes down kill it or poison it. Set it 16th Hop Unreachable)
RIP V1 (ROUTING INFORMAITON PROTOCOL)
- ROUTER(CONFIG)# ROUTER RIP
- ROUTER(CONFIG-ROUTER)# NETWORK 10.0.0.0 (LAN N/W)
- ROUTER(CONFIG-ROUTER)# NETWORK 100.100.100.0 (WAN N/W)
- ROUTER(CONFIG-ROUTER)# EXIT OR ^Z
RIP V2 (ROUTING INFORMAITON PROTOCOL)
- ROUTER(CONFIG)# ROUTER RIP
- ROUTER(CONFIG)# VERSION 2
- ROUTER(CONFIG-ROUTER)# NETWORK 10.0.0.0 (LAN N/W)
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R#show access-list
R#show access-list 50
R#show ip access-list
R#clear access-list counters 50
Reflexive –
R(Config)#Access-list 110 permit tcp any host 172.16.20.29 eq 80
R(Config)#Access-list 110 permit tcp any any established
NOTE – We can give the IP before Access-list in standard, Explicit & Reflexive also. With this we can edit the ACL,
line by line.
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TYPES –
PAT (Port Address Translation)
- All private IP’s convert into single Public IP Address using different Port No.
R(Config)#Access-list 10 permit 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.31
R(Config)#IP NAT inside source list 10 interface serial 0/0 overload
STATIC NAT
- Single Private IP map with single Public IP
R(Config)#IP NAT inside source static 192.168.10.5 75.75.75.22
DYNAMIC NAT WITH OVERLOAD
- Like PAT. In here we assign a pool & when one user (with private IP) want to go to internet then that user
take one public IP with one port number. Like that many user’s can go to the internet taking same Public
IP but different Port Number. When that Public IP will be reached limit (more than 64000 users) then next
user will be gone to the internet taking the another Public IP address from the pool with port number.
R(Config)#IP NAT Pool mypool 50.50.50.2 50.50.50.5 netmask 255.255.255.248
R(Config)#Access-list 10 permit host 192.168.10.52 or full n/w
R(Config)#IP NAT inside source list 10 pool mypool overload
DYNAMIC NAT WITHOUT OVERLOAD
- In here we also provided a pool. But In here when one user (with private IP) is gone to the internet, that
take a Public IP without taking any Port Address. And when another user want to go to internet, that
another user take the another public IP from the pool.
R(Config)#IP NAT Pool mypool 50.50.50.2 50.50.50.5 netmask 255.255.255.248
R(Config)#Access-list 10 permit host 192.168.10.52 or full n/w
R(Config)#IP NAT inside source list 10 pool mypool
NAT Terms –
- Inside Local Address (Our Private IP Address)
- Inside Global Address (Our Public IP Address)
- Outside Local Address (Others Private IP Address)
- Outside Global Address (Others Public IP Address)
While doing the practical of NAT Default Route is necessary through the ISP from our Router.
WIDE AREA NETWORK CONNECTION –
- WAN connections tie together geographically distant location (N/w’s or sites) enabling than to
communicate as if they directly connected.
- WAN works on Physically & Data Link Layer
- Layer 2 Encapsulation Protocols – HDLC, PPP with PAP, PPP with CHAP, Frame Relay, X.25, ATM
TYPES OF WAN CONNECTIONS –
- Leased Lines (Protocols :- HDLC, PPP –> E1, T1)
- Circuit-Switched Network (Protocols :- HDLC, PPP -> ISDN Line)
- Packet-Switched Network (Frame Relay:- Virtual Circuit 512 Kbps)
1) HDLC (High Level Data Link Control) –
- Layer 2 Data encapsulation protocol used in WAN connection
- Used in Leased line/circuit-switched WAN networks
- It is Cisco proprietary protocol
- It is default encapsulation protocol
- Very low overhead on routers, simple & faster
Disadvantages –
- It is proprietary protocol (cisco)
- Having very less features as compare to PPP
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WIRELESS NETWORKING -
Type – According to Area Coverage
WLAN (Wireless Local Area N/W)
o Coverage Distance (100 mtr)
o We use wireless Access Point (Wireless AP)
o Data rate 11Mbps/54Mbps
o Speed >100Mbps
o Max. Speed 540 Mbps in today
WPAN (Wireless Personal/Private Area N/W) Ex. Bluetooth, Infrared
o Low power requires
o Low distance coverage (10mtr)
o Speed 1 Mbps
WMAN (Wireless MAN N/W)
o Citywide wireless coverage
o Speed 10-20 Mbps
o Required large Antennas/Towers
o Requires More Power for Transmission
WWAN (Wireless WAN N/W)
o Cellular’s N/W
o GPRS, GPS, 3G
o Speed some Kbps to Some Mbps
Wireless Topologies (Type of N/w) –
Ad-Hoc N/w (Peer-to-Peer N/w) (IBSS-Independent Basic Service Set)-
o It work’s without Access Point
o Wireless NIC required
o Full Mesh Topology
Basic Service Set (BSS) -
o Only one Access Point is used
o Like Star Topology
o W-AP Acts like a Hub
E xtended Service Set (ESS) -
o More than one Access Point is used
o For roaming 10-15% overlapping is must
o 1, 6, 11 Non-Overlapping Channels.
Wireless Facts –
Wireless AP works like a hub but
o Hub – CSMA/CD, Half Duplex
o Wireless AP – CSMA/CA
o It remove’s collision before
Single collision domain & works in Half duplex mode
It uses unlicensed band of Radio frequencies (RF works)
3 Major Organizations
o IEEE – Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers
o Wi-Fi Alliace – Wireless fidelity – All wireless vendors come together & organization is formed
o ITU-R – International Telecommunication Union – Radio Frequency Division
All 3 (IEEE, Wi-Fi & ITU-R) Plays an important role in wireless N/w
Unlicensed Band of Radio Frequencies -
o 900 MHz -> 902 - 928 MHz
o 2.4 GHz -> 2.400 - 2.483 GHz
o 5 GHz -> 5.150 - 5.300 GHz
5.725 – 5.825 GHz
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SWITCHING -
Foundation Switching Operations
Switch having three modes
- Listening Mode
- Learning Mode
- Forwarding Mode
Layer 2 Switch –
- It understands MAC Address
- It maintains MAC Address Table/CAM Table
- Broadcast Address is FFF:FFFF:FFFF (12 Hexa. i.e. 12x4 bits = 48 bits)
- Multicast Address Range – 0100:5E00:0000 – 0100:5EFF:FFFF
Layer 3 Switch –
- It understands IP Address & used to connect two or more different n/w’s
Frame Transmission Methods/Techniques (Types of Switches) –
- Store-And-Forward
o Slower in speed (Frame Transfer)
o Frame stored in buffer (Memory) – It checks total frame – It corrects the frame & then forward
to destination using parity bits (CRC – Cyclic Redundancy Check) – 100% Reliable communication
– High processing power utilize
- Cut-Through
o Faster in speed (Frame Transfer)
o It doesn’t performs CRC (So doesn’t require buffer)
o Not Reliable as compared to Store-And-forward
o Processing power low utilize
- Fragment Free
o Medium in speed (Frame Transfer)
o It buffers 64 byte of a frame (all collision occurs within the first 64 bytes) & check this data
o Medium processing power utilize
o Reliability is medium, more reliable compared to Cut-Through & less reliable compared to Store-
And-Forward
SOME COMMANDS -
SW#show mac-address-table
SW#show dhcp lease
SW(config)#int vlan 1
SW(config-if)#ip add dhcp (To get ip from DHCP Server Automatically)
SW(config-if)#ip add 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.224
SW(config-if)#no shut
SW(config)#int range fa 0/0
SW(config-if-range)#shut / no shut
SW(config-if-range)#duplex ? (Auto/Half/Full)
SW(config-if-range)#Speed ? (10/100/Auto)
SW(config)#ip default-gateway 192.168.10.1 (To assign Gateway to the Switch)
Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1d)
- To avoid the loop between switches we use STP
- By default STP is running
- Smaller Bridge ID switch is selected as Root Bridge all ports of root Bridge is DP
- Bridge ID/Root ID – Bridge priority.MAC Address
- Switches connected to DP ports of Root bridge that become RP and another ports become DP or NDP (by
relation). Every switch contains at least one DP port. Whose bridge ID is higher in that n/w one port
become NDP(non designated port).
- Now other switches try to find the best path having low link cost to reach root bridge.
- It is also Farwarding Port (Data Send/Receive)
- It also send/receives Hello’s
- NDP (BLK) – It stop send/receive of the data. But does not stop Hellos.
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CONFIGURATION -
R1(config)# int fas 0/0
R1(config-if)#no shut
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#int fas 0/0.10
R1(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 10 (VLAN of switch)
R1(config-subif)#ip add 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-subif)#exit
R1(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 20 (VLAN of switch)
R1(config-subif)#ip add 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-subif)#exit
R1(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 30 (VLAN of switch)
R1(config-subif)#ip add 192.168.30.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-subif)#exit
SWITCHED VIRTUAL INTERFACE – (SVI METHOD USING L3 SWITCH)
ADVANTAGES –
o It does hardware routing (Packet switching)
o It is faster than software routing
o It is better than router on a stick method for redundancy
DISADVANTAGES –
o Cost is more
CONFIGURATION -
L3SW1(config)#ip routing
L3SW1(config)#vlan 10
L3SW1(config)#vlan 20
L3SW1(config)#vlan 30
L3SW1(config)#int vlan 10
L3SW1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
L3SW1(config)#int vlan 20
L3SW1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
L3SW1(config)#int vlan 30
L3SW1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.30.1 255.255.255.0
L3SW1(config)#exit
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