4.

Systems of linear equations

4.1 Cramer’s Rule

2x2:
9X+9Y=13
3X+10Y=10

𝐷𝑥 170 𝐷𝑦 51
X= 𝐷 = -102=1.67 Y= 𝐷 =102=0.5

X=1.67 Y=0.5

3x3:
2X+3Y-Z=11
4X+Y-3Z=11
3X-2Y+5Z=21
 𝐷𝑥 −312 𝐷𝑦 156 𝐷𝑦 −78
X= 𝐷 = - −78 =4 Y= 𝐷 =−78=-2 Z= 𝐷 = −78= 1

X= 4 Y= -2 Z= 1

4x4:
2X-Y+4Z+W=-2
3X+2Y-W=-3
X+2Y+2W=10
X+Y+2Z=2
 𝐷𝑥 100 𝐷𝑦 −150 𝐷𝑦 −25 𝐷𝑤 −150
X= 𝐷 = -−50=-2 Y= 𝐷 = −50 =3 Z= 𝐷 = −50= 0.5 Z= 𝐷 = =3
−50

4.2 Matrix Inversion

2x2:

4x4:
4.3 Gauss Elimination Method

2x2:

X=2 Y=2

4x4:
X=14 Y=-8.6 Z=5.7 W=-2.2

4.4 LU Method

2x2:

Z1=1
4(1) +Z=4 Z2=-4

X=1 Y=0

4x4:
 LXZ=C

Z1=-7
2(-7) +Z2=-8 Z2=6
2(-7)+2(6)+(z3)=-11 Z3=-9
4(-7)+4(6)-2/3(-9)+Z4=-10 Z4=-12
YxX=Z

W=-36 Y=17 V=3 Z=4

4.5 Jacobi’s Method

2x2:
5X-2Y=-1
-3X+8Y=2

−1+2𝑌
X=
5
2+3𝑋
Y=
8
N 0 1 2 3 4 5
X 0 -0.2 -0.1 0.115 -0.115 -0.116
 Y 0 0.25 0.213 0.213 0.210 0.210
3x3:
5X-2Y+3Z=-1
-3X+9Y+Z=2
2X-Y-Z=3

−1+2𝑌−3𝑍
X=
5
2+3𝑋−𝑍
Y=
9
−3+2𝑋−𝑌
Z=
7
N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X 0 0.2 0.146 0.192 0.181 0.185 0.186 0.186
Y 0 0.222 0.203 0.328 0.3332 0.329 0.331 0.331
Z 0 -0.429 0.517 -0.416 -0.416 -0.424 -0.423 -0.423

4x4:
4.6 Gauss Seidel Method

2x2:
5X-2Y=-1
-3X+8Y=2

−1+2𝑌
X=
5
2+3𝑋
Y=
8
N 0 1 2 3 4
X 0 -0.2 -0.1 -0.115 -0.115
Y 0 0.25 0.213 0.213 0.210
3x3:
5X-2Y+3Z=-1
-3X+9Y+Z=2
2X-Y-Z=3

−1+2𝑌−3𝑍
X=
5
2+3𝑋−𝑍
Y=
9
−3+2𝑋−𝑌
Z=
7
N 0 1 2 3 4 5
X 0 -0.2 0.167 0.191 0.186 0.186
Y 0 0.156 -0.334 0.333 0.331 0.331
Z 0 -0.508 -0.429 -0.422 -0.423 -0.423