aan Nana Stans ag) Designation: D 2855 - 96 oisotona sanGok AST SarsessCopwshcaSHL Standard Practice for Making Solvent-Cemented Joints with Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe and Fittings* {Wis snd se ash ed deseo 295: ane mein ie Be So teh eof ial aferion sn tess f revision the ye it eis A mnie in acess lees he eof at eave. A Stoel eyton (nse men change sine Le a enor appa Pu sad as bcm apport for ae by center of the Dare of Defoe, Cm the Dud ter of Speen ant Sond for he po ar of tae high hen ape By he Dpto Df 1, Scope 1.1 This practice describes a procedure for making joints ‘with poly(vinyl chloride) plastic (PVC) pipes, both plain ends and fittings, and bell ends, by means of solvent cements. These procedures are general anes for PVC piping. In non-pressure applications, simplified procedures may be used. Manufactat= crs should. supply specific instructions for their particular products, ifand when it seems necessary. 2 The techniques covered are applicable only to PYC pipe, both plain and bell-end, and fittings ofthe same classes &s ‘described in Specification D 1784. 1.3 Pipe and fitings are manufactured within eextain toler ances to provide for the small variations in the extrusion, belling, and molding processes and are not to exact size. A partial Tist of standards for PVC pipe, fittings, and cements Suitable for use in making solvent-cemented joins is given in Appendix X1, 14. The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the sidan, The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.8 The text ofthis practice references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the practice, L6 This standard eloes not purport ro address all of the safety concerns, if any. associated with its use. I is the responsibility of the user of this standard 10 establish appro priate safety and health practices and determine the applica Diy of regulatory limitations prior 10 use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1_ ASTM Standards: D740 Specification for Methyl Ethyl Ketone? 1D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating 1 Plastios® D 1784 Specification for Rigid Poly(Viny! Chloride) (PVC) "Thi acc unr th rdctin of ASTM Comins 7c Paste Pang Syste he ie spb of Seemite 172900 "Cue lion approved Mere 10, 199, Pine Ny 1998. Orginal plied 96285370, List pvions eon D 2855-9, Ea Bak of ASTM Sand, a O a Bork of ASTM Sane, Ne 9 Compounds and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Compounds? 1D 2564 Specification for Solvent Cements for Poly( Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Piping Systems* F402 Practice for Safe Handling of Solvent Cements, Primers, and Cleaners Used for Joining Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings? F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems! F 656 Specification for Primers for Use in Solvent Cement Joints of Poly(Viny! Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe and Fittings* Nore I-Oer standards suitable for se in. making solvent erent joints for PVC pipe and fiings ae sted in Appendix 1 3. Terminology 3.1 Definvions—Defintions are in accordance with Termi- nology F412, and abbreviations are in accordance with Ter~ rminology D 1600, unless othersise specified 4, Summary of Practices 4.1 To consistently make good joints, the following should be clearly understood and adhered to: 4.1.1 The joining surfaces must be softened (dissolved) and made semi-Ruid, 4.1.2 Suflicient cement must be applied to fill the gap between pipe and fing, 4.1.3 Assembly of pipe and fittings must be made while the surfices are stilt wet and fluid 44.14 Joint strength develops as the cement dries. Inthe tight part of the joint the surfaces will tend to fuse together; in the Tose part the cement will bond to both surfaces. 42 Penetration and dissolving can be achieved by the cement itself, by a suitable primer. or by the use ofboth primer and cement. suitable primer will penetrate and dissolve the plastic more quickly than cement alone. In cold weather. more time and additional applications are required (see Fig. 1). 4.3: More than sullicient cement to fill the loose part of the Joint must be applied (see Fig. 2). Besides fling the gap, Adequate cement layers will penetrate the surfaces and also Femain wet until the joint is assembled. al Book of STA Sande, YO O804) D 2855 FIG. 1 Atoas of Ppa and Fittings to Be Softened (Dissolved) and Penetrated xz FIG, 2 Cement Coatings of Sufficient Thickness, 44 Ifthe cement coatings on the pipe and fittings are wet and fluid when assembly takes place, they witl tend to flow together and become one cement layer. Also, ifthe cement is ‘wet the surfaces beneath them will stil be soft, and these dlissolved surfaces inthe tight part of the joint will tend to Fuse together (see Fig. 3) 4.3 As the solvent dissipates, the cement layer and the dissolved surfaces will harden with a coresponding increase in joint strength. A good joint will take the required working pressure long before the joint is fully dry and Anal strength is ‘obtained. In the tight (fused) part of the joint, strength will develop more quickly than in the looser (bonded) part of the Joint. Completed joints should not be disturbed until they have ‘cured sufficiently to withstand handling, Joint strength devel- ‘ops asthe cement dries. Information about the development of bond strength of solvent cemented joins is avsilabe (see Fig, 4. ‘5. Significance and Use 5.1 The techniques deseribed herein can be used to produce strong pressure-tight joints between PVC pipe and fitings, either in shop operations or in the field. However, skill and knowledge on the part of the operator are required to obisin & Orato eucse oad ase rec oe ) ey FIG. 4 Bonded and Fused Surfaces of Joined Pipe good quality joint. This skill and knouledge-can be obtained by making joints under the guidance of skilled operators and testing them until good quality joints are obtained. 6, Matectals 6.1 Pipe and Fittings-—The pipe and fitings should meet ‘he requirements of current applicable PYC piping standards. A list of these standards is given in Appendix X1. 62 Solvent Cement: 6.2.1 Specification —The solvent cement should meet all the requirements of Specification D 2564. 6.2.2 Selection—PVC solvent cements are available in a variety of viscosities and wet film thicknesses to cover the range of pipe sizes from “4 to 12 in. and for interference-it joints as well as nonintecference joints, as found in some Schedule 80 pipe and fittings. One of the general principles of solvent cementing that should be strictly adhered to is: sull- cient cement must be applied to fill the gap between pipe and fitting. 6.2.2.1 The ability of a solvent cement to fill a gap ina pipe joint can be determined by considering its viscosity and ‘well thickness (see Note X3.1). A guide to the proper selection ofa solvent cement forthe various pipe sizes is given in Table X3.1 and Table X3.2, where PVC solvent cements are classified (for purposes of identification) as regularpodied, ‘mediurn-bodied, and heavy-bodied cement based on minimum viscosity and minimum wet-ilm thickness. 62.3 Storage—PVC solvent cements should be stored in a cool place except when actually in use at the jobsite, These ‘cements have a fimited shel life when not stored in lermeti- cally sealed containers. Serew top containers are not conside cred to be hermetically sealed. Consult tre cement manufic= turer for spectiic storage recommendations on storage conditions and shelf life, The cement is unsuitable for use on the job if it exhibits an appreciable change trom the original viscosity, ora sign of gelation is apparent. Restoration ofthe original viscosity of removal of gelation by adding solvents or thinners is not wecommended, 63 Cleaners—Cleaness are of two types, chemical and mechanical (abrasives), Cleaners are used to remove surface Impurities (oi. dit, etc.) and surface gloss. 6.3.1 Chemical Cleaners—The chemical cleaners are as follows: 63.1-1 Cleener recommended by the pipe, fittings, oF ee- manufacturer, and 6.3.1.2 Methyl ethyl Ketone (MEK) in accordance with Specification D 740.Alb 0 2855 63.2 Mechanical Cleaners—Tae mechanical cleaners are 1s follows: 63.2.1 Fine abrasive paper or cloth ((80 grit or finer) and 63.2.2 Clean, oil-free steel wool 64 Primers—Primers are used to clean, soften, and dissolve the joining surfaces in order to better prepare them for solvent ‘cementing, Primers must be capable of dissolving 10 weight % ‘of PVC resin as required in Specification F 656. Primers may also be used as cleaners; refer to specific recommendations of the manufacturer, [Nore 2—ta the eve of conficting instructions fom the pipe, rings, or cement manuficares,wse« primer as well as solvent cement joining procebue. G.I Primer Specification—The primer shall meet the re- quirements of Specification F 656. 1. Procedure TAL Cantng the Pipe—Cut pipe square with the axis, using 4 fine-ooth hand saw and a miter box, oF a fine-ooth power saw with a stable guide (se Fig. 5, Wood-workng blades may be wed. A rotary eter may be ued ithe cating blades are specially designed for cutting plastic pipe in such a way 5 not to raise barr or ridge (are) atthe cut end ofthe pip. other ools are not available, a standard eotary metal pipe cuter may be used, provided greut eae is taken to remove all the ridge mised atthe pipe end by the wedging action ofthe cuiting Wheels Failure to remove the ridge wil result ia the cement in the fiting socket being seraped from the socket surface, producing a dry joint with a high probability of joint failure. Remove al burs with a knife, Mle, oF abrasive paper. 72 Joint Preparation —Charnfe ot debuce pipe, ot both, approsimately a illustrated in Fig. 6, Falling to chamfer the ‘edge ofthe pipe may remove the cement and softened material, from the fiting socket, and result ina leaking joint. 73 Test Dry Fit of the Joint (see Fig, 7)—The solvent cement Joint is designed so that there will generally be interference of pipe wal withthe fiting socket before the pipe i flly inserted. Insert the pipe into the fing and check that the interference occurs about '4 to % of the socket depth. Sometimes, when the pipe and fittings are at ther tolerance extremes oF wien Schedule 80 pipe is used, it may be possible {0 fully inert the dry pipe into the fing socket uni it bottoms, If this occurs, the fit between the pipe end fing should be snug I the fis loose or wobbly, ater fitings or Pipe should be selected which give @ proper fit 74 Cleaning—Surfaces to be joined must be cleaned and be tee of dirt moisture off, and other foreign material (see Fig 8). 1 this cannot be accomplished by wiping with a clean dry cloth, a chemical oF mechanical cleaner must be used. 1° a ‘hemical cleaners used, apply with an applicator. Skin eontact, ‘with chemical cleaners should be avoided. 18 Application Procedre: 73.1 Handling Cenert—Keap the cement ean closed ad ina shady place when not actually in use. Discard the cement wen an appreciable change in viscosity takes place, or atthe ‘rst sign of gelation. The cement should not be thinned. Keep the brush imincrsed in cement between applications Nore 3A pe contin i ined whe ke cement des no flow tly tom feb when he cement sppers apy abd Sy 7.32 Applicator Size—Apply the cement with a natural triste, nylon brush or sulable applicator, using @ Yin (12-min) brush or dauber for nominal pipe size in and less, a I-in, (23-mm) brush or dauber for pipe up through 2-in. nominal pipe size and e brush width at leas of nominal pipe size for sizes above 2 in, eXcopt that for pipe sizes 6 in. and larger a 2Y%in.(60-mm) brush is adequate. Other applicators, may be used provided their use results in an equivalent amount ‘of cement being applied tothe Joining sures. 133 Application of Primer and Cemert—PVC solvent cement is fistrying, and therefore the cement shall be applied 8 quickly as posible, consistent with good workmanship. It ‘may be necessary fortwo workers to perform this operation For larger sizes of pipe. Under eonltions of high atmospheric humidity, quick application is important to minimize conden sation of moisture fom the sir on the cement surface. The Sue temperature ofthe mating surfaces should not exceed MO°F (48°C) at the time of assembly. In cirect sunlight In ambient temperate above IIO°F, the pipe surface may exceed IIO"F. The pipe temperature may be reduced by Sovabbing the surface to be cemented with clean wet raps provided the pipe is thoroughly deed before the primer and cement are applied. 733.1 Fils apply primer to inside socket surface (see 7.5.2 for applicator or brs size) Use a scrubbing motion to ensure penetration. Repeated applications may be necessary (ee Fi. » 753.2 Next, solten surface of male end of pipe, to be inserted into socket, to depth offing socket by uniformly applying a liberal coat of primer. Be sre entire surface is well softened (dissolved) (see Fig. 10). 7.53.3 Again, brush inside socket surface with primer; then, without dela, apply cement to pipe white the surfaces are still FG. 6 Apparatus for Cuting Pipe 34) D 2855 vation re Prom et ae FIG. 6 Charnfer and Deburring of Pipe Edges FIG. 8 Cleaning of Pipe with Ory Cioth to Remove Foreign Matter ‘wet with primer (see Fig. 11) 7.5.3.4 Apply cement lightly but uniformly co inside of socket, taking care to keep excess cement out of socket. This is to prevent solvent damage to pipe (sec Fig. 12). Time is important at this stage. Apply a second coat of cement to the pipe end (see Fig. 11). 7.54 Low-Temperature Application—At temperatures be- low freezing, 32°F (0°C), solvents penetrate and soften the PYC surfaces more slowly than in warmer weather. For this reason it ig recommended that testing be done on a piece of scrap pipe of the same lotto determine if satisfactory penewa- tion of the surfaces can be achieved tthe existing temperature. ‘This test can be done by applying the primer, waiting & few ‘minutes and scraping the surface with a knife edge. Ifsufficient penetration is achieved, some of the plastic surface ofthe pipe 4 FIG. 10 Liberal Application of P Pipe to Soften Surtace of End of should be soft enough to be removed, If sufficient penetration {snot achieved, even with multiple applications of primer, itis uniikely that a suitable joint will result 7.54.1 Individual serape tests may be needed for pipes and ‘tings from different manufactures or even for pipes and fittings of diferent lots trom the same manufacturer, because of| possible surface variations. Furthermore. it fs good practice to lise this test, regardless of ambient temperature, not only because of possible surface variations in pipes and ftings, but also because of differences in pipe primer formulations. IF satisfactory penetration of joining surlaces does not cocur when tested as outlined above with available cement or primers, contact your pipe. iting, cement, or primer manuac- ‘urer belore proceeding.(db D 2855 alent San 1G. 12 Uniform But Light Application of Cement to Inside of ‘Socket 7.542 Important considerations for cementing in cold weather are: (1) Prelabricate as much of the system as possible in @ heated work ares. 2). Stove sealed cements and primers between 40°F ($°C) {0 70°F (21°C) when not in use and make sure they remain fluid. Do not use apen flame or electric heaters to warm cements or primes. {G)_ Take special care to remove moisture, including ise and snow, from pipe and iting surfaces before applying primer or cement. (4)_ Always use primer te softea the joining surfaces before applying cement. More than one application may be nevessary (8). Allow a longer cure time before the system is used. This necessary because the solvents evaporate more slowly at cold temperatures. Refer to Table X2 7.6 Special Insructons for Bell-End Pipe—The procedure in 7.5 may be followed in the ease of bell-end pipe excep that greet care should be taken not to apply an excess of cement in the bell socket, nor should any cement be applied on the bell-to-pipe transition arca. This precaution is particularly Jimporant for installation oF be-end pipe with wal thickness of fess than Ve in. 3 mm). 13 Assembly of Joint—tnmnediaely ater applying the last oat of cement 0 the pipe, and while both the inside socket surface aad the outside surface of the male end of te pipe are SOFT and WET with solvent cement, forcefully bottom the male end ofthe pine inthe socket (See Fig. 13). Tarn the pipe for iting % tum ding assembly (but aot after the pipe is bottomed) to Taee eure shoals are bao on [abrter) tt dara bianed cr Na cs (NET FIT=In at ene pe Cotes sly he Hing octet wine rectng ‘eerie. Traits Mur fee tats Nas 20% of es Mer reat uy may regu ener cre pers. X3. GUIDELINES FOR PVC SOLVENT CEMENT SELECTION X3.1 Cement classifications and guidelines shown are an {id fo selection, and should not be taken to be the recommen- TABLE X22 Coments for Schedule 80 (Noto X3.3 and Note X34) num vscosty Wem et Fm dons of al cement manufacturers. Individual manuicturer’s RASS" canon Tipe Tess cement recommendations fr pipe sizes, SDR's, and schedules @_ahes a a Should be lowed, fr there ar situations where jot ts vary = i —a08 Oa) v9 con Sant an for different applications ofthe same nominal pipe size. In suck cases variations from the guidelines given in Table X3.1 and ‘Table X3.2 may be satisfactory and desirable, Nore X3.1-The wetfllm thiskeess of @ solvent coment can be measured by using a Novdson Wet Futn Thickness Gage or equivalent, avaleble from Nowdsou Corp, Arsherst, Ohio +4001, as Nordson No, TABLE X21 PVC Cemonts for Schedule 40 and Intorfarence Fit (Woto 3.2 and Nate X33) cteinan vecosny RIA REF Poe Sine Theaness erent Tp age. Seam Wet vepisrbaied 60 —) Goes aT) 2ates —madumansies 600500) fE30} Hots heawyoosad 1000 (ato) ae am, 79-0015. To use this gage dip short length of Lin. pipe vetiealy into the cement aa temperature of approximately 72°F (23°C) 1 a depth of 1.5102 in, 4010 80 en) for apeiod of 15s, Remove the pipe fom the cement and hold the pipe horizontally for 45 5. Measure the we-fim ‘highness on the top suifice of the pipe wih the end ofthe gage about "vi (10 mam) fra te end oF the pipe. With litle ere and experience, ‘he wet cement ayer ean be eal measured fo 0 002 in, (0.05 mm), [Note X3.2—Soivet cement manufactures recomneadatins shoud flowed forse aes and eure tines when joining pipe sizes above 8 ‘Note X3.3~-Medium-todied and heary-boied cements ean generally be used fr smller pipe sas then thse showin Table X2. | and Table Xu Nave X3.4—Solvent cement manatees recormencatins shout he followed in selecting the proper cement for joining Schedule 80 pipe sizes above 6 i ‘The Ameren Soi Testing ar Matas tates no posi respoctn he vay of ary paint rigs assenednconacon sath ny ham martoned I estar. Users of he snd ar express) aised ta cetera eh wail ay S0b alr gs die isk 2 gement each Ni ve eye mn esporsbly ‘his anda utot room any ney tho ogra actress mt be tui avy ye a \atrensos. ae raeprowed or wtian. Yur conrs are ota afr revise es saad ast Sanaa {isnot be adage to ASTI Hamdgantos esr cormrts ni vonve cat Sontinaton aa meng oe espanae Ione commie hich you may ater If ou fa! a our comments he ot receed oft aang you shel make Your "aus known fo tne AS TH Commitee on Sardar 10 Bar Harber ve, Wt Canstahacon. Pa 9628