Elements of geophysical well

Formation Evaluation
 Definition and types of profiles
Profile is any discrete or continuous registration in scale of physical, chemical
and biological agents over a pit. According to the parameters or registered for
the purpose of registries, the profiles are given different names.
PROFILE DETERMINAÇÃO (USO NA AVALIAÇÃO)

1. RESISTIVITY Sality, Fluid

2. ACUSTIC Velocity. Porosity. Lithology

3. RADIATIVITY Shaliness, Porosity, lithology

4. ELETROMAGNETIC Lithology. Porosity. Fluid

5. DEPTH Depping layers

6. CALIPER Well Diameter.

7. TEMPERATURE Gradient & Temperature

8. TELEVISION Frastures. Well Form.

Lithology
9. VERTICAL SEISMIC Velocity, seismograms

10. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC Lithology, Fluids, texture

11. DENSITY Porosity, Correlation

12. NEUTRONIC Porosity

 Methods More Used
• Eletrical Resistivity (ES)
• Eletormagnetc Indution
• spontaneous Potential (SP)
• Nature Radioativity or induced (GR)
• Sonic Velocity
• Temperature
 Properties Obtained
• Thickness
• Formation’s Lithology
• Porosity
• Permeability
• Water saturation and/or hydrocarbons
• Depping Layers, and
• temperature
 Application
• For the thickness of the layers in general uses:
– Resistivity
– spontaneous Potential
– Radioactivity
– Sonic Velocity
• The estimates of porosity, are based on measurements :
– Resistivity, sonic velocity and radioactivity

• In addition estimates of porosity can be obtained by profiling gamma ray

density, neutron logging, gamma ray logging and resonance.
 Resistivity
What is it?

• It is the ability of a substance has to stop the flow of an electric

current through it, each material has a resistivity :
– Rm = resistivity mud;
– Rmc= resistivity of the screed;
– Rxo= resistivity of the washed zone;
– Rmf= resistivity of the mud filtrate;
– Rt = resistivity true of the formation (Virgin Zone);
– Rw = Water's formation resistivity;
– Ra = apparent resistivity;
– Ro = resistivity of the formation with 100% water
• Suppose a container, e.g a tank full of water whose resistivity is 1 ohm.
The resistivity (Rw) of this water volume is 1 ohm.

Answer resistivity

• Fill up the tank with sand grains. The water will now occupy the pore
space. Measure the resistivity of the total volume (water + grains), we will
have a resistivity (Ro) greater than Rw. Ro> Rw.

Answer resistivity
• Is added to the beans and water a certain amount of oil. The measured
resistivity (Rt) is greater than the previous one (Ro).

Rt > Ro > Rw

Rt = Resistivity True of Fm. with H2O + Grains + HC

• Current flows only through the water, which is conductive because its salt
content in solution. The matrix and act as insulating oil. When there is low
porosity there is also little water, then place high resistivity values​.​ Therefore,
the porosity is an important factor, as both a porous rock with a rock or HC
closed with water gives high values ​of resistivity, confusing the interpreter.
 Virgin Zone Rt

Washed Zone RL
Invaded Zone
Mud Rm Zona Invadida Ri

Screed Rmc

horizontal schematic representation of the distribution of fluids within formation near a

well and distribution of radial concentric resistivity in a zone with water.
 Profiles of spontaneous potential and
gamma ray
• The curve of spontaneous potential (SP) and natural gamma ray log (GR) profiles are physical phenomena that
occur naturally in rocks "in situ“;
• Spontaneous Potential - The SP curve records the electrical potential (voltage) produced by the interaction of
formation water, drilling fluid and conductive ion selective certain rocks (shales);
• Gamma Ray - indicates the natural radioactivity of the formations, which depends on the concentration of uranium,
thorium and potassium.
• GR standard which measures only the total radioactivity
– Registration natural gamma rays spectrometry (NGS), which measures the total radioactivity and
concentrations of potassium, thorium and uranium;
– Both the SP curve as the record of GR usually represent the left profile. In general, if measuring in
conjunction with any other record, as the resistivity and porosity.
 Information obtained
• (1) - Differentiates rocks potentially producing, porous and permeable
(sandstone, limestone, dolomite), clays and shales not permeable;
• (2) - Defines the boundaries of the layers and allows the correlation
between the various layers of a sedimentary basin wells;
• (3) - Provides an indication of shaliness layer;
• (4) – Indicates the presence of salt or fresh water;
• (5) - Help in Identifying the lithology (mineral);
• (6) - In the case of the SP curve, allows the determination of resistivity of
the formation water, Rw. In certain cases profiles GR or NGS serve to
detect and evaluate radioactive mineral deposits.
• (7) – The NGS profile, it's the defining Concentrations of the potassium,
thorium and uranium.
 Curves Spontaneous Potential SP
• The SP curve is a record, as a function of depth, the difference between the electrical potential of a
movable electrode and the electrical potential in the well of a fixed electrode on the surface.
 Behaviors of the materials before
• In front of shale, the SP curve generally defines a more or less straight line in the profile, which is called
baseline shales;

• In front of the permeable layers, the curve shows negative excursions with respect to baseline shale;
these excursions in thick layers (deflection) tend to achieve a substantially constant deflection, thus also
defining a line of sand;

• The deflection can be developed to the left (negative) or right (positive) mainly depending on the
salinity of the formation water and mud filtrate;

• If the salinity of the formation water is greater than that of the mud filtrate, the deflection will be to the
left (negative value). If the salinity contrast is the reverse deflection is to the right. If there is no contrast
in salinity deflection shall be void. In this case the horizon will be confused with shale;

• The deflections of the curve SP result from electrical currents flowing in the mud pit. Electric currents
are of two kinds. Electric current nature of electronic and electrical current of ionic nature. These
currents are due to SP electromotive forces in formations that have an origin ion electrochemical and
electrokinetic.
THE FIVE BASIC ANSWERS FOR THE SP PROFILES AND
RESISTIVITY FOR ONE LAYER BETWEEN SHALES
 PROFILE GAMMA RAY (GR)

• Sedimentary formations in the profile reflects the clay content of the

training because the radioactive elements tend to concentrate in clays and
shales.

• The formations cleaner has a very low level of radioactivity, unless

radioactive contaminants such as volcanic ash or waste of granites are
present or that the waters contain training radioactive salts dissolved.
 Properties of Gamma Rays.
• Are pulses high energy electromagnetic waves that are emitted spontaneously by
some radioactive elements. The radioactive isotope of potassium with an atomic
weight of 40, and the series of radioactive elements uranium and thorium emit
nearly all gamma radiation which lies on earth. Each of these elements emits
gamma rays and the number and energy of each is separately;

• When passing through matter, gamma rays experience Comptom successive

collisions with the atoms of the training material and lose energy in each collision.
After the gamma ray has lost sufficient energy, an atom absorbs the formation
through a photoelectric effect. Accordingly, the natural gamma rays are absorbed
and its energy gradually degrade (lower) passing through the formations;

• The rate of absorption varies with the density of the formation: two configurations
having the same amount of radioactive material per unit volume, but with different
densities show different levels of radioactivity; less dense formations appear
slightly more radioactive.
 SONIC PROFILE
• record of sound propagation ( Δt) in different lithologies traversed in a
well.
– Δt - is the time required for a sound wave to travel one foot formation;
– a velocidade do som varia segundo o meio em que as ondas se
propagam e que estas viajam mais rapidamente em sólidos que em
líquidos e são muito mais velozes em líquidos que em gases.
• Sometimes the velocity of sound is a convenience feature
to differentiate between different types of lithologies.

SONIC VELOCITY (FOOT/SEC) TRANSIT TIME

Environment (sec./foot)

Sand 18.000 - 19.500 55,5 - 51,2

Limestone 21.000 - 23.000 47,6 - 43,5
Dolomite 23.000 - 26.000 43,5 - 38,5
Anidrite 20.000 50,0
Salt 15.000 67,0
Clay 6.000 - 16.000 167,0 - 62,5
Fresh Water 5.300 189,0
Sea Water 5.000 167,0
Petroleum 4.300 232,0
iron 17.500 57,0
 Application
• The sonic profile can be used O perfil sônico pode ser
utilizado in the following cases:
a) Determining the porosity of the formation;
b) Correlation;
c) Identification of lithology;
d) Aid in seismic interpretation for developing synthetic
seismogram;
e) Indication of fractures;
f) Estimating compaction .
 The Porosity
• An advantage of the sonic profile come from the
direct relationship between the transit time and
porosity, hence say that the sonic profile serves as
registrar of porosity.
• For compacted formations and intergranular
porosity fairly uniform, Willie and others proposed
the link below:

t profile − t ma
=
t f − t ma

• Δt profile = reading the profile

• Δt f = transit time in the fluid ( 189 seg/pé)
• Δt ma = transit time in the matrix rock (sand,
limestone, dolomite, etc)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Sonic Profile
• Advantages
• - Optimistic assessment of porosities (s high)
• - Little affected by the pore fluids
• - Can be registered with IES profiles (resistivity) and RG
(Gamma Ray)
• - Lets check seismic data
• Disadvantages
• - Affected by shaliness
• - Reads only the primary porosity
• - It can not be run in cased
 Neutron profile
• Preliminarily profiles Neutron account the amount of hydrogen in existing formations.
Consequently, the "formations" (rocks) whose pores contain clean water or oil reflect
the value of the porosity filled with liquid.
• Gas zones can often be identified by comparing the profile with another profile
neutron porosity. The combination of Neutron with one or two other profiles of
porosity provides, in fact, porosity values ​far more accurate lithology identification and
even determination of clay.
Principle of neutron logging
 Application of the Neutron Logging
- Determination of porosity is one of the most important use of neutron profiles. Fixes for lithology and
open pit parameters are required for porosity determinations;

- The SNP is specially designed for use in open pit and provides readings of porosities with minimal
effect of the well. It is the only efficient neutron tool for use in wells filled with gas;

- The CNL is designed for use in combination with other tools open pit or well coated. The feature of
greatly reduces the effects of compensation parameters from the well;

- The GNT can be used in both open pit and in cased. Registered in combination with a gamma curve,
qualitatively it eliminates the shale formations and closed porous sections;

- In combination with another profile of porosity (pore other data) or use in a graph against the
resistivity, the neutron profile is useful for detecting gas zones.

- The neutron profile is used in combination with other porosity profiles for the interpretation of
lithology.

- The neutron profile is used in combination with other porosity profiles for the interpretation of shaly
sandstones.
 Dipmeter profiles - devices microresistividade

• Determines the plunge and discontinuities (such as

layering, layering of strata traversed, and failures) in the
subsurface.
Profile dipmeter showing the azimute and dipping layers
2004-geólog jr
2010-Geologo Jr.
2010/2-Geologo Jr.