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processes.
Throughout any industrial facility, heat must be
added, removed, or moved from one process stream to
another.
Understanding the basics of the heart of this operation
is key to any engineers’ mastery of the subject.
There are three basic types of heat transfer:
conduction, convection, and radiation.
The two most common forms encountered in the
chemical processing industry are conduction and
convection.
This course will focus on these key types of heat
transfer.
OUTLINE OF COURSE
Basic modes of heat transfer, conduction, convection
and radiation,
Heat conduction equation at steady state, heat
conduction in slabs (Plane& composite wall),
cylinders, spheres,
Heat generation inside solids,
Unsteady state heat conduction, Biot number, Fourier
number, Heisler charts.
Critical thickness and optimum thickness of
insulation,
Extended surfaces, fin performance evaluation,
effectiveness of fins.
Free and forced convection inside and outside the
tubes as well as over the plates,
Individual and overall heat transfer coefficients.
Expressions for calculating individual and overall heat
transfer coefficients
Heat transfer in laminar flow and turbulent flow,
Dimensionless numbers in heat transfer,
Heat transfer coefficients in natural convection and its
applications.
Condensation and Boiling
Heat Transfer to boiling liquids, pool boiling and
forced convection boiling,
Boiling curve and its characteristics.
Film condensation, dropwise condensing
Condensation over flat plate,
Condensation inside and outside the tubes in
horizontal, vertical and inclined position,
Estimation of film coefficient of heat transfer for
condensing vapours turbulence in condensing film.
Radiation heat transfer, emissive power,
Laws of radiation,
Concepts of black body, gray body,
Green house effect,, heat flux by radiation, view
factors,
radiation shield, luminous and non luminous gases.
Heat Transfer fluids: Steam, organic thermic-fluids
such as Downtherm and others, molten metals,
molten salts, flue gases, calculation of heat transfer
coefficients for the heating fluids and their selection
criteria.
TEXT / REFERENCES:
Hollman J.P.; Heat Transfer, McGraw Hill, 1993
Incropera F.P. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer 5th Edition Wiley
India Pvt.Ltd Ltd.,2008
Cengel Y.A. Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach McGraw-Hill; 2 edition
,2002
Kern D.Q., Process Heat Transfer, Tata McGraw Hill Book Co., New Delhi,
1990.
Coulson J.M., Richardson J.R. Chemical Engineering, Vol. I 5th Edition,
Butterworth Heinemann, New Delhi.
Sukhatme S.P., Text Book on Heat Transfer, Orient Longman Pvt. Ltd.
Rajput R.K. Heat and Mass Transfer S. Chand & Company Ltd., New
Delhi,2003
Dutta B.K. Heat Transfer; Principles and Applications PHI Pvt.Ltd New
Delhi ,2006
Sachdeva R.C. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer 3rd Edition, New
Age International Ltd,2008
Arora S.C., Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer, Khanna Published, New
Delhi.
Dawande S.D., Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer, Central Techno
Publications, Nagpur.
Kumar D.S., Process Heat Transfer, S.K.Kataria & Sons Publishers, New
Delhi.
Eckert E.R.G. and Drake R.M.; 2nd Edition, Heat Transfer and Mass
Transfer, McGraw Hill Education.
Kothandaram C.P., Subramanyan S.; Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer,
Databook, 4th Edition, Wiley eastern Ltd., 1989
McAdams W.H.; Heat Transmission, McGraw Hill Book Co. New York,
1954
F. Kreith and M.S. Bohn, Principles of Heat Transfer. (5th Edn. ed.),, West
Publishing Co., San Francisco (1993).
Learning objectives
What is heat transfer?
Energy balance
13
The Nature of Heat
Heat moves in only one direction:
Under normal conditions and in nature, heat energy will
ALWAYS flow the warmer object to the cooler object.
Heat energy will flow from one substance to another
until the two substances have the same temperature.
14
How ‘Heat’ Moves
15
Conduction
CONDUCTION:
The transfer of heat from one particle of
matter to another by direct particle to
particle contact.
Conduction occurs primarily in solids because the
particles are tightly packed together.
The particles themselves DO NOT change positions.
16
How ‘Heat’ Moves
Define “Heat”:
Heat is the movement of thermal
energy from a substance at a higher
temperature to another substance
at a lower temperature.
17
Conduction
18
Conduction
d. The rapidly vibrating particles of the pot now collide with
the particles of the water at the bottom of the pot.
e. The water particles absorb energy and vibrate and flow
more rapidly and its temperature increases.
f. Now, the energetic (hot) particles of water collide with the
particles of the submerged end of the spoon.
g. As the particles of the spoon absorb energy and vibrate
more rapidly. The temperature of the spoon increases.
19
Conduction
20
Conduction
Brainstorming: What are other
examples of conduction?
21
Convection
Convection: the transfer of
thermal energy (heat) through
the bulk movement of matter.
Convection occurs in FLUIDS (liquids and
gases).
Convection produces CURRENTS in both
gases and liquids.
Thermal Energy heat is carried by the particles as they
move from one location to another.
22
Convection
Example: Heating water:
a. When the water at the bottom of the pot
(nearest the burner) is heated, the particles
absorb energy by conduction as they touch
the hot pot.
b. The water particles vibrate more rapidly.
c. The particles also move farther apart and
the hot water becomes less dense than the
surrounding cool water.
d. This causes the heated (hot) water to rise.
23
Convection
e. The surrounding denser cooler water is
forced downward near the burner by the
rising hot water.
f. This process continues to repeat.
g. This FLOW creates a circular motion
known as a convection current .
Application: How do convection
currents form in a room when the heater
is turned on?
24
Convection
The warm air from the heater vent will rise. Why?,
The warm air is less dense than the surrounding cooler air.
The cool air is pushed down by the rising warm air.
What is the best location for a heat vent in a room and
why? Near the ceiling or the floor?
Floor:
Because the warm air will rise to the ceiling.
How about the return vent?
25
Convection
Convection currents occur in the
environment as well. They produce:
Global winds that contribute to Earth’s
weather.
Ocean and lake currents
26
Convection
Brainstorming: On a hot summer day
the breeze near the beach blows toward
the water. However, later in the day the
breeze reverses direction and blows
toward land and will get increasingly
stronger. Why?
27
Convection
Answer: In the morning the water
may be warmer than the sand causing
the air over the water to rise.
In the afternoon, the sand has
become much hotter than the water
and the air above it rises. The air over
the water rushes in to fill its void
causing a wind.
28
Radiation
Radiation: the transfer of (thermal)
energy by electromagnetic waves.
Radiation does not require matter to
transfer thermal energy.
All the sun’s energy that reaches Earth travels
through millions of kilometers of empty space
(a vacuum).
All matter can radiate energy.
You feel the radiation of thermal energy from a
bonfire, a heat lamp and a light bulb.
29
Radiation
30
Radiation
31
Conduction, Convection & Radiation
32
Energy from the Sun
33
Convection, Conduction & Radiation
34
The Nature of Heat
35
Review
Describe the three kinds of heat transfer.
36
Radiation Convection
Conduction
Direct contact • Transfer of • Transfer of
energy by waves energy by bulk
of particles movement of
• Only radiant
Solids/liquids/ energy that is matter (fluids)
gases absorbed becomes • Currents
thermal energy (wind,water)
The handle of • Lightbulb • Hot air balloon
a cooking • Fireplace
utensil
37
Contrast:
Conduction •Direct contact of particles
Convection •Solids/liquids/gases
•Solids -good conductors
Radiation •Gases -poor conductors
Conduction
•Transfer of energy
by waves
•Only radiant energy
that is absorbed
becomes thermal
energy •Transfer of energy by
•Shiny/light colors- bulk movement of
reflect matter (fluids)
•Dull/dark colors- •Currents (wind,water)
absorb •Hot air balloon
Radiation
Convection
38
Heat Energy Transfer
Transfer
of
Heat
to the food.
Conduction (video)
Studying the heat transferred along a metal rod
insulating board
copper rod
wax
What happens to
drawing pins these drawing pins?
Conduction (video)
wood
iron glass
copper
very hot
water
Conduction (video)
drawing
pins
Conduction (video)
ice
Conduction (video)
thermometer
Leave the cardboard for a
while & then take the
temperature readings.
heater
cardboard tube
Conduction (video)
Non-metals (e.g. wood, water and air) are poor conductors (or good
insulators).
Energy transfer by conduction
In conduction, heat is transferred from the hot part to
the cold part along an object. Conduction is efficient in
conductors but not in insulators.
Energy transfer by conduction
Does the orientation of the rod matter?
Does the orientation of the rod matter?
Phoebe heats two metal rods as shown. Which will be heated up first? Why?
particles at hot
end vibrate a lot
Conduction and particle motion
particles at
cold end
The fast vibrating particles bump into
vibrate less
the slower neighbouring particles &
⇒ energy is transferred
particles at hot
(from one particle to the
end vibrate a lot
next & from hot to cold
end of rod)
Conduction and particle motion
(simulation)
Examples of conduction
How to keep warm?
insulators
Heat transfer
The manner in which heat energy is transferred from a heat source to
particles in a container, such as a can, bottle or pouch