Worry is a misuse of imagination
Volume - 5 Issue - 2
August, 2009 (Monthly Magazine)
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Editor : Pramod Maheshwari
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE
Editorial
Dear Students,
One of the greatest virtues of human beings is their ability to think and
act accordingly. The emergence of the techno savvy human from the
tree swinging ape has really been a long journey. This transition has
taken a span of countless centuries and lots of thinking caps have been
involved. Inquisitiveness and aspiration to come out with the best have
been the pillars for man's quest for development. Self-motivation is the
sheer force, which pulled him apart and distinguished him from his
primitive ancestors.
Many times, in our life, when we are reviving old memories we get into
a phase of nostalgia. We feel that we could have done better than what
we had achieved. But thinking back won’t rewind the tireless worker
called time. All we can do is promise ourselves that we will give our
very best in the future. But do we really keep up to our mental
commitments? I can guess that 90% answers are in the negative. This is
because of that creepy careless attitude which is slowly, but surely
entering into our mind. We easily forget the pains of yesterday to
relish the joys of today. This is the only time in our life, when we can
control our fate, by controlling our mind. So it is time to pull up our
socks and really motivate ourselves so that we can give our best shot
in the future. Self-motivation is the need of the hour. Only we can
control and restrict ourselves. It’s up to us, how we use our mental
capabilities to the best of our abilities.
Here are some Fundas for self-motivation. Don't just read them digest
each one of them and apply them and I bet it will make a better YOU.
• The ultimate motivator is defeat. Once you are defeated, you
have nowhere to go except the top.
• Then only thing stopping you is yourself.
• There is no guarantee that tomorrow will come. So do it today.
• Intentions don't count, but action's do.
• Don't let who you are, stunt what you want to be.
• Success is the greatest motivator.
• Your goals must be clear, but the guidelines must be flexible.
Try to include these one liners in your scrapbook or on your favorite
poster. You will be sub-consciously tuned to achieve what you want.
Also do keep in mind that nothing can control your destiny but you!
With Best Wishes for Your Future.
Yours truly
Pramod Maheshwari,
B.Tech., IIT Delhi
1 AUGUST 2009
 Volume-5 Issue-2
August, 2009 (Monthly Magazine) CONTENTS
INDEX PAGE
NEXT MONTHS ATTRACTIONS

Key Concepts & Problem Solving strategy for IIT-JEE. Regulars ..........
Know IIT-JEE With 15 Best Questions of IIT-JEE
NEWS ARTICLE 3
Challenging Problems in Physics, Chemistry & Maths 69 of top 100 JEE rankers pick IIT-Bombay
Much more IIT-JEE News.
IIT-JEE stars eye glory in International Physics Olympiad

Xtra Edge Test Series for JEE-2010 & 2011 IITian ON THE PATH OF SUCCESS 6
Abhay K. Bhushan

KNOW IIT-JEE 7
Previous IIT-JEE Question

Study Time........
DYNAMIC PHYSICS 13
S 8-Challenging Problems [Set# 4]
Students’ Forum
Success Tips for the Months Physics Fundamentals
Capacitor - 2
• "All of us are born for a reason, but all of Work, Energy, power & Conserv. law
us don't discover why. Success in life has
nothing to do with what you gain in life or CATALYST CHEMISTRY 26
accomplish for yourself. It's what you do
for others." Key Concept
• "Don't confuse fame with success. Reaction Mechanism
Madonna is one; Helen Keller is the Solid State
other." Understanding : Physical Chemistry

• "Success is not the result of spontaneous

combustion. You must first set yourself on DICEY MATHS 35
fire." Mathematical Challenges
• "Success does not consist in never making Students’ Forum
mistakes but in never making the same one Key Concept
a second time." Vector
Permutation & Combination
• "A strong, positive self-image is the best
possible preparation for success."
• "Failure is success if we learn from it."
Test Time ..........
• "The first step toward success is taken XTRAEDGE TEST SERIES 45
when you refuse to be a captive of the Class XII – IIT-JEE 2010 Paper
environment in which you first find
Class XI – IIT-JEE 2011 Paper
yourself."

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 2 AUGUST 2009

Cream of the crop: 69 of
top 100 JEE rankers
pick IIT-Bombay
MUMBAI: The composition of
the elite technological club has
changed. A decade ago
admission to the IIT-Kanpur
ensured demi-god treatment.
Only the brightest and the best
could get past the gates there.
No longer. Mumbai is the new
Kanpur, with Delhi and Chennai
snapping at its heels. A look at
the students’ choice of institute
by the top 100 JEE rankers
down the last half-a-decade
reveals that preferences have
changed dramatically. A that, in 2004, only three of the
number of factors have been
responsible for the reordering,
from geography to gastronomy
and placement records to what
coaching classes preach to
students.
Of the top 100 JEE-2009
rankers, considered the elite
group among engineering
aspirants around the country,
69 students preferred to join
IIT-Bombay over any other IIT.
This was followed by Delhi —
where 19 of the top-100 —
have been admitted. While
Bombay has been bettering its
performance over the years,
number of toppers going to
Delhi has slipped.
"IIT-B's decision to introduce
minors in all programmes has
seen more students wanting to
come to the Powai campus,"
reasoned the institute's JEE-
2009 chairman A Pani. In 2008,
the institute ushered in
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE
academic reforms and
permitted students to pick a
minor course along with the
core area of specialisation.
This, explained Pani, has
resulted most streams opening
and closing admissions at
higher ranks than previous
years.
On each IIT campus, the top
100 students are considered as
the rich creamy icing. Twenty
years ago IIT-Kharagpur was
the engineering mecca. The
oldest IIT of the country, IIT-
Kharagpur did not receive a
single student from the top
hundred this year; and before
top 100 went there.
A former JEE chairman
explained, "While Bombay and
Delhi were still building
themselves, Kharagpur's
students had already occupied
top positions in big companies.
Students looked at Kharagpur's
illustrious alumni and rushed
there. Now this has changed."
1,100 quota seats in IITs
not filled this year
MUMBAI: Every year, lakhs of
students burn the midnight oil
for months to get into the
hallowed Indian Institutes of
Technology. But as admissions
closed on Wednesday, one
startling fact emerged — there
weren't enough qualified
candidates to fill up the
reserved seats on offer for the
scheduled castes and
scheduled tribes, or the
physically challenged.
3 AUGUST 2009
IIT heads told TOI that over
1,100 seats will now be
transferred to the preparatory
course. This course, which is
like a feeder class, trains quota
students for a year to equip
them to qualify for the IITs.
Students for the preparatory
course are selected by
reducing cut-offs even further.
On the OBC (other backward
classes) reservation front too,
53 seats were transferred to
general category candidates,
though the IITs are still only in
the second year of the quotas
(they are implementing 18%
quota before moving to the total
27% reservation).
The IITs, in fact, had made
various concessions to ensure
they could fill the SC/ST seats.
They lowered entry levels for
these categories and even went
as low as 50% below the last
general category student's
marks to do justice to the
quota. Even this did not help
them get the required number
of backward category students.
Reservation for IIT
faculty to stay: Sibal
NEW DELHI: Reservations in
faculty at the Indian Institutes of
Technology will continue. HRD
minister Kapil Sibal made it
clear on Wednesday that efforts
to exempt the elite institutions
from quotas for SCs, STs and
OBCs in the teaching staff had
“proved infructuous’’.
He made the announcement at
a meeting with IIT directors
where he also told them to
explore the possibility of
offering courses in medicine,
law, social sciences and
literature. As first reported by
TOI on November 20, 2008,
IITs too are keen to branch out
to new subjects and multiple
disciplines.
Sibal’s remark about quotas in
the IIT faculty signals that the
government may not make
another push to bring in the
Scheduled Caste and
Scheduled Tribes (Reservation
in Posts and Services) Bill,
2008. The bill had sought to
exempt 47 elite institutions from
faculty quota. It could not be
passed in the Lok Sabha due to
opposition from UPA allies like
the RJD. Sibal’s remark came
in response to a clarification
sought by an IIT directors. The
IITs are staunchly opposed to
such a quota
Now, IIT-JEE stars eye
glory in International
Physics Olympiad
MUMBAI: After two years of
poring over texts to ace the IIT-
JEE, toppers now have to face
another challenge. They are on
their way to H1N1-hit Mexico
where they will represent the
country in the International
Physics Olympiad in the first
week of July.
The team that went in 2008
brought home four golds and a
silver medal. This year's gang
of boys would have a tough
task cut out for them, professor
Vijay Singh, national
coordinator of the science
Olympiads, said.
The team members-Nitin Jain
(all-India Rank 1 in JEE),
Shubham Tulsiani (AIR 2), Gopi
Sivakanth (AIR 3), Priyank
Parikh (AIR 6) and Vinit Atal
(AIR 90)-are in the city,
preparing for the big challenge.
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE
Every year, the Homi Bhabha
Centre for Science Education
conducts a massive exercise to
select the brightest brains from
across the country who then
represent India in the
international Olympiads. Eighty
countries will participate in the
physics Olympiad. Last year's
winning team was China.
Mentor professor Singh said
the team was putting in close to
12 hours a day at the camp.
"Our students are champions in
chemistry and maths as well. If
there was a comprehensive
Olympiad, the Indian team
would win hands down,'' said
Singh.
IIT-Patna to start PhD
programmes from July
PATNA: The newly set-up
Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT) in this Bihar city will start
its doctoral programmes from
next month, an official said on
Friday.
"IIT-Patna will become the first
among the eight new IITs set
up last year to start PhD
programmes," institute official
Subhash Pandey said.
The IIT will have PhD
programmes in computer
science, electrical engineering,
mechanical engineering,
chemistry, mathematics,
physics, humanities and social
sciences.
Pandey said that interviews of
the applicants are underway
and there are 30 vacancies.
At present, the IIT is functioning
from a polytechnic building here
as a temporary campus. The
process of land acquisition for a
permanent campus is
underway.
4 AUGUST 2009
Plan panel favours IIT,
IIM offshore campuses
NEW DELHI: Doors may soon
be open for Indian universities
and government-run institutions
like IIMs and IITs to set up
campuses abroad to cross-
subsidise higher education for
vulnerable sections of society.
The Planning Commission is in
favour of formulating guidelines
to allow Indian universities and
government-run institutions to
run business abroad to fund
higher education for the poor
back home and to expand the
educational infrastructure in the
country.
The move has come at the time
when India is wooing foreign
universities to set up campuses
in the country.
Interestingly, as of now, there
are no rules and regulations to
permit government-run
institutions to set up offshore
campuses. So far, only private
educational institutions were
free to explore education
opportunities abroad. Private
institutions like Symbiosis and
BITS, Pilani, have already
opened campuses abroad.
Only in May this year, Pune
University became the first
government-run institution to
open its campus abroad, in
UAE, after considerable legal
and bureaucratic hurdles.
The human resources
development ministry had
objected to the proposal of
Pune University on the ground
that there were no guidelines
on opening campuses on
foreign soil by government-run
institutions. Pune University
had to knock the doors of the
PMO to get its proposal
cleared.
Faculty divided over
location of IIT
JAIPUR: As the
recommendation made by the
state government-appointed
Vyas committee on having the
Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT) in Jodhpur is a debate in
itself, those who'll matter the
most wherever the premier
institute comes up - the faculty
stand divided on whether the
premier institute should come
up in the capital city or
somewhere else in the desert
state.
Prem K Kalra, director, IIT-
Rajasthan, reserves his opinion
about the development. He
says, "I am unaware of the
grounds on which the Vyas
committee has given nod to
Jodhpur. I know what works for
Jaipur, but will have to read the
report to make a comment as
this is a sensitive issue."
While Kalra distances himself
from making a comment, Nina
Sabnani, who teaches
animation and visual
communication at IIT-Mumbai
says, "An IIT is self sufficient to
create its own brand. Its
success doesn't depend on the
place where it is located. If IIT-
Mumbai is big and popular, IIT-
Kharagpur too has made its
mark."
Faculties across IIT's agree that
the three basics behind the
success of any IIT remain
infrastructure, faculty and
connectivity. "If these criteria
are fulfilled, than the location,
makes no difference," says Prof
V K Vijay of IIT-Delhi.
But what might make a
difference is that the IIT's
reeling under deficit of trained
faculty might find it tough to get
the right kind of people to
smaller city like Jodhpur. Not
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE
willing to reveal her name a
faculty at IIT-Mumbai says, "IIT
anywhere will intellectually
stimulate the place, but the
place too needs to give back
and stimulate those who will be
there at the IIT campus. This is
what that gives an edge to a
bigger city which can provide
better exposure to the faculty
who are core to the success of
any IIT."
Her thoughts are echoed by
Kalra who feels that there is a
complex matrix which has
issues like the developmental
prospects for the faculty, their
family members, educational
facility for their children and
opportunities for their spouses
which determines the success
and feasibility of having an IIT
anywhere. On these counts
Pink City has an edge over any
other center in the state.
Other issues can be addressed,
but managing faculty will be a
challenge that will show its
effect in the long run. As Vijay
concludes, "There is an over all
deficits of faculties across the
board and to add to the woes
the government in haste added
seven more IIT's to the current
ones. This will certainly dilute
the brand in the long run."
Nachiket sets sights on IIT
AHMEDNAGAR: For Nachiket
Kuntala, who emerged joint
topper from Pune division in the
SSC exams, securing first
position comes as a matter of
habit. Right from std I to IX,
Nachiket secured the number
one position and the SSC exam
did not prove an exception.
Nachiket, a student of the Shri
Samarth Vidyamandir here,
scored 627 marks (96.46%) to
share the divisional top spot
with Pune's Akshay Chate.
Interested in an engineering
5 AUGUST 2009
research career, Nachiket told
TOI: "I wish to pursue my
higher studies at the Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT)."
"Regular studies and focused
approach were key to my
success," Nachiket said. He did
join a coaching class to hone
his academic skills, but a
routine of physical exercise,
studies and extra-curricular
activities kept him in good
stead.
"I was particular about doing
my home work and revisiting all
those things taught at the
coaching class," he said.
Nachiket's father is a medical
professional, while his mother
teaches science in a school.
IIT Kanpur to open
extension centre in
Noida
The HRD Ministry has granted
permission to IIT Kanpur to
open an extension centre in
Noida, work on which will start
within a week.
IIT Kanpur Registrar Sanjiv
Kashalkar told PTI that the
work will be completed by
2012.
He said that a 'distance
learning centre' will also be
opened there.
Kashalkar said the centre will
function on the lines of India
International Centre with
technocrats imparting technical
education through
conferences.
It will also provide several
short-term management
courses and refresher courses
meant for distance learning, he
said.
The premier institute has been
granted five acres of land in
sector 62 of Noida.
 Success Story
This article contains story of a person who get succeed after graduation from different IIT's

Abhay K. Bhushan
B.Tech. /Electrical Engg. / 1965
Chief Financial Officer of the IITK Foundation,
USA,

Abhay K. Bhushan ( B.Tech. /Electrical Engg. / 1965 )
Chairman
A Square and serves on the boards of Point Cross and
Mobile Web Surf
He obtained his B. Tech degree in Electrical Engineering
from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, in 1965.
He obtained both his Masters in EE and Masters in
Management degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. He has been the mentor of a host of start-up
ventures in USA. He was a major contributor to the
development of the Internet TCP/IP architecture, and was
the author of FTP and the early versions of email
protocols. He is co-holder of 12 US patents on
semiconductor drying and cleaning technologies.
Mr. Bhushan initiated and managed the Environmental
Leadership Program at Xerox and authored the widely
acclaimed ‘Business Guide to Waste Reduction and
Recycling'.
He was co-founder of YieldUP International, which went
public on NASDAQ in 1995, and of Portola
Communications, which was acquired by Netscape in
1997. In 1978-79 he worked on Rural Development in
Allahabad, India, and was President of Indians for
Collective Action, supporting grassroots development
projects in India. He received the Community Service
Award from the Indo-American Chamber of Commerce.
He is presently the Chief Financial Officer of the IITK
Foundation, USA, founding past president of PanIIT USA,
and Coordinator for the PanIIT Global Committee.
Mr. Abhay K. Bhushan has been conferred with the
Distinguished Alumnus Award of IIT Kanpur, for
excellence in entrepreneurship and his outstanding
contributions to social activities.

Adventure :
• Adventure is not outside man; it is within.
• There are two kinds of adventures : those who go truly hoping to find adventure and those who go secretly.
hoping they won't.
• Life is either a daring adventure or nothing.
• Some people dream of worthy accomplishments while others stay awake and do them.
• Life is an adventure. The greatest pleasure is doing what people say you cannot do.

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 6 AUGUST 2009

 KNOW IIT-JEE
By Previous Exam Questions

PHYSICS ∆QBC = P0V0 –

P0 V0
2
PV
= 0 0
2
As net heat is absorbed by the gas during path BC,
1. One mole of an ideal monatomic gas is taken round temp. will reach maximum between B and C.
the cyclic process ABCA as shown in figure. (d) Equation for line BC
Calculate. [IIT-1998]  2P 
P P = –  0  V + 5P0, As PV = RT hence,
3P0
B  V0 
RT
P= [For one mole] [as y = mx + c]
V
P0 2P
A C ∴ RT = – 0 V2 + 5P0V ...(1)
V0
V0 2V0 dT 2P0
For maximum; = 0, – × 2V + 5P0 = 0;
(a) the work done by the gas. dV V0
(b) the heat rejected by the gas in the path CA and the 5V0
heat absorbed by the gas in the path AB; ∴ V= ...(2)
(c) the net heat absorbed by the gas in the path BC; 4
(d) the maximum temperature attained by the gas Hence from equation (1) and (2)
2
during the cycle. 2P0  5V   5V 
Sol. n = 1 = no. of moles, For monoatomic gas : RTmax = – ×  0  + 5P0  0 
V0  4   4 
5R 3R
Cp = , Cv = 25 25P0 V0 25
2 2 = –2P0V0 × + = P0 V 0
16 4 8
Cyclic process
A → B ⇒ Isochoric process 25 P0 V0
∴ Tmax =
C → A ⇒ Isobaric compression 8 R
(a) Work done = Area of closed curve ABCA during
cyclic process. i.e. ∆ABC 2. A small body attached to one end of a vertically
1 1 hanging spring is performing SHM about it's mean
∆W = × base × height = V0 × 2P0 = P0V0 position with angular frequency ω and amplitude a. If
2 2
at a height y* from the mean position, the body gets
(b) Heat rejected by the gas in the path CA during
detached from the spring calculate the value of y* so
Isobaric compression process
that the height H attained by the mass is maximum.
∆QCA = nCp∆T = 1 × (5R/2)(TA – TC)
The body does not interact with the spring during it's
2P0 V0 PV subsequent motion after detachment. (aω2 > g)
TC = , TA = 0 0 ,
I×R I× R [IIT-2005]
5R  P0 V0 2P0 V0  5
∆QCA = − = – P0V0
2  R R  2
y0
Heat absorbed by the gas on the path AB during
Isochoric process
m
∆QAB = nCv∆T = 1 × (3R/2) (TB – TA)
Sol. The total energy of the spring-mass system at any
3R  3P0 V0 P0 V0 
= − = 3P0V0 position of mass above the mean position is the sum
2  1× R 1× R  of the follows.
(c) As ∆U = 0 in cyclic process, hence (a) Gravitation potential energy of mass
∆Q = ∆W (b) Kinetic energy of mass
∆QAB + ∆QCA + ∆QBC = ∆W, (c) Elastic potential of spring.

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 7 AUGUST 2009

 The mass will reach the highest point when its ⇒ The angular frequency of the detector matches
mechanical energy [Sum of (a) and (b)] is maximum. with that of the source.
This is possible when elastic potential energy of A´ ω = 10 rad/sec
system is zero.
⇒ The mass should detach when the spring is at its
natural length. 6m 6m
Let L = Natural length of spring when mass m is A B C D
hanging at equilibrium the
A´´

L L ⇒ When the detector is at C moving towards D, the

K source is at A´ moving Left wards, It is in this
Kl situation that the frequency heard is minimum
l
 V − V0  (340 − 60)
Mean Position v´ = v   = 340 × = 257.3 Hz
 V + Vs  (340 + 30)
mg of oscillation
Again when the detector is at C moving towards B,
mg the source is at A" moving rightwards. It is in this
mg = kl ; l=
k situation that the frequency heard is maximum
mg  V + V0  (340 + 60)
⇒y= v´´ = v   = 340 × = 438.7 Hz
k  V − V s  (340 − 30)
g
⇒ y= [Q K = mω2]
ω2 4. A wire loop carrying a current I is placed in the x-y
g plane as shown in figure. [IIT-1991]
where < a (given) y
ω2 M v

3. A source of sound is moving along a circular orbit of O x

+Q
radius 3 metres with an angular velocity of 10 rad/s. I 120º
A sound detector located far away from the source is P
executing linear simple harmonic motion along the a
line BD with an amplitude BC = CD = 6 meters. The N
frequency of oscillation of the detector is 5/π per (a) If a particle with charge +Q and mass m is placed
second. The source is at the point A when the →
detector is at the point B. If the source emits a at the centre P and given a velocity V along NP (see
continuous sound wave of frequency 340 Hz, find the figure), find its instantaneous acceleration.
maximum and the minimum frequencies recorded by (b) If an external uniform magnetic induction field
the detector. [IIT-1990] →
B = B î is applied, find the force and the torque
6m 6m acting on the loop due to this field.
3m Sol. (a) Magnetic field at the centre P due to arc of circle,
B C D Subtending an angle of 120º at centre would be :
y
A1 M

A2 a x
A +Q
B C D I 60º
r P y v
A3 60º
a
Sol. The angular frequency of the detector = 2πv 60º x
N
Observer Source
1 1 µ I
T T´ B1 = (field dut to circle) =  0 
(Accoustic 3 3  2a 
Image) µ I 0.16µ 0 I
=  0  (outwards) = (outwards)
Hill  6a  a
5 → 0.16µ 0 I
= 2π × = 10 rad/s or B1 = k̂
π a
Magnetic field due to straight wire NM at P :

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 8 AUGUST 2009

 µ0 I v = 50 Hz, L = 35 mH, R = 11 Ω
B2 = (sin 60º + sin 60º) Impedance
4π r
Here, r = a cos 60º Z= ( wL) 2 + R 2 = 11 2 Ω
µ I
∴ B2 = 0 (2 sin 60º) V0
4π a cos 60º also I0 =
Z
µ I 0.27µ 0 I
or B2 = 0 tan 60º = (inwards) V0 = Vrms 2
2π a a
Vrms 2
→ 0.27µ 0 I ∴ I0 = = 20A
or B 2 = – k̂ Z
a
R 1
→ → → 0.11µ 0 I cos φ = =
∴ B net = B1 + B 2 = – k̂ Z 2
a
Now, velocity of particle can be written as, π
∴ φ=
→ v 3v ˆ 4
v = v cos 60º î + v sin 60º ˆj = î + j ∴ graph is given by
2 2
V = V0sin ωt
Magnetic force
→ → →
Fm = Q( v × B ) V = V0sin ωT

0.11µ 0 IQv ˆ 0.11 3µ 0 IQv

= j– î
2a 2a
∴ Instantaneous acceleration
→ I = I0sin(100πt–π/4)
→ Fm 0.11µ 0 IQv
a= = ( ĵ − 3 î )
m 2am
(b) In uniform magnetic field, force on a current loop
is zero. Further, magnetic dipole moment of the loop CHEMISTRY
→
will be, M =(IA) k̂
Here, A is the area of the loop. 6. One litre of a mixture of O2 and O3 at STP was
allowed to react with an excess of acidified solution
1 1
A = (πa2) – [2 × a sin 60º] [a cos 60º] if KI. The iodine liberated required 40 mL of M/10
3 2 sodium thiosulphate solution for titration. What is the
πa 2 a2 mass percent of ozone in the mixture? Ultraviolet
= – sin 120º = 0.61 a2 radiation of wavelength 300 nm can decompose
3 2
→
ozone. Assume that one photon can decompose one
∴ M =(0.61 Ia2) k̂ ozone molecule, how many photons would have been
→ required for the complete decomposition of ozone in
Given, B = B î the original mixture ? [IIT-1997]
→ →
→ Sol. The reaction of O3 with I– in acidic medium is
∴ τ = M × B = (0.61 Ia2B) ĵ
O3 + 2I– + 2H+ → I2 + O2 + H2O
Hence, 1 mol O3 = 1 mol I2
5. In a series L-R circuit (L = 35 mH and R = 11 Ω), a The reaction of I2 with S2O32– is
variable emf source (V = V0 sin ωt) of Vrms = 220 V 2S2O32– + I2 → S4O62– + 2I–
and frequency 50 Hz is applied. Find the current Hence, 2 mol S2O32– ≡ 1 mol I2
amplitude in the circuit and phase of current with Amount of S2O32– consumed
respect to voltage. Draw current time graph on given
 1 
graph (π = 22/7) [IIT-2004] = (40 × 10–3L)  mol L−1 
 10 
V = V0sinωt = 40 × 10–4 mol
Thus 40 × 10–4 mol S2O32– ≡ 20 × 10–4 mol
T/2 3T/2 I2 ≡ 20 × 10–4 mol O3
O Mass of O3 present in 1 L of mixture
T/4
2T = (20 × 10–4 mol) (48 g mol–1) = 9.6 × 10–2 g
Total amount of O2 an O3 present in 1 L of mixture at
Sol. Given STP is
Vrms = 220 V

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 9 AUGUST 2009

 pV (1 atm)(1L) Since n H 2 = ( n H 2 )0 – 2x, we have
ntotal = =
RT (0.082 atm LK −1mol −1 )(273K ) ( n H 2 )0 = n H 2 + 2x = (0.2176 + 2 × 0.08)mol
= 4.462 × 10–2 mol = 0.3776 mol
Hence, Total amount of CO and H2 in the reacting system
Amount of O2 present in 1 L of mixture before the reaction sets in is given as
= (4.462 × 10–2 – 20 × 10–4) mol n0 = (nCO)0 + ( n H 2 )0
= 4.262 × 10–2 mol
Mass of O2 present in 1 L of mixture = (0.15 + 0.3776)mol = 0.5276 mol
= (4.262 × 10–2 mol) (32 g mol–1) = 1.364 g n RT
Hence, p0 = 0
Mass percent of O3 in the mixture V
9.6 × 10 −2 (0.5276mol)(0.082L atm K −1mol −1 )(705 K )
= −2
× 100 = 6.575 =
9.6 ×10 + 1.364 (2.5 L)
Amount of photons required to decompose O3 = 12.20 atm
= Amount of O3 = 20 × 10–4 mol
Number of photons required 8. An ester A(C4H8O2), on treatment with excess methyl
= (20 × 10–4 mol) (6.023 × 1023 mol–1) magnesium chloride followed by acidification, gives
= 1.205 × 1021 an alcohol B as the sole organic product. Alcohol B,
on oxidation with NaOCl followed by acidification,
7. 0.15 mol of CO taken in a 2.5 L flask is maintained at gives acetic acid. Deduce the structures of A and B.
705 K along with a catalyst so that the following Show the reactions involved. [IIT-1998]
reaction takes place Sol. The reactions of an ester with methyl magnesium
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) chloride are as follows.
Hydrogen is introduced until the total pressure of the O OMgCl O
system is 8.5 atm at equilibrium and 0.08 mol of
H+
methanol is formed. Calculate (a) Kp and Kc and (b) R–C–OR´ CH3MgCl R–C–OR´ R–C–CH3 + R´OH
–HOMgCl
the final pressure if the same amount of CO and H2 as (A) CH3MgCl
CH3
before are used, but with no catalyst so that the
reaction does not take place. [IIT-1993] OH OMgCl
Sol. We have H +

CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) R–C–CH3 R–C–CH3

–HOMgCl
t = 0 0.15 mol CH3 CH3
teq 0.15 mol – x ( n H 2 )0 – 2x x (B)
It is given that 0.08 mol of CH3OH is formed at Since the given ester (C4H8O2) produces only one
equilibrium. Hence alcohol B, it follows that RC(CH3)2OH and R´OH
n CH3OH = x = 0.08 mol must be identical. Thus, the alkyl group R´ must be
RC(CH3)2 – and the given ester A is
and nCO = 0.15 mol – x = 0.07 mol
O CH3
From the total pressure of 8.5 atm equilibrium, we
calculate the total amount of gases, i.e. CO, H2 and R – C – O – C – CH3 (molecular formula R2C4H6O2 )
CH3OH at equilibrium.
R
pV (0.08 mol / 2.5L)
ntotal = = From the molecular formula of A, we conclude that R
RT (0.082 atm L K –1mol −1 )(705 K ) must be H atom. Hence, the given ester is
= 0.3676 mol O
Now, the amount of H2 at equilibrium is given as
n H 2 = ntotal – nCO – n CH 3OH H – C – O – CH – CH3 Isopropyl formate

= (0.367 – 0.07 – 0.08) mol = 0.2176 mol CH3

[CH 3 OH ] The alcohol B is a secondary alcohol.
Hence, KC = CH3 – CH – CH3 Isopropyl alcohol
[CO][H 2 ]2
OH
(8.5 atm)(2.5 L)
= The oxidation of alcohol B with NaOCl will give a
(0.07 mol / 2.5 L )(0.2176mol / 2.5L) 2 ketone which further undergoes a haloform reaction.
= 150.85 (mol L–1)–2 CH3 – CH – CH3 + NaOCl
Now Kp = Kc(RT)∆vg
= (150.85 mol–2L2){(0.082 L atm K–1 mol–1)(705 K)}–2 OH CH3 – C – CH3 + NaCl + H2O
= 0.04513 atm–2 O

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 10 AUGUST 2009

 CH3 – C – CH3 + 3NaOCl Sol. The given observations are as follows.
(i) Hydrated metallic saltheat
→ white anhydrous residue
O CH3 – C – CCl3 + 3NaOH (A) ( B)
NO
O (ii) Aqueous solution of B →
 dark brown compound
CH3 – C – CCl3 + NaOH ( C)
strong
O (iii) Salt B heating
→ Brown residue + Two gases
CH3 – C – O–Na+ + CHCl3 (D) ( E ) + ( F)

O acidified KMnO4 Pink colour is

The acidification of sodium acetate will produce discharged
acetic acid. (iv) Gaseous mixture
(E) + (F) BaCl2 solution
9. An organic compound A, C6H10O, on reaction with White precipitate
CH3MgBr followed by acid treatment gives The observation (ii) shows that B must be ferrous
compound B. The compound B on ozonolysis gives sulphate since with NO, it gives dark brown
compound C, which in presence of a base gives 1- compound according to the reaction
acetyl cyclopentene D. The compound B on reaction [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + NO → [Fe(H 2 O) 5 ( NO)]2 + + H2O
with HBr gives compound E. Write the structures of dark brown
A, B, C and E. Show how D is formed from C. Hence, the salt A must be FeSO4.7H2O
[IIT-2000] The observation (iii) is
Sol. The given reactions are as follows. 2FeSO4 → Fe 2 O 3 + SO 2 + SO 3
O OMgBr CH3 CH3 (D)
14243
( E ) + ( F)
CH3 Br brown

CH3MgBr H +
HBr The gaseous mixture of SO2 and SO3 explains the
–H2O observation (iv), namely,
(A) (B) (E) 2MnO −4 + 5SO2 + 2H2O → 2Mn 2+ + 5SO 24− + 4H+
pink colour no colour

2H2O + SO2 + SO3 4H+ + SO32– + SO42–

COCH3 COCH3 CH3 Ba2+ + SO32– → BaSO3
O white ppt
Base O O Ba2+ + SO42– → BaSO 4
white ppt
(D) (C) Hence, the various compounds are
The conversion of C into D may involve the (A) FeSO4.7H2O (B) FeSO4
following mechanism. (C) [Fe(H2O)5NO]SO4 (D) Fe2O3
(E) and (F) SO2 and SO3
COCH3 COCH3 COCH3

CH2 O
B+
HC O HC O–
BH+ MATHEMATICS
–BH+ –B
(C) 11. Prove that
tan α + 2 tan 2α + 4 tan 4α + 8 cot 8α = cot α
COCH3 COCH3 COCH3 [IIT-1988]
–
OH +B OH –OH– Sol. We know that
–BH+ 1 − tan 2 θ  1 − tan 2 θ 
cot θ – tan θ = = 2  = 2 cot 2θ
tan θ  2 tan θ 
(D)  
10. A hydrated metallic salt A, light green in colour, ∴ L.H.S. = tan α + 2 tan 2α + 4 tan 4α + 8 cot 8α
gives a white anhydrous residue B after being heated = –{cot α – tan α – 2tan 2α – 4 tan 4α}
gradually. B is soluble in water and its aqueous + 8 cot 8α + cot α
solution reacts with NO to give a dark brown = –{2 cot 2α – 2 tan 2α – 4 tan 4α}
compound C. B on strong heating gives a brown + 8 cot 8α + cot α
residue and a mixture of two gases E and F. The = –{2(2 cot 4α) – 4 tan 4α} + 8 cot 8α + cot α
gaseous mixture, when passed through acidified = – 4 {cot 4α – tan 4α} + 8 cot 8α + cot α
permanganate, discharge the pink colour and when = – 8 cot 8α + 8 cot 8α + cot α
passed through acidified BaCl2 solution, gives a = cot α
white precipitate. Identify A, B, C, D, E and F.
[IIT-1988]

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 11 AUGUST 2009

12. Find the smallest positive number p for which the   
1
equation = cos tan–1 sin  sin −1 
 
cos (p sin x) = sin(p cos x) has a solution x ∈ [0, 2π]   1+ x2 
[IIT-1995]
 1  x2 +1
Sol. cos (p sin x) = sin (p cos x) (given) ∀ x ∈[0, 2π] = cos  tan −1  = = R.H.S.
  x2 + 2
π   1+ x2 
⇒ cos (p sin x) = cos  − p cos x 
2 
14. Let f be a one-one function with domain {x, y, z} and
π 
⇒ p sin x = 2nπ ±  − p cos x  , n ∈ I range {1, 2, 3}. It is given that exactly one of the
2  following statement is true and the remaining two are
[Q cos θ = cos α ⇒ θ = 2nπ ± α, n ∈ I] false f(x) = 1, f(y) ≠ 1, f(z) ≠ 2 determine f–1(1)
⇒ p sin x + p cos x = 2nπ + π/2 [IIT-1982]
or p sin x – p cos x = 2nπ – π/2, n∈ I Sol. It gives three cases :
 1  Case I. When f(x) = 1 is true
1
⇒ p. 2  sin x + cos x  = 2nπ + π/2 In this case remaining two are false
 2 2  ∴ f(y) = 1 and f(z) = 2
 1 1  This means x and y have the same image so f(x) is
or p 2  sin x − cos x  = 2nπ – π/2, n ∈ I not an injective, which is a contradiction
 2 2  Case II. When f(y) ≠ 1 is true.
 π π  π If f(y) ≠ 1 and f(z) = 2
⇒ p 2  cos sin x + sin cos x  = 2nπ +
 4 4  2 i.e. both x and y are not mapped to 1. So either both
associate to 2 or 3, Thus, it is not injective
 π π  π
or p 2  cos sin x − sin cos x  = 2nπ – , n ∈ I Case III. When f(z) ≠ 2 is true
 4 4  2 If f(z) ≠ 2 is true then remaining statements are false
  π  π ∴ If f(x) ≠ 1 and f(y) = 1
⇒ p 2 sin  x +  = (4n + 1) , n ∈ I But f is injective
  4  2
Thus we have f(x) = 2, f(y) = 1 and f(z) = 3
  π  π Hence, f–1(1) = y
or p 2 sin  x −  = (4n – 1) , n ∈ I
  4  2
15. Find a point on the curve x2 + 2y2 = 6 whose distance
Now, –1 ≤ sin (x ± π/4) ≤ 1
from the line x + y = 7, is minimum. [IIT-2003]
⇒ –p 2 ≤ p 2 sin (x ± π/4) ≤ p 2
Sol. Let us take a point P( 6 cos θ, 3 sin θ) on
(4n + 1).π
⇒ –p 2 ≤ ≤p 2 ,n∈I x2
y2
2 + = 1. Now to minimise the distance from P
(4n − 1)π 6 3
or –p 2 ≤ ≤p 2 ,n∈I to given straight line x + y = 7, shortest distance
2
exists along the common normal.
Second inequality is always a subset of first,
Y
therefore, we have to consider only first.
It is sufficient to consider n ≥ 0, because for n > 0,
the solution will be same for n ≥ 0. x+y=7
If n ≥ 0, – 2 p ≤ (4n + 1) π/2
P
⇒ (4n + 1) π/2 ≤ 2 p
For p to be least, n should be least X
O
⇒ n=0
π
⇒ 2 p ≥ π/2 ⇒ p ≥
2 2
π
Therefore least value of p =
2 2 6 sec θ
Slope of normal at P = = 2 tan θ = 1
6 cos ecθ
x2 +1 2 1
13. Prove that cos tan–1{(sin cot–1x)} = So, cos θ = and sin θ =
x2 + 2 3 2
[IIT-2002] Hence, P(2, 1)
Sol. L.H.S. = cos tan–1{sin(cot–1x)}

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 12 AUGUST 2009

 Physics Challenging Problems Set # 4

This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in physics that would be very helpful in facing IIT
JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and we
hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Dev Sharma
So l ut i ons wi l l b e pub l i s he d i n ne x t i s s ue Director Academics, Jodhpur Branch
Passage # 1 (Q. 1 & Q. 2) 6. ABC is a fixed incline plane with D mid point of AC.
A battery of 10V/1Ω is connected between the terminals Part AD of incline plane is rough such that when a
of 'a' and 'b' of an infinite planner ladder network of sphere released from A starts rolling, while the part DC
resistances then find the followings. Take r = 10Ω is smooth. The sphere reaches the bottom point C, then
A
r r r
r b D
r
r rr r r rr rough
smooth
r r r r r
r B C
(A) It is in pure rolling in the part DC
r r r r r r (B) Work done by friction on the sphere is negative
when it moves from A to D
r r r r rr (C) Mechanical energy of sphere remains constant
for its motion from A to C
r r r r r rr (D) All of the above
7. A parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and
a separation d is provided with thin insulating spacers
1. What will be the value of terminal voltage of the battery. to keep its plates aligned in an environment of
fluctuating temperature. If the coefficient of thermal
2. Find the heat developed inside the battery in 1sec. expansion of material of plate is α then the
Passage # 2 (Q. 3 & Q. 4) coefficient of thermal expansion (αS) of the spacers
If a non ideal battery of 50V/0.5Ω is connected in order that the capacitance does not vary with
temperature (ignore effect of spacers on capacitance)
between terminals 'a' and 'b' then find the ratio
(A) αS = α/2 (B) αS = 3α (C) αS = 2α (D) αS = α
voltmeter reading to the emf of the battery
10Ω 8. We have an infinite non-conducting sheet of
negligible thickness carrying a uniform surface
5Ω charge density –σ and next to it an infinite parallel
a b slab of thickness D with uniform volume charge
5Ω key-k 5Ω density +ρ. All charges are fixed
–σ
10Ω
3. When key K is open D +ρ

4. When key K is closed (A) Magnitude of electric field at a distance h above

5. A particle of mass m is allowed to oscillate near the the negatively charged sheet is ρD − σ
2ε 0
minimum point of a vertical parabolic path having (B) Magnitude of electric field inside the slab at a
the equation x2 = 4ay, then the angular frequency of distance h below the negatively charged sheet
small oscillation of particle is (h < D) is σ + ρ(D − 2h )
y 2ε 0
x2 = 4ay (C) Magnitude of electric field at a distance h below
m g the bottom of the slab is ρD − σ
4ε 0
x
(D) Magnitude of electric field at a distance h below
the bottom of the slab is ρD − σ
(A) ga (B) 2ga (C) g / a (D) g / 2a 2ε 0

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 13 AUGUST 2009

 8
Solution
Set # 3

Physics Challenging Problems

Qu e s t i ons we r e P ub l i s h ed i n J ul y I ss ue
R/2 R /2 5. At maximum temperature
1. Q1 = ∫
0
ρ(r )4πr 2 dr = ∫
0
α 4πr 2 dr
q=
KA
(Tmax – T0)
l
R
Option [A] is correct
∫ ρ(r) × 4πr
2
Q2 = dr
R/2 6. As the process is isobaric
R
 r  V V V T
∴ 0 = max ⇒ max = max
∫ 2α1 − R 4πr dr
2
= T0 Tmax V0 T0
R /2
Option [A] is correct
Q1
Fraction =
Q2 7.
Option [A] is correct
4A
A ⇒
2. F = qE
L 2L
q × ρr −eρr ρL ρ × 2L R
= = R= R´ = =
3ε 0 3ε 0 A 4A 2
−eαr V2
a= Heat produced = as R become half
3mε 0 R
a∝r ∴ heat produced is doubled
eα
∴ω= V V
3ε 0 m E= =
d L
2π
T= V
ω E´ =
2L
Option [B] is correct
E
E´ =
r 2 2
Q1  r  4πr dr
3. ∫ E.ds =
ε0
+ ∫
R/2
2α1 − 
 R  ε0
∴ option [D] is correct

Option [A] is correct 8. Option [A,C, D] is correct

4. Let at any instant t temperature is T. The net rate at

which heat is absorbed by the gas is
dQ KA(T − T0 )
Cartoon Law of Physics
=q– .......(1)
dt l Any body passing through solid matter will leave a
7 perforation conforming to its perimeter.
Now, dQ = nCpdT = n × R × dT .......(2)
2
Also called the silhouette of passage, this
7 dT KA(T − T0 )
∴n× R =q– phenomenon is the specialty of victims of directed-
2 dt l pressure explosions and of reckless cowards who
T t
dT 2 are so eager to escape that they exit directly
of ∫
T0
ql − KA(T − T0 )
=
7 nRl
dt ∫
0
through the wall of a house, leaving a cookie-
cutout-perfect hole. The threat of skunks or
Option [A] is correct matrimony often catalyzes this reaction.

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 14 AUGUST 2009

 Students' Forum
Expert’s Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
PHYSICS
1. In the arrangement shown in fig. a wedge of mass m3 m2g – N2cos 37º – T.sin 37º = m2(0.6a + 0.6b) ...(4)
3.45 kg is placed on a smooth horizontal surface. A From above equations,
small and light pulley is connected on its top edge, as a = 3 ms–2, b = 2ms–2
shown. A light, flexible thread passes over the pulley. and T = 3.9 newton
Two blocks having mass m1 = 1.3 kg and m2 = 1.5 kg Since, base angle and base length of wedge are 37º
are connected at the ends of the thread. m1 is on and 2m respectively, therefore, height of its vertical
smooth horizontal surface and m2 rests on inclined face is 2. tan 37º = 1.5 m.
surface of the wedge. Base length of wedge is 2m and Now considering vertical motion of m2 from top to
inclination is 37º. m2 is initially near the top edge of bottom of the wedge,
the wedge. u = 0, acceleration = (0.6a + 0.66b) = 3ms–2 and
m1 displacement = 1.50 m.
1
Using s = ut + at2, t = 1 second
2
At this instant, horizontal component of velocity of
m3 m2
m2 is
v2x = (0.8a – 0.2b) t = 2 ms–1
37º and vertical component,
v2y = (0.6a + 0.6b) t = 3 ms–1
If the whole system is released from rest, calculate
(i) velocity of wedge when m2 reaches its bottom, ∴ Velocity of m2 is v2 = v 22 x + v 22 y
(ii) velocity of m2 at that instant and tension in the
thread during motion of m2. = 13 ms–1 Ans.
All the surface are smooth. (g = 10 ms–2) Velocity of wedge at this instant = bt = 2 ms–1 Ans.
Sol. Let acceleration of m1 be a (rightwards) and that of
wedge be b (leftwards). Acceleration of m2 (relative 2. Two identical blocks A and B of mass m = 3 kg are
to wedge) becomes (a + b), down the plane. attached with ends of an ideal spring of force
Therefore, resultant acceleration of m2 is vector sum constant K = 2000 Nm–1 and rest over a smooth
of the two accelerations horizontal floor. Another identical block C moving
(i) (a + b) down the plane and (ii) b leftwards. with velocity v0 = 0.6 ms–1 as shown in fig. strikes
Hence, components of this resultant acceleration are the block A and gets stuck to it. Calculate for
(i) {(a + b) cos 37º – b} = (0.8a – 0.2b) horizontally subsequent motion
rightward and (i) velocity of centre of mass of the system,
(ii) (a + b) sin 37º = (0.6a + 0.6b) vertically (ii) frequency of oscillations of the system,
downward. (iii) oscillation energy of the system, and
Considering free body diagrams, (iv) maximum compression of the spring.
m2g m m m
m1 g T T
N2 C v0 A B
m2(0.6a + 0.6b)

37 Sol. When block C collides with A and get stuck with it,
combined body moves to the right, due to which
N2
m1a spring is compressed. Therefore, the combined body
N1 m3b N1
m2(0.8a – 0.2b)
retards and block B accelerates. In fact, deformation
For horizontal forces on m1, T = m1a ...(1) of spring varies with time and the system continues to
For vertical forces on wedge, move rightwards. In other words, centre of mass of
T – T cos 37º + N2 sin 37º = m3b ...(2) the system moves rightwards and combined body and
For horizontal forces on m2 block B oscillate about the centre of mass of the
N2sin 37º – T cos 37º = m2(0.8a – 0.2b) ...(3) system.
For vertical forces on m2,

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 15 AUGUST 2009

 Let just after the collision velocity of combined body Sol. Since, friction is sufficient to prevent sliding,
formed by blocks C and A be v. Then, according to therefore, the spool has tendency to roll about the
law of conservation of momentum, instantaneous axis of rotation which is line of contact
(m + m)v = mv0 of spool surface with the horizontal plane. About this
v line, tension in left thread produces anticlockwise
or v = 0 = 0.3 ms–1 moment and that in right thread produces clockwise
2
∴ Velocity of centre of mass of the system, moment. Since, moment produced by weight of block
B is greater than that produced by weight of block A,
2m × v + m × 0
vc = = 0.2 ms–1 therefore, the spool rotates clockwise.
2m + m Let angular acceleration of spool be α clockwise,
Now the system is as shown in fig. then accelerations of blocks A and B will be
2m m 2bα(upwards) and (b – a)α downwards respectively.
Moment of inertia of spool, about instantaneous axis
of rotation, O,
(2m)(m) 2m
Its reduced mass, m0 = = I = I0 + Mb2 = 0.28 kg m2
2m + m 3 Consider free body diagrams,
∴ Frequency of oscillations, Mg
T1 1α T2
1 K 5 10 T1
f= = Hz. Ans.
2π m 0 π
A m1 (2bα) B m2 (b – a) α
Since, just after the collision, combined body has T2
velocity v, therefore, energy of the system at that O
Friction
1 m1g m2g
instant, E = (2m)v2 = 0.27 joule N
2
Due to velocity vC of centre of mass of the system, For forces on block A,
translational kinetic energy, T1 – m1g = m1(2bα) ...(1)
For forces on block B,
1
Et = (3m) v c2 = 0.18 joule m2g – T2 = m2(b – a)α ...(2)
2 Taking moments of forces acting on the spool, about
But total energy E of the system = its translational O,
kinetic (Et) + oscillation energy (E0)
T2(b – a) – T1(2b) = Iα ...(3)
∴ E0 = E – Et = 0.09 joule From equations (1), (2) & (3),
At the instant of maximum compression, oscillation T1 = 6.5 N, T2 = 95 N
energy is stored in the spring in the form of its strain
and α = 10 rad/sec2
energy. Let maximum compression of spring be x0.
∴ Acceleration of block A = 2bα = 3 ms–2 (upward)
1
then Kx 02 = E0 and acceleration of block B = (b – a)α = 0.5 ms–2
2 (downward) Ans.
∴ x0 = 90 × 10–3 m or 3 10 mm Ans.
4. Each plate of a parallel plate air capacitor has are area
3. In the arrangement shown in fig. mass of blocks A S = 5 × 10–3 m2 and are d = 8.85 mm apart as shown
and B is m1 = 0.5 kg and m2 = 10 kg, respectively and in fig. Plate A has a positive charge q1 = 10–
10
mass of spool is M = 8 kg. Inner and outer radii of coulomb and plate B has charge q2 = +2 × 10–10
the spool are a = 10 cm and b = 15 cm respectively. coulomb. Calculate energy supplied by a battery of
Its moment of inertia about its own axis is emf E = 10 volt when its positive terminal is
I0 = 0.10 kg m2. If friction be sufficient to prevent connected with plate A and negative terminal with
sliding, calculate acceleration of blocks A and B. plate B.
+10–10C +2 × 10–10C

b
a

A d B
Sol. Charges q1 and q2 get distributed such that charges
B appearing on inner surfaces of two plates become
numerically equal but opposite in nature. Since
A
charge q1 on plate A is less than charge q2 on plate B,
therefore inner surface of plate. A becomes

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 16 AUGUST 2009

 negatively charged and that of B become positively 5.
charged.
Let magnitude of this charge be q. Then distribution
of charge on various surfaces will be as shown in fig.
But the plates are metallic, therefore electric field
inside the plates will be zero.
Nine identical capacitors, each of capacitance
C = 15 µF are connected as shown in fig. Calculate
equivalent capacitance between terminals 1 and 4.
2 3 4

+(2 × 10–10 – q)
+(10–10 + q)

–q +q
p 1 6 5

Sol. Given arrangement of capacitors is symmetric about

Considering a point P inside the plate B,
mid-point of arm 3–6. If the arrangement is rotated
Electric field on it is
through 180º about this point, given arrangement is
(10 −10 + q ) q q obtained again. Let a battery of emf V be connected
E= – –
2ε 0S 2ε 0 S 2ε 0 S across terminals 1 and 4 of the arrangement. Then, in
steady state, charges on various capacitors will be as
(2 × 10 −10 − q ) shown in fig.
– =0
2ε 0 S
or q = 5 × 10–11 coulomb q2 – q3 q1
2 3 4
or 50 pC + – + –
Hence, the charges are as shown in fig.
q2 – + – + q3 –
+ – + +
+ – + q3 – q2
+ (q1 – q2 + 2q3)
50 pC
150 pC + – + + 150 pC 1 + –
+
q1
– 6 (q2 – q3) 5
+ – + + (q1 + q2) (q1 + q2)

When battery is connected with the plates, a charge + –

flows through the circuit. Due to flow of this charge,
charges on inner surfaces are changed while charges Applying Kirchhoff´s voltage law on mesh
on outer surfaces remain unchanged. 1 – 2 – 6 –1,
Let charge flowing through the battery be q´. Then
q2 q q
charges on various surfaces become as shown in fig. + 3 – 1 =0
C C C
+ – or q1 = (q2 + q3) ...(i)
+ +
–12
(50×10 –q´)
150 pC + For mesh 2 – 3 – 6 – 2,
– + + 150 pC
q 2 − q3 q − q 2 + 2q 3 q
– 1 – 3 =0
+ – + + C C C
or q1 = (2q2 – 4q3) ...(2)
From equation (1) and (2),
q´ q2 = 5q3 and q1 = 6q3
+ – Now applying Kirchhoff's voltage law on mesh
q E 1 – 6 – 5 – 4 – V – 1,
Capacitance of the capacitor is q1 q − q3 q
+ 2 + 2 –V=0
ε S C C C
C = 0 = 5 × 10–12 F 1
d Substituting q1 = 6q3 and q2 = 5q3, q3 = CV.
Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law, 15
But charge drawn by the arrangement from battery is
(50 × 10 −12 − q´)
– –E=0 11
C q = (q1 + q2) = 11q3 = CV
∴ q´ = 1 × 10–10 coulomb 15
∴ Energy supplied by battery q 11C
∴ Equivalent capacitance = = = 11µF Ans.
= q´E = 10–9 joule Ans. V 15

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 17 AUGUST 2009

 P HYSICS F UNDAMENTAL F OR IIT-J EE

Capacitor-2
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY

Capacitors in Series : If CpV is the net capacitance for the parallel

+Q –Q +Q –Q +Q –Q combination of capacitors then
A CpV = C1V + C2V + C3V ⇒ Cp = C1 + C2 + C3
C1 B Important terms :
C2 C3
V1 V2 V3 (a) If C1, C2, C3 .... are capacitors connected in series
V and if total potential across all is V, then potential
across each capacitor is
In this arrangement of capacitor the charge has no
alternative path(s) to flow.  1   1   1 
     
(a) The charges on each capacitor are equal C1 C2 C3
V1 =   V; V2 =   V; V3 =  V
i.e. Q = C1V1 = C2V2 = C3V3 ...(1)  1   1   1 
     
(b) The total potential difference across AB is shared  Cs   Cs   Cs 
by the capacitors in the inverse ratio of the
1 1 1 1 1
capacitances. and so on, where = + + + .... +
Cs C1 C 2 C 3 Cn
V = V1 + V2 + V3 ...(2)
If Cs is the net capacitance of the series combination, (b) If C1, C2, C3 ... are capacitors connected in
then parallel and if Q is total charge on the combination,
then charge on each capacitor is
Q Q Q Q
= + + C  C  C 
Cs C1 C 2 C 3 Q1 =  1  Q; Q2 =  2  Q; Q3 =  3 Q
 Cp   Cp   Cp 
1 1 1 1      
⇒ = + +
Cs C1 C 2 C 3 and so on, where Cp = C1 + C2 + C3 + ... + Cn
Energy Density :
Q Q
Further V1 = and V = For a parallel plate capacitor
C1 Cs
1
Capacitors in Parallel : U= CV2
2
+Q1 –Q1
C1 ε0A  σ
where C = and V = Ed where E = 
A +Q2 –Q2 B d  ε 0
C2
1 ε0A 2 2
+Q3 –Q3 ⇒ U= Ed
2 d
C3
V 1 
⇒ U =  ε 0 E 2  (Ad)
In such an arrangement of capacitors the charge has 2 
an alternative path(s) to flow 1
(a) The potential difference across each capacitor is ⇒ U= ε0E2τ
2
same and equals the total potential applied.
where τ is volume of the capacitor
i.e. V = V1 = V2 = V3 ...(1)
U Electrostatic Energy
Q Q Q ⇒ = Ue =
⇒ V= 1 = 2 = 3 ...(2) τ Volume
C1 C2 C3
= Electrostatic Pressure
(b) The total charge Q is shared by each capacitor in
the direct ratio of the capacitances. 1 σ2  σ
= ε0E2 = Q E = 
⇒ Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 2 2ε 0  ε0 

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 18 AUGUST 2009

Energy for series and parallel combinations : Q2  σ2 
⇒ F= =   A =  1 ε 0 E 2  A
Series Combination : For a series combination of 2ε 0 A  2ε 
 0  2 
capacitor Q = constant and
1 1 1 1  σ
= + + + ... Q Q = σA, E = 
Cs C1 C 2 C 3  ε 0

Q2 Q2 Q2 Q2 Kirochhoff's laws for capacitor circuits :

⇒ = + + + .... Kirchhoff's first law or junction law : Charge can
2C s 2C1 2C 2 2C 3
never accumulate at a junction i.e. at the junction
⇒ Us = U1 + U2 + U3 + ......
Parallel Combination : For a parallel combination ∑q = 0
of capacitors V = constant and Important terms : This law is helpful in determining
Cp = C1 + C2 + C3 + .... the nature of charge on an unknown capacitor plate.
Charge on capacitor C can be determined by using
1 1 1 1
⇒ CPV2 = C1V2 + C2V2 + C3V2 + ... this rule. As no charge must accumulate at the
2 2 2 2 junction O, so if x is charge on plate 1 of C, then
⇒ Up = U1 + U2 + U3 + .... –q1 + q2 + x = 0
Electrostatic force between the plates of a parallel plate ⇒ x = q1 – q2
capacitor : +q1 –q1 +q2 –q2
The plates of the capacitor each carry equal and + – – +
A B –
opposite charges, hence they must attract each other
with a force, say F. 1 C
2
+Q –Q
+ – i.e. plate 1 has a charge (q1 – q2) and plate 2 has a
+ – charge –(q1 – q2).
+ – Kirchhoffs second law or loop law :
+ – In a closed loop (a closed loop is the one which starts
+ – and ends at the same point), the algebraic sum of
+ – potential differences across each element of a closed
At any instant let the plate separation be x, then circuit is zero.

C=
ε0A ⇒ ∑V = 0
x Conventions followed to apply loop law :
Q 2 Q2  (a) In a loop, across a battery, if we travel from
Also U= ⇒U=  x negative terminal of battery to the positive
2C  2ε A 
 0  terminal then there is a potential rise and a +ve
Let the plates be moved towards each other through sign is applied with voltage of the battery.
dx, such that the new separation between the plates is (b) In a loop, across a battery, if we travel from
(x – dx). If Uf is the final potential energy, then positive terminal of the battery to the negative
terminal then there is a potential fall and a –ve
Q2 Q2
Uf = = (x – dx) sign is applied with voltage of the battery.
2C´ 2ε 0 A
(c) In a loop, across a capacitor, if we go from
If dU is the change in potential energy, then negative plate to the positive plate of the capacitor
dU = Uf – Ui then there is a potential rise and a +ve sign is to
be taken with potential difference across the
Q2 Q2 q
⇒ dU = (x – dx) – x capacitor i.e. ∆V = + .
2ε 0 A 2ε 0 A C
Q2 (d) In a loop, across a capacitor, if we go from
⇒ dU = – dx positive plate to the negative plate of the capacitor
2ε 0 A
then there is a potential fall and a –ve sign is to be
Further since taken with the potential difference across the
dU q
F=– capacitor i.e. ∆V = – .
dx C

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 19 AUGUST 2009

Finding net capacitance of circuits : 2. Find the equivalent capacitance between the point A
A. Simple Circuits : and B in figure.
C1 C2
Analyse the circuit carefully to conclude which pair
of capacitors are in series and which are in parallel
(This all should be done keeping in mind the points
across which net capacitance has to be calculated). A C3 B
Find their net capacitance and again draw an
equivalent diagram to apply the above specified
technique repeatedly so as to get the total capacitance C2 C1
between the specified points.
Sol. Let us connect a battery between the points A and B.
B. Concept of line of symmetry : The charge distribution is shown in figure. Suppose
Line of symmetry (L.O.S.) is an imagination of our the positive terminal of the battery supplies a charge
mind to divide a highly symmetric circuit into two +Q and the negative terminal a charge –Q. The
equal halves such that the points of the circuit charge Q is divided between plates a and e.
through which LOS passes are at equal potential. C1 C2
Q1 –Q1 Q–Q1 –(Q–Q1)
a b D

Solved Examples (2Q1–Q)

–(2Q1–Q)
i
C3
A B
j
1. Find the net capacitance of the circuit shown between e f E g h
the points A and B. Q–Q1 –(Q–Q1) Q1 –Q1
C C2 C1
Let a charge Q1 goes to the plate a and the rest Q – Q1
C goes to the plate e. The charge –Q supplied by the
C C negative terminal is divided between plates d and h.
C Using the symmetry of the figure, charge –Q1 goes to
A B the plate h (as it has a capacitance C1) and –(Q – Q1)
to the plate d (as it has a capacitance C2). This is
C C
because if we look into the circuit from A or from B,
Sol. This circuit is highly symmetric and so we can the circuit looks identical. The division of charge at
consider the line of symmetry to pass through the A and at B should, therefore, be similar. The charges
circuit to divide it into two equal (identical) halves. If on the other plates may be written easily. The charge
line of symmetry passes through a branch possessing on the plate i is 2Q1 – Q which ensures that the total
a capacitor, then on each side of line of Symmetry the charge on plates b, c and i remains zero as these three
capacitance will become 2C (2C and 2C in series will plates form an isolated system.
gives C), as shown. We have VA – VB = (VA – VD) + (VD – VB)
Q Q − Q1
1 or VA – VB = 1 + ...(1)
2C 2C C1 C2
C C
3 C Also, VA – VB = (VA – VD) + (VD – VE) + (VE – VB)
C
Q 2Q1 − Q Q
or VA – VB = 1 + + 1 ...(2)
4 C1 C3 C1
A P P B
C C We have to eliminate Q1 from these equation to get
LOS
Now, the concept of line of Symmetry makes our job Q
the equivalent capacitance .
easy to calculate capacitance across AP. (1) and (2) (VA − VB )
are in parallel further in series with (3), whose The first equation may be written as
resultant capacitance is in parallel with (4).  1 1  Q
Resultant of (1) and (2) is 3C VA – VB = Q1  −  +
3C  C1 C 2  C2
Resultant of 3C and (3) is C1C 2 C1
4 or (VA – VB) = Q1 + Q ...(3)
3C 7C C 2 − C1 C 2 − C1
Resultant of and (4) is
4 4 The second equation may be written as
So total capacitance across AB is  1 1  Q
VA – VB = 2Q1  +  –

C 7C
CAB = AP ⇒ CAB =  C1 C 3  C 3
2 8

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 20 AUGUST 2009

 C1C 2 C1 Further C34 is again in parallel. Hence the effective
or (VA – VB) = Q1 – Q ...(4) capacity
2(C1 + C 3 ) 2(C1 + C 3 )
C × 2C 0 5 5 A
Subtracting (4) from (3) = C0 + 0 = C0 = Kε0 .
C 0 + 2C 0 3 3 d
 CC C1C 3 
(VA – VB)  1 2 −  (ii) Charge on the plate 5 = charge on the uper half of
 C 2 − C1 2(C1 + C 3 )  parallel combination
 C1 C1  2  2 Kε 0 AV0
=  + Q ∴Q5 = V0  C 0  =
 C 2 − C1 2(C1 + C 3 )   3  3 d
or (VA – VB)[2C1C2(C1 + C3) – C1C3(C2 – C1)] Charge on plate 3 on the surface facing 4
= C1[2(C1 + C3) + (C2 – C1)]Q kε 0 AV0
∴ V0C0 =
Q 2C1C 2 + C 2 C 3 + C 3C1 d
or C = =
VA − VB C1 + C 2 + 2C 3 Charge on plate 3 on the surface facing 2
= [potential difference across (3 – 2)]C0
3. Five identical conducting plates 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are C0 AV0
= V0 C0 = Kε0
fixed parallel to and equidistant from each other as C 0 + 2C 0 3d
shown in fig. Plates 2 and 5 are connected by a
Kε 0 AV0 AV0
conductor while 1 and 3 are joined by another ∴ Q3 = + Kε0
conductor. The junction of 1 and 3 the plate 4 are d 3d
connected to a source of constant e.m.f. V0. Find Kε 0 AV0  1  4 A
(i) The effective capacity of the system between the =
d 1 + 3  = 3 Kε0 d V0
 
terminals of the source
(ii) the charge on plates 3 and 5.
4. In diagram find the potential difference between the
Given d = distance between any two successive
points A and B and between the points B and C in the
plates and A = are of either face of each plate.
steady state.
Sol. (i) The equivalent circuits is shown in fig. The 3µF 1µF
system consists of four capacitors. B
5
3µF 1µF
4 (–)
3
1µF
2 (+) 10Ω
20Ω 100 V
1 C
A
(a) Sol. The circuit is redrawn in fig (a, b, c)
1 2 3µF 1µF
(Q2/2) B

(Q2/2)
3 2 5 4
3µF 1µF
Q Q2

(+) (–) 1µF 10Ω

20Ω
3 4 C
A
Q1 100 V
(b) Fig.(a)
6µF B 2µF 3/2 µF
i.e., C12, C32, C34 and C54. The capacity of each R S
 Kε A 
capacitor is  0  = C0. The effective capacity 1µF 1µF
 d  P Q P Q
across the source can be calculated as follows : 10Ω 10Ω
20Ω 20Ω
The capacitors C12 and C32 are in parallel and hence A
C
A
C
their capacity is C0 + C0 = 2C0. The capacitor C54 is 100 V 100 V
in series with effective capacitor of capacity 2C0. Fig.(b) Fig.(c)
Hence the resultant capacity will be From fig. (c).
C 0 × 2C 0 potential difference between P and Q
C 0 + 2C 0 = Potential difference between R and S
= 100 volt

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 21 AUGUST 2009

 3 2
∴ Q = capacity × volt = × 10–6 × 100 1 V CV 2
2 = × (3C)   =
2 3 6
= 150 × 10–6 coulomb
Now according to fig.(b), the charge flowing through ∴ Total final energy
capacitors of capacity 6 µF and 2 µF is 150 × 10–6 3 CV 2 5
Ef = CV2 + = CV2
coulomb because they are connected in series. 2 6 3
Potential difference between A and B = Potential
Ei CV 2 3
difference across the two ends of condenser of ∴ = 2
=
capacity 6 µF. Ef (5 / 3)CV 5
Q 150 × 10 −6
∴ V1 = = = 25 volt.
capacity 6 × 10 −6
Again potential difference between C and D = Space Shuttle
potential difference across the two ends of condenser
of capacity 2µF
150 × 10 −6
V2 = = 75 volt
2 × 10 −6
5. Fig. shows two identical parallel plate capacitors
connected to a battery with switch S closed. The
switch is now opened and the free space between the
plates of the capacitors is filled with a dielectric of
dielectric constant (or relative permittivity) 3. Find
the ratio of the total electrostatic energy stored in
both capacitors before and after the introduction of
the dielectric.
S

V A C B C
OK here is the deal with the space shuttle. It has
three rocket engines in the back, but there's
Sol. Initially the charge on either capacitor, i.e. qA or qB is absolutely no room inside for all the fuel it needs
CV coulomb. to launch itself up into space. All of that fuel is
When dielectric is introduced, the new capacitance of stored outside the shuttle, in the big brown
either capacitor
cylinder, called the external tank.
K
C1 = 1 C = 3C.
K The tank containing all the rocket fuel weighs
After the opening of switch S, the potential across seven times more than the space shuttle itself!
capacitor A is volt. That's a lot of really heavy fuel, and the space
Let the potential across capacitor B is V1
shuttle engines aren't quite strong enough to push
∴ qB = CV = C1V1 or CV = 3CV1
V the combined weight of the shuttle and the big
∴ V1 = volt bloated external tank up off the ground.
3
1 That's what the two long white solid rocket
Initial energy of capacitor A = CV2
2 boosters strapped onto the sides of the external
1 2 tank are for. They lift the tank! Fortunately, it was
energy of capacitor B = CV
2 not necessary to strap an infinite series of smaller
1 1 and smaller rockets to the sides of the solid
∴ Total energy Ei = CV2 + CV2 = CV2
2 2 rocket boosters.
Final energy of capacitor A
1 3 It is not widely known that just behind the main
= × (3C)V2 = CV2 flight deck of the space shuttle is a small Starbucks
2 2
Final energy of capacitor B adapted for use in zero gravity.

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 22 AUGUST 2009

 P HYSICS F UNDAMENTAL F OR IIT-J EE

Work, Power, Energy & Conservation Law

KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY

Work, Energy and Power : The potential energy of particle in the gravitational
Work is done when a force (F) is displaced. field is given by
U = U0 + mgh
dr
where U0 = potential energy of the body at the
ground level.
θ This is true only for objects near the surface of the
F earth because g is uniform only near the surface of
The work done is the earth.
The strain potential energy of a spring is given by U
dW = F dr cos θ
1
Using vector notation = kx2, where k is the force constant of the spring
rr 2
dW = F.dr and x is the charge in length of the spring. This
When the force and the displacement are in the same change in length may be either a compression or on
direction, θ = 0, cos θ = +1, work done is positive. extension.
When the force and the displacement are in opposite Potential Energy and force
directions, θ = 180º, cos θ = –1, work done is ∂U
Fx = –
negative. ∂x
When the displacement is perpendicular to the
Principle of Conservation of energy :
direction of the force, θ = 90º, cos θ = 0, no work is
done. Conservative and Non-conservative Force : If the
r r work done by a force in moving a body from one
∫
For a system of particles the quantity F.dx cm is point to another depends only on the positions of the
body and not on the process or the path taken, the
called pseudo work. At times actual work may be
force is said to be conservative. Gravitational force,
zero but not pseudo work.
spring force, elastic forces, electric and magnetic
Work is a scalar quantity. Its unit is joule. Power is forces are examples of conservative forces. If the
the rate of doing work. Thus work done depends on the paths taken, the force is
work done said to be non-conservative. Frictional force is a non-
Power = conservative force.
time taken
The unit of power is the watt (= joules/second). Work-energy Theorem : The work by external
rr forces on a body is equal to the change of kinetic
The power of an agent is given by P = F.v energy of the body. This is true for both constant
where F is the force applied by the agent and v is the forces and variable forces (variable in both
velocity of the body on which the agent applies the magnitude and direction).
force. For a particle W = ∆K. For a system of particles Wnet
The energy of a system is its capacity of doing work. = Wreal + Wpseudo = ∆Kcm
Mechanical energy may be of two types : Principle of Conservation of Energy : Energy can
(i) kinetic energy and (ii) potential energy. neither be created nor destroyed by any process.

1 For a particle K + U = a constant. For a system of

The kinetic energy of a particle is T = mv2. particles Kcm + Uext + Eint = a constant.
2
However, energy can be transformed from one form
1 2 into another.
The kinetic energy of a system is T = Mv cm
2

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 23 AUGUST 2009

Collision of Bodies :
Elastic Collision : When two bodies meet a with
certain relative speed they are said to collide with
each other. In a collision, kinetic energy is
transferred, from one body to another. When the
transfer of kinetic energy takes place in such a way
that the total kinetic energy is conserved, the collision
is said to be perfectly elastic, or simply elastic. When
kinetic energy is not conserved the collision is said to
be inelastic. Further, in a collision, if one body gets
embedded in the other and kinetic energy is not
conserved, it is a completely inelastic collision.
In inelastic and completely inelastic collisions there
is always a loss of kinetic energy and this energy is
converted into other forms of energy, mostly heat.
A collision is said to be direct or head-on if the
relative motion before and after the collision is in the
same direction; if not it an oblique collision.
Remember the following points while solving
problems on the collision of bodies.
(i) Apply the principle of conservation of
momentum. In one-dimensional direct collisions,
one equation is obtained by equating momenta
before and after collision in the direction of
motion. In two-dimensional collisions, select the
line of impact as the X-axis and the line
perpendicular to it as the Y-axis and obtain two
equations by equation by equating momenta
before and after the collision along the X- and Y-
axes.
Remember that momentum is a vector quantity. It
may be positive or negative depending on the
direction. Choose any one direction as positive;
the opposite will be negative.
(ii) If it is an elastic collision, apply the principle of
conservation of kinetic energy. For inelastic
collisions, apply the principle of conservation of
energy to obtain an additional equation.
(iii) Remember there is no change in momentum
along the common tangent to the colliding bodies.
Coefficient of restitution : According to Newton,
the relative velocity of a body after collision is
proportional to its relative velocity in the same
direction before collision, with a reversal of sign.
Here, relative velocity means the velocity of any one
of the colliding bodies (say A) with respect to the
other colliding body (say B).
The constant of proportionality is called the
coefficient of restitution (e).
That is VAB (after collision) = –e × V´AB (before
collision)
This is Newton's law of collision.
For elastic collisions, e = 1. For inelastic collisions,
e<1
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE
(A) Problem solving strategy :
Work and Kinetic Energy :
Step 1 : Identify the relevant concepts : The work-
energy theorem is extremely useful in situations
where you want to relate a body’s speed v1 at one
point in its motion to its speed v2 at a different point.
This approach is less useful for problems that involve
time, such as finding the time it takes a body to go
from point 1 to point 2. The reason is that the work-
energy theorem. Wtot = K2 – K1, doesn’t involve time
at all. For problems that involve time, it’s usually
best to use the relationships among time, position,
velocity, and acceleration
Step 2 : Set up the problem using the following
steps :
Choose the initial and final positions of the body,
and draw a free-body diagram showing all the
forces that act on the body.
Choose a coordinate system. (If the motion is
along a straight line, it’s usually easiest to have
both the initial and final positions lie along the x-
axis.)
List the unknown and known quantities, and
decide which unknowns are your target variables.
In some cases the target variable will be the
body’s initial or final speed; in other cases it will
be the magnitude of one of the forces acting on
the body.
Step 3 : Execute the solution : Calculate the work
done by each force. If the force is constant and the
displacement is a straight line, you can use Eq.
rr
W = Fs cos φ or W = F.S . (Latter in this chapter
we’ll see how to handle varying forces and curved
trajectories.) Be sure to check the sign of the work for
each force; it must be positive if the force has a
component in the direction of the displacement,
negative if it has a component opposite the
displacement, and zero if the force and displacement
are perpendicular.
Add the amounts of work done by each force to find
the total work Wtot. Be careful with signs! Sometimes
it may be easier to calculate the vector sum of the
forces (the net force), then find the work done by the
net force; this value is also equal to Wtot.
Write expressions for the initial and final kinetic
energies, K1 and K2. Note that kinetic energy
involves mass, not weight; if you are given the
body’s weight, you’ll need to use the relationship
W = mg to find the mass.
Finally, use the relationship Wtot = K2 – K1 to solve
for the target variable. Remember that the right-hand
side of this equation is the final kinetic energy minus
the initial kinetic energy, never the other way around.
Step 4 : Evaluate your answer : Check whether your
answer makes physical sense. A key item to
24 AUGUST 2009
 1 Step 4 : Evaluate your answer : Check whether your
remember is that kinetic energy K = mv2 can never
2
be negative. If you come up with a negative value of
K, you’ve made a mistake. Perhaps you interchanged
the initial and final kinetic energies in Wtot = K2 – K1
or made a sign error in one of the work calculations.
(B) Problems using Mechanical Energy :
Step 1 : Identify the relevant concepts : First decide
whether the problem should be solved by energy
r
∑
r applying conservation of momentum to a problem,
methods, by using F = ma directly, or by a
combination of these strategies. The energy approach
is particularly useful when the problem involves
motion with varying forces, along a curved path
(discussed later in this section), or both. But if the
problem involves elapsed time, the energy approach
is usually not the best choice, because this approach
doesn’t involve time directly.
Step 2 : Set up the problem using the following
steps :
When using the energy approach, first decide
what the initial and final states (the positions and
velocities) of the system are Use the subscript 1
for the initial state and the subscript 2 for the final
state. It helps to draw sketches showing the initial
and final states.
Define your coordinate system, particularly the
level at which y = 0. You will use it to compute
gravitational potential energies. Equation U =
mgy (gravitational potential energy) assumes that
the positive direction for y is upward; we suggest
that you use this choice consistently.
Identify all no gravitational forces that do work.
A free body diagram is always helpful. It some of
the quantities you need are unknown, represent
them by algebraic symbols.
List the unknown and known quantities, including
the coordinates and velocities at each point.
Decide which unknowns are your target variables.
Step 3 : Execute the solution : Write expressions for
the initial and final kinetic and potential energies –
that is K1, K2, U1, and U2. In general some of these
quantities will be known and some will be unknown.
Then relate the kinetic and potential energies and the
no gravitation work Wother using eq.
K1 + U1 + Wother = K2 + U2
(you will have to calculate Wother in terms of the
nongravitational forces.) If there is no
nongravitational work, this expression becomes eq.
1 1
mv12 + mgy1 = mv22 + mgy2
2 2
It’s helpful to draw bar graphs showing the initial and
final values of K, U, and E = K + U. Then solve to
find whatever unknown quantity is required.
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE
answer makes physical sense. Keep in mind, here and
in later sections, that the work done by each force
must be represented either in U1 – U2 = –∆U, so make
sure you did not include in ∆U, so make sure you did
not include it again in Wother.
(C) Problem solving strategy :
Conservation of Momentum :
Step 1 : Identify the relevant concepts : Before
you must first decide whether momentum is
conserved. This will be true only if the vector sum of
the external forces acting on the system of particles is
zero. If this is not the case, you can’t use
conservation of momentum.
Step 2 : Set up the problem using the following
steps :
Define a coordinate system. Make a sketch
showing the coordinate axes, including the
positive direction for each. Often it is easiest to
choose the x-axis to have the direction of one of
the initial velocities. Make sure you are using an
inertial frame of reference. Most of the problems
in this chapter deal with two-dimensional
situations, in which the vectors have only x- and
y-components; all of the following statements can
be generalized to includes-components when
necessary.
Treat each body as a particle. Draw “before” and
“after” sketches, and include vectors on each to
represent all known velocities. Label the vectors
with magnitudes, angles, components, or
whatever information is given, and give each
unknown magnitude, angle, or component an
algebraic symbol. You may find it helpful to use
the subscripts 1 and 2 for velocities before and
after the interaction, respectively; if you use these
subscripts, use letters (not numbers) to label each
paritcle.
As always, identify the target variable(s) from
among the unknowns.
Step 3 : Execute the solution as follows :
Write an equation in terms of symbols equating
the total initial x-component of momentum (that
is, before the interaction) to the total final x-
component of momentum (that is, after the
interaction), using px = mvx for each particle.
Write another equation for the y-components,
using py = mvy for each particle. Remember that
the x- and y-components of velocity or
momentum are never added together in the same
equation ! Even when all the velocities lie along a
line (such as the x-axis), the components of
velocity along this line can be positive or
negative; be careful with signs !
25 AUGUST 2009
 Solve these equations to determine whatever ∴ Total work done
results are required. In some problems you will 20  x 20  1 
have to convert from the x-and y-components of a
velocity to its magnitude and direction, or the
W= ∫
0 
 20 −  g dx = g
2 ∫
0 20dx − 2 xdx 
 
reverse.   x 2 
20 

In some problems, energy considerations give = g {20 x}020 −   

  4  0 
additional relationships among the various  
velocities. = g[400 – 100] = 300g = 300 × 10 = 3000J
Step 4 : Evaluate your answer: Does your answer
make physical sense ? If your target variable is a 3. A body of mass m is thrown at an angle α to the
certain body’s momentum, check that the direction of horizontal with an initial velocity v0. Find the mean
the momentum is reasonable. power developed by gravity over the whole time of
motion of the body and the instantaneous power of
Solved Examples gravity as a function of time.
Sol. We know that Pinstan = F.v
The velocity of the particle after time t is given by
1. A bus of mass 1000 kg has an engine which produces v = v0 cos α i + (v0 sin α – g t)j)
a constant power of 50 kW. If the resistance to and F = – mg j
motion, assumed constant is 1000 N, find the
∴ Pinstan. = (–mg j) . {v0 cos α i + (v0 sin α – g t)j}
maximum speed at which the bus can travel on level
= – mg(v0 sin α – g t)
road and the acceleration when it is traveling at 25
The average power is given by
m/s. T T
Sol. At maximum speed all the power is used to overcome
the resistance to motion. Hence if the maximum (P) =
∫
0
P( t ) dt
=
− mg ∫ 0
( v 0 sin α − gt )dt
T T
speed is v, then
50,000 = 1000 × v or v = 50 m/s ∫ 0
dt
The maximum speed = 50 m/s − mg[ v 0 sin αT − gT 2 / 2]
At 25 m/s, let the pull of the engine be P. Then the =
power 50,000 = P × 25 T
Here T is total time of flight
50000
or P = = 2000 N T = (2 v0 sin α)/g
25 Substituting this value, we have
1000 N 2000 N  v sin α(2v 0 sin α) / g − g( 4v 02 sin 2 α / 2g 2 ) 
(P) = – mg  0 
 (2v 0 sin α) / g 
a
Now resultant force Solving we get (P) = 0
= 2000 – 1000 = 1000 N
Applying Newton's law, F = ma, we have 4. Two blocks of masses m1 = 2 kg and m2 = 5 kg are
1000 = 1000 a or a = 1.0 m/s2 moving in the same direction along a frictionless
surface with speeds 10 m/s and 3m/s respectively, m2
2. A man is drawing water from a well with a bucket being ahead of m1. An ideal spring with k = 1120
which leaks uniformly. The bucket when full weighs nt/m is attached to the back side of m2. Find the
20 kg and when it arrives the top only half the water maximum compression of the spring when the blocks
remains. The depth of the water is 20 metres. If collide.
g = 10 m/sec2, what is the work done ? Sol. The situation is shown in fig.
Sol. When the bucket arrives at the top, the mass is 10 kg. u1 u2
Hence loss in mass = 20 – 10 = 10 kg. The depth of
the well is 20 metres.
m1 m2
10 1
∴ mass lost per unit distance = = kg
20 2
Consider a point at a height x from the bottom of the Let v be the speed of the system after collision.
well. Applying the law of conservation of energy, we have
At height x from the bottom, the bucket weighs = m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v
Substituting the given values
 x
 20 −  kg. The work done against the force during (2 × 10) + (5 × 3) = (2 + 5)v
 2 20 + 15
v= = 5 m/s
 x 7
elementary displacement dx =  20 −  dx.g
 2

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 26 AUGUST 2009

 Now applying the law of conservation of kinetic v2 (40.2) 2
energy, we get = = = 82.45 m
2g 2 × 9.8
1 1 1 1
m1u12 + m 2 u 22 = (m1 + m2)v2 + kx2 The height to which it rises above the cliff is
2 2 2 2 = 82.45 – 4.90 = 77.5 m
or m1u12 + m2u22 = (m1 + m2)v2 + kx2
(2 × 100) + (5 × 9) = (7 × 25) + (1120 × x2)
200 + 45 = 175 + 1120 x2
200 + 45 − 175 1
x2 = =
1120 16
1
x= = 0.25 m
4

5. A wooden block of mass 10g is dropped from the top

of a cliff 100 metres high. simultaneously, a bullet of Regents Physics
mass 10 g is fired from the foot of the cliff vertically
upwards with a velocity of 100 m/sec.
You Should Know Electricity
(i) Where and after what time will they meet ?
(ii) If the bullet, after striking the block, gets 1. A coulomb is charge, an amp is current
embedded in it, how high will it rise above the cliff [coulomb/sec] and a volt is potential difference
before it starts falling ? [joule/coulomb].
Sol. (i) Let the wooden block and bullet meet after a time
t seconds. The distance s1 moved by the block is 2. Short fat cold wires make the best conductors.
given by
3. Electrons and protons have equal amounts of
1
s1 = gt2 ...(1) charge (1.6 x 10-19 coulombs each).
2
The distance s2 moved by the bullet in time t second 4. Adding a resistor in parallel decreases the total
is given by
resistance of a circuit.
1 1
s2 = ut – gt2 = 100t – gt2 ...(2)
2 2 5. Adding a resistor in series increases the total
Adding eqs. (1) and (2) resistance of a circuit.
s1 + s2 = 100 t
or 100 = 100t (Q s1 + s2 = 100 m) 6. All resistors in series have equal current (I).
∴ t = 1 sec. 7. All resistors in parallel have equal voltage (V).
1 2 1
Now s1 = gt = × 9.8 × 1 = 4.9 m 8. If two charged spheres touch each other add
2 2
Thus the two meet after 1 sec. at distance of 4.9 m the charges and divide by two to find the final
from the top of the cliff. charge on each sphere.
(ii) The velocity of the block before impact
u1 = 0 + gt = 9.8 m/s 9. Insulators contain no free electrons.
The velocity of the bullet before impact
u2 = u – gt 10. Ionized gases conduct electric current using
∴ u2 = 100 – (9.8 × 1) = 90.2 m/s positive ions, negative ions and electrons.
Let after the impact. v be the velocity of combined
11. Electric fields all point in the direction of the
mass. Applying the law of conservation of linear
momentum, we have force on a positive test charge.
m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v 12. Electric fields between two parallel plates are
10 × 9.8 + 10 × (– 90.2) = (10 + 10)v
Here we have taken the velocity positive in uniform in strength except at the edges.
downward direction. 13. Millikan determined the charge on a single
9.8 − 90.2 electron using his famous oil-drop experiment.
v= = – 40.2 m/s
2
The negative sign shows that the velocity of 14. All charge changes result from the movement
combined mass is in the upward direction. of electrons not protons (an object becomes
The height to which the combined mass rises after positive by losing electrons)
impact

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 27 AUGUST 2009

 KEY CONCEPT

Organic REACTION
Chemistry
Fundamentals MECHANISM
Anti 1,2-Dihydroxylation of Alkenes via Epoxides : If only the first product (3-chloro-1-butene) were
Epoxidation of cyclopentene produces 1,2- formed, we would conclude that hydrogen chloride
epoxycyclopentane : had added to one double bond of 1,3-butadiene in the
O O usual way :
H
(1) + RCOOH 1 2 4
O + RCOH
3
CH2 = CH – CH = CH2 1,2-addition CH2 – CH – CH = CH2
H
Cyclopentene 1,2-Epoxycyclopentane + H Cl
Acid –catalyzed hydrolysis of 1, 2-epoycyclopentane H – Cl 3-Chloro-1-butene
yields a trans diol, trans-1, 2-cy-clopentanediol. It is the second product , 1-chloro-2-butene, that is
Water acting as a nucleophile attacks the protonated unusual. Its double bond is between the central
epoxide from the side opposite the epoxide group. atoms, and the elements of hydrogen chloride have
The carbon atom being attacked undergoes an added to the Cl and C4 atoms :
inversion of configuration. We show here only one
1 2 3 4
carbon atom being attacked. Attack at the other
CH2 = CH – CH = CH2 1,4-addition CH2 – CH = CH – CH2
carbon atom of this symmetrical system is equally
likely and produces the enantiomeric form of trans-1, + H Cl
2-cyclopentanediol : H – Cl 1-Chloro-2-butene
H H
H + H O This unusual behavior of 1, 3-butadine can be
O attributed directly to the stability and the delocalized
H H
(2) +H + nature of an allylic cation . In order to see this ,
:O: OH consider a mechanism for the addition of hydrogen
H H chloride :
H
O Step 1
H H
:O + H :OH+ :Cl – H + CH2 = CH – CH = CH2
+
H H CH3 – CH – CH = CH2 CH3 – CH = CH – CH2 + :Cl:–
+ enantiomer
OH OH
H H An allylic cation equivalent to
trans-1,2-Cyclopentanediol
CH3 — CH — CH — CH2
Epoxidation followed by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis δ+ δ+
gives us, therefore, a method for anti 1,2-
Step 2
dihydroxylation of a double bond. (a)
CH3CH – CH = CH2
δ+ δ+
Electrophilic Attack on Conjugated Dines: 1, 4 CH3CH — CH — CH2 + :Cl: –
Addition : (a) Cl
(b) 1,2 Addition
Not only are conjugated dienes somewhat more
stable than nonconjugated dienes, they also display (b)
CH3CH = CHCH2Cl
special behavior when they react with electrophilic 1,4 Addition
reagents. For example, 1, 3-butadiene reacts with one
molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride to produce In step 1 a proton adds to one of the terminal carbon
two products, 3-chloro-1-butene and 1-chloro-2- atoms of 1, 3-butadiene to form, as usual, the more
butene: stable carbocation, in this case a resonance-stabilized
allylic cation. Addition to one of the inner carbon
CH2 = CH – CH = CH2 HCl atoms would have produced a much less stable
1,3-Butadiene 25ºC primary cation, one that could not be stabilized by
CH3 – CH – CH = CH2 + CH3 – CH = CH – CH2Cl resonance :
CH2=CH–CH=CH2 → +CH2–CH2–CH=CH2 + Cl–
Cl
3-Chloro-1-butene (78%) 1-Chloro-2-butene (22%) H – Cl A1º carbocation

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 28 AUGUST 2009

 In step 2 a chloride ion forms a bond to one of the
carbon atoms of the allylic cation that bears a partial
positive charge. Reaction at one carbon atom results
in the 1,2-addition product; reaction at the other gives
the 1, 4-addition product.
Kinetic Control versus Thermodynamic Control of a
Chemical Reaction :
The addition of hydrogen bromide to 1, 3-butadiene
is interesting in another respect. The relative amounts
of 1, 2- and 1, 4-addition products that we obtain are
dependent on the temperature at which we carry out
the reaction.
When 1,3-butadiene and hydrogen bromide react at a
low temperature (–80ºC) in the absence of peroxides,
the major reaction is 1, 2 addition; we obtain about
80% of the 1, 2 product and only about 20% of the
1,4 product. At a higher temperature (40ºC) the result
is reversed. The major reaction is 1, 4 addition; we
obtain about 80% of the 1, 4 product and only about
20% of the 1, 2 product.
When the mixture formed at the lower temperature is
brought to the higher temperature, moreover, the
relative amounts of the two products change. This
new reaction mixture eventually contains the same
proportion of products given by the reaction carried
out at the higher temperature :
–80ºC
CH3CHCH=CH2 + CH3CH=CHCH2Br
Br 40ºC
CH2 = CHCH = CH2 + HBr (80%) (20%)
40ºC
CH3CHCH=CH2 + CH3CH = CHCH2Br
Br
(20%) (80%)
It can also be shown that at the higher temperature
and in the presence of hydrogen bromide, the 1,2-
addition product rearranges to the 1,4 product and
that an equilibrium exists between them :
40ºC, HBr
CH3CHCH = CH2 CH3CH = CHCH2Br
Br
1,2-Addition product 1,4-Addition product
Because this equilibrium favors the 1,4-addition
product, that product must be more stable.
The reaction of hydrogen bromide with 1, 3-
butadiene serve as a striking illustration of the way
that the outcome of a chemical reaction can be
determined, in one instance, by relative rates of
competing reaction and, in another, by the relative
stabilities of the final products. At the lower
temperature, the relative amounts of the products of
the addition are determined by the relative rates at
which the two additions occur; 1, 2 addition occurs
faster so the 1,2-addition product is the major
product. At the higher temperature, the relative
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE
amounts of the products are determined by the
position of an equilibrium the 1,4-addition product is
the more stable, so it is the major product.
This behavior of 1, 3-butadiene and hydrogen
bromide can be more fully understood by the
following way.
The step that determines the overall outcome of the
reaction is the step in which the hybrid allylic cation
combines with a bromide ion, that is,
δ+ δ+
CH2 = CH – CH = CH2 H3C — CH — CH — CH2
Br–
CH3 – CH – CH = CH2
This step
Br determines the
1,2 Product regioselectivity
of the reaction
Br–
CH3 – CH = CH – CH2Br
1,4 Product
For this step, the free energy of activation leading to
the 1, 2-addition product is less than the free energy
of activation leading to the 1, 4-addition product,
even though the 1, 4 product is more stable. At low
temperatures, a larger fraction of collisions between
the intermediate ions has enough energy to cross the
lower barrier (leading to the 1, 2-product), and only a
very small fraction of collisions has enough energy to
cross the higher barrier is crossed at low temperature
(i.e., – 80ºC in this example), product formation is
essentially irreversible because there is not enough
energy available to lift either product out of its deep
potential energy valley. Since 1,2 addition occurs
faster, the 1, 2 product predominates and the reaction
is said to be under kinetic control or rate control.
At higher temperature, the intermediate ions have
sufficient energy to cross both barriers with relative
ease. More importantly, however, at higher
temperatures both reactions are reversible. Sufficient
energy is also available to take the products back
over their energy barriers to the intermediate level of
allylic cations and bromide ions. The 1, 2 product is
still formed faster, but, being less stable than the 1, 4
product, it also reverts to the allylic cation faster.
Under these conditions, that is, at higher
temperatures, the relative proportions of the products
do not reflect the relative heights of the energy
barriers leading from allylic cation to products.
Instead, they reflect the relative stabilities of the
products themselves. Since the 1,4 product is more
stable, it is formed at the expense of the 1,2 product
because the overall change from 1, 2 product to 1, 4
product is energetically favored. Such a reaction is
said to be under thermodynamic control or
equilibrium control.
29 AUGUST 2009
 KEY CONCEPT

Solid State
Physical
Chemistry
Fundamentals

Density of Cubic Crystals : In this structure, each sphere is in contact with six
The density based on the structure can be calculated nearest neighbours (four in the same base, one above
from the mass contained in a unit cell and its volume. and one below). The percentage of occupied volume
If N is the number of molecules per unit cubic cell of in this structure can be calculate as follows:
edge length a, then the mass and volume per unit cell are The edge length a of the cube will be twice the radius
 M  of the sphere, i.e. a = 2r. Since in the primitive cubic
Mass =   N Volume = a3 lattice, there is only one sphere present in the unit
 NA  lattice, the volume occupied by the sphere is
mass NM 4 3 4 a
3
Therefore, Density = = 3 V= πr or V= π 
volume a NA 3 3 2
The value of N for the three cubic cells can be The fraction of the total volume occupied by the
calculated as follows : sphere is
Primitive cubic cell : In a primitive cubic cell, atoms 3
are present at the corners of the cube. There are eight 4 a
π 
corners of a cube and thus eight atoms are present at 3 2 π
these corners. Now, any particular corner of the cube φ= 3
= = 0.5236
a 6
is actually shared amongst eight such cubic unit cells
placed adjacent to one another. Thus, the contribution or 52.36 percent
of the atom placed at one of the corners to the single Thus, the structure is relatively open since only
cubic unit cell is 1/8. Since there are eight corners of 52.36% (π/6) of the total volume is occupied by the
a cube, the number of atoms associated with a single spheres. The remainder, i.e. 0.4764 of the total
primitive unit cell is 8/8 = 1. volume is empty space or void volume.
Body-centred cubic cell : In a body-centred cubic No crystalline element has been found to have this
unit cell, besides atoms being present at the corners, structure.
there is one atom in the centre of the cube which Closest Packing :
belongs exclusively to this cubic unit cell. Therefore,
number of atoms per unit cell are two. In closest packing arrangements, each sphere is in
contact with the maximum possible number of
Face-centred cubic cell : Here, atoms, besides being nearest neighbours. Fig. shows a closest packed layer
at the corners, are also present at the centre of the six of spheres. Each sphere is surrounded by six nearest
faces. Each of these atoms is shared between two neighbours lying in the plane, three spheres Just
such unit cells. Thus, their contribution to the unit above it and three below it, thus making the total
cell is 6/2 = 3 atoms, making a total of 4 atoms per number of nearest neighbours equal to twelve.
cubic unit cell
If the spheres are packed in the same plane, then just
Packing in a simple Cubic Lattice :
above these spheres
In a lattice of this type, the spheres are packed in the
form of a square array by laying down a base of
spheres and then piling upon the base other layers in
such a way that each sphere is immediately above the A
A
other sphere, as shown in fig. A A
B B B
C C C C
A A A A A
B B B B
C C C C
A A A A A

Packing in a simple cubic lattice

Fig. (a) Closest packed layers of spheres

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 30 AUGUST 2009

 B determined by reference to a face centred cubic
A lattice with unit cell length a. In such a lattice, the
B A distance between closest-packed layers (Miller
A C indices 111)is one –third of the body diagonal, i.e.
B 3 a./3.
B
A C 3a
A Thus, =
B C 2 3
A B
Layer A
A

Fig. (b) Two types of packing

there exist two different types of voids, pointing in Layer B

different directions as shown in fig. (a). Thus, we can
C/2
have three different types of locations as shown by A,
B and C in fig. (a). Location A is occupied by the Layer A
spheres while B and C are the two different types of
voids. But because of the size of the spheres, both a
types of voids cannot be occupied simultaneously. 2r
The third layer of closest-packed sphere can be Hexagonal closest-packed structure
formed in two different ways. If, for example, we
choose to place the spheres of the second layer in B Now, in the face-centred lattice spheres touch one
sites, one of the available sets of voids for the third another along the face diagonal. Thus, we have
layer will be directly above the spheres in the original 4
layer. These are A sites. The other set of voids will be 4r = 2 a or a= r
directly above the voids designated by C in the 2
original layer. With this, the distance C becomes
Types of Packing :  3   3 4r 
C = 2 a = 2  = 8 r
Thus, two types of packing (fig. b) are possible  3   3 2
    6
ABABA.... or ABCABC ....
The hexagonal base consists of six equilateral
We can have many other varieties of patterns such as
triangles, each with side 2r and with an altitude of 2r
ABCACB....., ABAC .... etc. But for many of the
common substances that form closest-packed sin 60º, i.e. 3 r. Therefore,
structures, one of the above two symmetrical
arrangements is observed.
1
Area of the base = 6 
2
( 3r )(2r) = 6 3 r2
Hexagonal Closest Packed Structure :
The packing ABAB.... is known as a hexagonal
closest-packed structure (HCP). The unit cell of
Volume of the prism = 6 3r 2  (
 8 
6
)
r  = 24 2 r3
 
shown in figure.
Number of spheres belonging to this prism
3 spheres in B layers exclusively belong to this prism.
A
1 from the centre of the base. There are two spheres
B of this type and each is shared by two prisms.
2 from the corners. There are twelve such spheres
A and each is shared amongst six prisms of this type.
Thus, the total number of spheres is 6.
Exploded view Hexagonal closest -packed
The fraction of volume of the prism actually
Unit cell formed by ABA packing occupied by the spheres is
The fraction of the volume occupied in HCP can be 4 
calculated as described in the following. 6 πr 3 
3  = 2π
The distance C/2 (in figure) is the distance between = 0.7405
24 2 r 3
6
the layers A and B. This distance will be from the
centre of a sphere to the plane of the three spheres or 70.05 percent
that are in contact with it. This distance can be Example of HCP are Ca, Cd, Cr, Mg and Zn.

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 31 AUGUST 2009

Cubical Closest-Packed Structure this arrangement, spheres are touching one another
The packing ABCABC, .... is a cubical closest- along the cross diagonal of the cube, making its
packing (CCP) or face-centred cubic packing. The distance equal to 4r. This must be equal to 3 a.
fraction of volume occupied in CCP can be
calculated as follows : Thus, 4r = 3 a,
The radius of the sphere in terms of the unit length of 3
the face-centred cube is given by i.e., r= a
4
2a Volume of the cube = a3
r=
4 3
4 3 4  3 
since the sphere will be touching each other along the Volume of one sphere = πr = π a
diagonal of the face of the cube. 3 3  4 
In the face-centred cubic lattice, there are four Since there are two spheres in each unit cell, the total
spheres per unit cell. Therefore, fraction of volume volume occupied will be
occupied by the spheres is
  3

  3
  4  3  
 4  2a   2 π a 
 
4 π
    3  4  
 3  4   2π
= = 0.7405 The fraction of the volume occupied by the spheres
a3 6
  3

or 74.05 percent  4  3  
2 π a 
 
 3  4   3π
A φ = = = 0.6802
3
a 8
C
or 68.02 percent
In this arrangement each sphere has eight nearest
neighbours.
B
A

Exploded view Cubical closest-packed stricture

Face-cented cubic unit cell

formed by ABCA packing
out of all these packings, HCP and CCP are more
common for uniform spheres.
In general, the packing fraction, i.e. fraction of
volume occupied, is independent of the radius of the
sphere and depends only on the nature of packing.
From the values of packing fractions, it follows that
the density of a substance in HCP and CCP structures
will be more than in the other two packings.
Packing in a Body Centred Cubic Lattice :
Here the packing consists of a base of spheres,
followed by a second layer where each sphere rests in
the hollow at the junction of four spheres below it, as
shown in figure.
Commitment
• When you believe in a thing, believe in it all
the way, implicitly and unquestionably.
• Stand up to your obstacles and do something
about them. You will find that they haven't
half the strength you think they have.
• Most of the important things in the world
have been accomplished by people who have
kept on trying when there seemed to be no
hope all.
• One worthwhile task carried to a successful
conclusion is worth a hundred half-finished
tasks.

Packing in a body-centred • A man who won't die for something is not fit
cubic lattice
to live.
The third layer then rests on these in arrangement
which corresponds exactly to that in the first layer. In

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 32 AUGUST 2009

 UNDERSTANDING
Physical Chemistry
1. What is the solubility of AgCl in 0.20 M NH3 ? k (0.0126 Ω −1cm −1 )
Given : Ksp(AgCl) = 1.7 × 10–10 M2 K= = −1
= 2.01 cm–1
K1 = [Ag(NH3)+] / [Ag+] [NH3] = 2.33 × 103 M–1 and G (0.00627 Ω )
K2 = [Ag(NH3)2+]/[Ag(NH3)+][NH3] = 7.14 × 103 M–1 Conductivity of 0.1 M HAc solution
Sol. If x be the concentration of AgCl in the solution, then K 2.01 cm −1
[Cl–] = x k= =
R 520 Ω
From the Ksp for AgCl, we derive
Molar conductivity of 0.1 M HAc solution
K sp 1.7 × 10 −10 M 2
[Ag+] = −
= k (2.01 / 520)Ω −1 cm −1
[Cl ] x Λm(HAc) = =
c (0.1 mol dm −3 )
If we assume that the majority of the dissolved Ag+
goes into solution as Ag(NH3)2+ then [Ag(NH3)2+] = x = 0.038 65 Ω–1 cm–1 dm3 mol–1
Since two molecules of NH3 are required for every = 38.65 Ω–1 cm2 mol–1
Ag(NH3)2+ ion formed, we have [NH3] = 0.20 M – 2x According to Kohlrausch law, Λ∞(HAc) is given by
Therefore, Λ∞m (HAc) = Λ∞m (HCl) + Λ∞m (NaAc) – Λ∞m (NaCl)
 1.7 × 10 −10 M 2  = (420 + 91 – 126) Ω–1 cm2 mol–1
 (0.20M − 2 x ) 2
+
[Ag ][ NH 3 ] 2  x  = 385 Ω–1 cm2 mol–1
Kinst = =  
Therefore, the degree of dissociation of acetic acid is
[Ag( NH 3 ) +2 ] x
given as
= 6.0 × 10–8 M2
Λm (38.65 Ω −1 cm 2 mol −1 )
From which we derive α= = ≈ 0.1
Λ∞m (385 Ω −1 cm 2 mol −1 )
(0.20M − 2x ) 2 6.0 × 10 −8 M 2
= = 3.5 × 102 and the hydrogen-ion concentration of 0.1 M HAc
x2 1.7 × 10 −10 M 2 solution is
which gives x = [Ag(NH3)2+] = 9.6 × 10–3 M, which
[H+] = cα = (0.1 M)(0.1) = 0.01 M
is the solubility of AgCl in 0.20 M NH3
Thus, its pH is pH = – log{[H+]/M} = – log(0.01) = 2
2. The values of Λ∞ for HCl, NaCl and NaAc (sodium
3. Potassium alum is KA1(SO4)2.12H2O. As a strong
acetate) are 420, 126 and 91 Ω–1 cm2 mol–1,
electrolyte, it is considered to be 100% dissociated
respectively. The resistance of a conductivity cell is
into K+, Al3+, and SO42–. The solution is acidic
520 Ω when filled with 0.1 M acetic acid and drops because of the hydrolysis of Al3+, but not so acidic as
to 122 Ω when enough NaCl is added to make the might be expected, because the SO42– can sponge up
solution 0.1 M in NaCl as well. Calculate the cell some of the H3O+ by forming HSO4–. Given a
constant and hydrogen-ion concentration of the solution made by dissolving 11.4 g of
solution. Given : KA1(SO4)2.12H2O in enough water to make 0.10 dm3
Λ∞m (HCl) = 420 Ω–1 cm2 mol–1, of solution, calculate its [H3O+] :
Λ∞m (NaCl) = 126 Ω–1 cm2 mol–1, (a) Considering the hydrolysis
Al3+ + 2H2O Al(OH)2+ + H3O+
and Λm(NaAc) = 91 Ω–1 cm2 mol–1 with Kh = 1.4 × 10 M–5
Sol. Resistance of 0.1 M HAc = 520 Ω (b) Allowing also for the equilibrium
Resistance of 0.1 M HAc + 0.1 M NaCl = 122 Ω HSO4– + H2O H3O+ + SO42–
Conductance due to 0.1 M NaCl, with K2 = 1.26 × 10 M –2

1 1 11.4 g
G= – = 0.00627 Ω–1 Sol. (a) Amount of alum = = 0.024 mol
122 Ω 520 Ω 474.38 g mol −1
Conductivity of 0.1 M NaCl solution
0.024 mol
k = Λmc = (126 Ω–1 cm2 mol–1)(0.1 mol dm–3) Molarity of the prepared solution =
= 12.6 Ω–1cm2 dm–3 = 12.6 Ω–1 cm2(10 cm)–3 0.1 dm 3
= 0.0126 Ω–1 cm–1 = 0.24 M
Cell constant, Hydrolysis of Al3+ is

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 33 AUGUST 2009

 Al3+ + 2H2O Al(OH)2+ + H3O+ Thus,
[Al(OH) ][H 3 O + ]
2+
(177 K )(8.314 MPa cm 3 K –1mol −1 )
Kh = b(NO) =
[ Al3+ ] (8)(6.485 MPa )
If x is the concentration of Al3+ that has hydrolyzed, = 28.36 cm3 mol–1
we have and
( x )( x ) 550 K )(8.314 MPa cm 3 K −1mol −1 )
Kh = = 1.4 × 10–5 M b(CCl4) =
0.24 M − x (8)(4.56 MPa )
Solving for x, we get = 125.35 cm mol–1
3

[H3O+] = x = 1.82 × 10–3 M Hence b(NO) < b(CCl4)

(b) We will have to consider the following equilibria. (ii) Since a = 27pcb2
Al3+ + 2H2O Al(OH)2+ + H3O+ therefore
+
H3O + SO4 2–
HSO4– + H2O a(NO) = (27) (6.485 MPa) (28.36 cm3 mol–1)2
Let z be the concentration of SO42– that combines = 140827 MPa cm6mol–2 ≡ 140.827 kPa dm6 mol–2
with H3O+ and y be the net concentration of H3O+ a(CCl4) = (27) (4.56 MPa) (125.35 cm3 mol–1)2
that is present in the solution. Since the concentration = 1934538 MPa cm6 mol–2 ≡ 1934.538 KPa dm6mol–2
z of SO42– combines with the concentration z of Hence a(NO) < a(CCl4)
H3O+, it is obvious that the net concentration of H3O+ (iii) Since Vc = 3b
produced in the hydrolysis reaction of Al3+ is (y + z). therefore, Vc(NO) = 3 × (28.36 cm3 mol–1)
Thus, the concentration (y + z) of Al3+ out of 0.24 M = 85.08 cm3 mol–1
hydrolyzes in the solution. With these, the Vc(CCl4) = 3 × (125.35 cm3 mol–1)
concentrations of various species in the solution are = 376.05 cm3 mol–1
Al3+ + 2H2O Al(OH) 2 + + H 3O + Hence Vc(NO) < Vc(CCl4)
0.24 M − y − z y+ z y (iv) NO is more ideal in behaviour at 300 K and
+ 1.013 MPa, because its critical temperature is less
H 3O + SO 24− HSO −4 + H2O
y 0.48 M − z z than 300 K, whereas for CCl4 the corresponding
critical temperature is greater than 300 K.
( y + z)( y)
Thus, Kh = = 1.4 × 10–5 M ...(i)
(0.24M − y − z) 5. At 298 K, the emf of the cell
z 1 Hg 0.01 mol dm-3KCl 1 mol dm–3 KNO3 0.01 mol dm -3KOH Hg
K2 = = ...(ii) sat. with Hg 2 Cl 2 sat. with HgO
y(0.48M − z ) 1.26 × 10 − 2 M
is found to be 0.1634 V and the temperature
From Eq. (ii), we get
coefficient of the emf to be 0.000837 VK–1. Calculate
(0.48 M ) y the enthalpy and entropy changes of the reaction.
z=
(1.26 × 10 − 2 M) + y What is the reaction that occurs in the cell ?
Substituting this in Eq. (i), we get Sol. For the given cell, we have
  Electrode Reduction reaction
(0.48M ) y
y+ y Right HgO(s) + H2O(1) + 2e– = Hg(1) + 2OH–(aq)
 (1.26 × 10 M ) + y 
−2
 = 1.4 × 10–5 ...(i)
 ( 0 .48M ) y  Left Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e– = 2Hg(1) + 2Cl–(aq)
 0.24 − y −  ...(ii)
 (1.26 × 10 − 2 M ) + y 
 Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
Making an assumption that y <<1.26 × 10–2 M, and HgO(s) + H2O(1) + Hg(1) + 2Cl–(aq) = Hg2Cl2(s) + 2OH–(aq)
then solving for y, we get The number of electrons involved in the electrode
[H3O+] = y = 2.932 × 10–4 M reactions is 2.
4. The critical temperature and pressure for NO are 177 Thus ∆G = –nFE = –2(96500 C mol–1)(0.1634 V)
K and 6.485 MPa, respectively, and for CCl4 these = 31536.2 J mol–1
are 550 K and 4.56 MPa, respectively. Which gas (i)   ∂E  
has smaller value for the van der Walls constant b; ∆H = – nF E − T  
(ii) has smaller value of constant a; (iii) has larger   ∂T  p 
critical volume; and (iv) is most nearly ideal in = –2(96500 C mol–1)[(0.1634V)
behaviour at 300 K and 1.013 MPa. – (298 K × 0.000837VK–1)]
–1
Sol. We have Tc(NO) = 177 K Tc(CCl4) = 550 K = 16603 J mol
pc(NO) = 6.485 MPa pc(CCl4) = 4.56 MPa  ∂E  –1 –1
∆S = nF   = 2(96500 C mol )(0.000837 V K )
pc a / 27b 2 R TR  ∂ T p
(i) Since = = therefore, b = c
Tc 8a / 27 Rb 8b 8p c = 161.54 JK–1mol–1

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 34 AUGUST 2009

 Set

`tà{xÅtà|vtÄ V{tÄÄxÇzxá 4
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in mathematics that would be very helpful in facing
IIT JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and
we hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Shailendra Maheshwari
S ol ut i o ns wi l l be p ubl i s he d i n ne x t i s s ue Joint Director Academics, Career Point, Kota

1. If two circles cut orthogonally, prove that the polar of differentiable ∀ x ∈ R except zero. Also find f(x) for
any point P on the first circle with respect to the all x ≠ 0.
second passes through the other end of diameter of
the first circle which goes through P. 9. Let there be n straight lines in a plane, no two of
which being parallel or coincident and no three of
2. Let ABCD be a tetrahedron. If perpendiculars from B them meet at a point, then show that they divide the
and C to the opposite faces intersect, then show that plane in
BC is perpendicular to AD and the perpendiculars 1 2
from A and D to the opposite faces will also intersect. (n + n + 2) parts.
2
3. For a real number u ;
π
10. Prove that
sin x sin 3x sin 9x
∫
2
I(u) = ln (1 − 2 u cos x + u ) dx; + +
0
cos 3x cos 9x cos 27 x
1 2 1
prove that I (u) = I (– u) = I(u ). = [tan 27 x – tan x]
2 2
1 n
Generalize the result as I( u 2 ) .
2n
Puzzle : Farmer Crosses
4. Let f(x) = x2 + ax + b be a quadratic polynomial
where a and b are integers. Let n be an integer, show River
that f(n). f(n + 1) = f(m) for some integer m.

5. Show that the straight lines joining any two fixed

points on a rectangular hyperbola to any variable
point on it intercept a constant length on either
asymptote.

6. Solve :
• A farmer wants to cross a river and
1 y2   x2 1 take with him a wolf, a goat, and a
 − 2  dx +  2
−  dy = 0
 x ( x − y)   ( x − y) y  cabbage. There is a boat that can fit
himself plus either the wolf, the goat,
7. Through a focus of an ellipse two chords are drawn or the cabbage. If the wolf and the
and a conic is described to pass through their goat are alone on one shore, the wolf
extremities, and also through the center of the ellipse.
will eat the goat. If the goat and the
Prove that it cuts the major axis in another fixed
point. cabbage are alone on the shore, the
goat will eat the cabbage.
 xy  f ( x ).f ( y) • How can the farmer bring the wolf,
8. Let f   = for all real x & y. If
 2  2 the goat, and the cabbage across the
f ′(1) = f(1) ≠ 0 then show that f(x) is

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 35 AUGUST 2009

 MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGES
SOLUTION FOR JULY ISSUE (SET # 3)

dy  1 3   3 1
1. – y ln 2 = 2sin x(cos x – 1) ln 2 =− a − + i− a+ 
dx  2 2    2 
  2
I.F. = e ∫
− ln 2 dx
= 2–x 1 3
–1 = – a–
so y2–x = ∫ 2 sin x −x . (cos x – 1). ln 2 dx 2 2
y2–x = 2sin x – x + c ⇒ a=2– 3
y = 2sin x + c.2x Ans (B) 3 1
y . 2–x = 2sin x – x + c b=– a+
2 2
Now if x → ∞ and y is bounded (finite) then c = 0 3 1
Ans (C) ⇒ b = – 3 + + = 12 – 3
2 2
For option (D) : f(x) = 2sin x Hence correct answer is (B)
c.2x = 0,
so c = 0 but in this case y is bounded so this is not
4. c1 ≡ x2 + y2 = a2
correct option.
c2 ≡ (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
Hence correct answers are (B, C)

2. AC = 4p
A

P c2
c1
D
p
α Director circle x2 + y2 = 2a2 ...(1)
α
B C  ah + r.0 ak + r.0 
p AD Pt. P  ; 
tan α = = =4  a+r a+r 
DC p it lies on eqn. (1)
DC AD a2h2+ a2k2 = (a + r)2 2a2
cot α + tan α = + =4
p p h2 + k2 = 2(a + r)2
tan2α – 4 tan α + 1 = 0 x3 + y3 = 2(a + r)2
Hence correct answer is (A)
4 ± 16 − 4
tan α = =2± 3
2 5 − 36 + 17
α = 15º & 75º 5. 4a = 2(2a) = 2 .
13
Hence correct answer is (D)
14 28
=2. =
3. z2 = z1iπ/3 13 13
z1(–a + i) Hence correct answer is (C)

9x x
z2 2 cos cos . sin 3x
(–1+bi) 6. ∫ 2 2
sin 3x − sin 6x
O z3
9x x
2 cos cos . sin 3x
1
–1 + bi = (–a + i)  +
3 
i
2 2 
= ∫ 2
9x
− 2 cos sin
2
3x
  2 2

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 36 AUGUST 2009

 x 3x A
∫ 2 cos 2 dx
= – 2 cos
R
= – ∫ (cos 2 x + cos x ) dx I(h,k)
M
sin 2x
=– – sin x + c r
2
B N O C
7. (x – 1)2 = a2
a = 1 ± |a| a
so h = ON = – (s – b)
f(x) = x2 – 2(a + 1)x + a(a – 1) = 0 2
−2s + a + 2b b−c
= =
2 2
& r=k
1
2 ∆ s(s − a )(s − b)(s − c)
so r = k = =
s s
s(s − a )(s − b)(s − c)
r=k=
s
2sk = s(s − a )(a − b + c)(a + b − c)
D = 4(a + 1)2 – 4a (a – 1) > 0 = s(s − a )(a − 2x )(a + 2x )
a2 + 2a + 1 – a2 + a > 0
1 2sk = s(s − a )(a 2 − 4h 2 )
a>– ...(1) not essential
3 required lows is
f(1 ± |a|) < 0 Aa 2
4s2y2 = A(a2 – 4x2) ⇒ s2y2 + A x2 =
⇒ (1 ± |a|)2 – 2(a + 1) (1 ± |a|) + a(a – 1) < 0 4
⇒ 1 + a2 ± 2|a| – 2a m 2a|a| – 2 m 2|a| + a2 – a < 0 where A is = s(s – a)
⇒ 2a2 m 2a|a| – 3a – 1 < 0 here h2 < ab so it is an ellipse.
if a ≥ 0
2a2 – 2a2 – 3a – 1 < 0 9. Total no of ways of drawing = 74 = 2401
1 favorable no of drawings = coeffi. of x8 in the
⇒ a>– ⇒a≥0 expansion of (x0 + x1 + x2 + ...... x6)4
3 = coeffi. of x8 is (1 – x7)4 (1 – x)–4
2a2 + 2a2 – 3a – 1 < 0 = coeffi of x8 in (1 – 4x7 + ....) (1 + 4x +
⇒ 4a2 – 3a – 1 < 0 ..... + 165x8 + ..........)
(4a + 1) (a – 1) < 0 = 165 – 16 = 149
1 149
⇒ – <a<1 so required probability =
4 2401
⇒ 0≤a<1
So, similarly if a < 0 then 10. f(x) = (x – α)Q(x) + R
f(1 ± |a|) < 0 ⇒ f(1 m a) < 0 f(+1) = 2; f(–2) = 1, f(–1) = –1.
If f(x) is divided by (x2 – 1) (x + 2) which is a cubic
1
so f(1 ± |a|) < 0 ⇒ – < a < 1 ...(2) expression then remainder should be a quadratic
4 expression.
1 f(x) = (x2 – 1) (x + 2) Q(x) + (ax2 + bx + c)
eqn. (1) ∩ (2) – < a < 1
4 f(1) = a + b + c = 2
f(–2) = 4a – 2b + c = 1
8. 2r = a + b + c f(–1) = a – b + c = –1
ON = – BN + BO 7 3 2
Let BN = x Solving these eqn, a = , b = , c = –
6 2 3
2BN + 2CN + 2AR = 2s
7 2 3 2
x + (a – x) + (b – a + x) = s so the remainder is x + x –
6 2 3
x=s–b

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 37 AUGUST 2009

 Students' Forum Expert’s Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
MATHS
1. A function f : R → R satisfies the equation in ( 3 5 , 1.5), f(x) = ( x + 4) x
2
+ sin x
,
f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ∀ x, y ∈ R and is continuous
x 2 + sin x −1 2
throughout the domain. If f ´(x) = ( x + 4) , {x + sin x + (2x + cos x)
n (x + 4) × loge(x + 4)}
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 = 450, where In = n ∫ f (x) .dx
0
find f(x) 3. Determine the values of k for which the equation |x|2
Sol. Putting x = y = 0 (|x|2 – 2k + 1) = 1 – k2 has
⇒ f(0) = 0 (i) no real solution
f ( x + h ) − f (x ) (ii) exactly two real solution
Now f ´(x) = lim Sol. since |x|2 = x2, put x2 = t (≥ 0)
h →0 h f(t) = t2 + (1 – 2k) t + (k2 – 1) = 0
f ( x ) + f (h ) − f ( x ) (i) for no real solutions we can have two cases,
= lim
h →0 h case I : If D < 0
f (h ) − f (0) ⇒ (1 – 2k)2 – 4(k2 – 1) < 0
= lim = f ´(0)
h →0 h 5
⇒ k>
⇒ f(x) = x . f ´(0) + c for x = 0 ⇒ c = 0 4
h n 3f ´(0) case II : If D ≥ 0
so In = n ∫ 0
x . f ´(0) dx =
2 ⇒ k ≤ 5/4 (and both roots α, β should be –ve)
Hence, I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 1
α+β <0⇒k< and αβ > 0
f ´(0) 3 2
= (1 + 23 + 33 + 43 + 53) ⇒k>1 or k < –1
2
common values of k are such that
f ´(0)  900 
450 =   5 
2  4  x ∈ (–∞, –1) ∪  , ∞ 
4 
f ´(0) = 4 ⇒ f(x) = 4x
(ii) for exactly two real solutions one root of the
2. Let [x] stands for the greatest integer function find equation f(t) = 0 should be positive and other
2 negative, as for one positive t we have two real x. For
the derivative of f(x) = ( x + [ x 3 + 1]) x +sin x , where it this D > 0 and f(0) < 0 (or c < αβ < 0)
exists in (1, 1.5). Indicate the point(s) where it does 5
not exist. Give reason(s) for your conclusion. ⇒ k< and k2 – 1 < 0
4
Sol. The greatest integer [x3 + 1] takes jump from 2 to 3 at
⇒ – 1 < k < 1, Thus k ∈ (–1, 1).
3
2 and again from 3 to 4 at 3 3 in [1, 1.5] and
therefore it is discontinuous at these two points. As a 4. Prove that for a differentiable function f(x)
result the given function is discontinuous at 2 and 3 n  1 n 1
hence not differentiable. ∫0
f ´(x )[ x ] − x +  dx =
 2  0 2∫
f ´(x ) dx – f(0) +
To find the derivative at other points we write : n
1
in (1, 3
2 ), f(x) = ( x + 2) x 2 + sin x
2
f(n) – ∑ f (r) , [.] denotes greatest integer.
r =0
2
⇒ f ´(x) = ( x + 2) x + sin x −1 n n
{x2 + sin x + (x + 2) (2x + cos x) log (x + 2)}
2
Sol. L.H.S. = ∫0
f ´(x )[ x ] dx – ∫ 0
x.f ´(x ) dx
+ sin x
in ( 3 2 , 3 3 ), f(x) = ( x + 3) x , 1 n

f´(x) = ( x + 3) x 2 + sin x −1
{x + sin x 2
+
2 ∫
0
f ´(x ) dx

+ (2x + cos x) (x + 3) × loge (x + 3)}

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 38 AUGUST 2009

 n →
r  n  1
= ∑∫ r −1
f ´(x )[ x ] dx –  xf ( x ) | 0n −
 ∫ f (x)  + 2 f(x) |
0
n
0
Sol. â × ĉ = ĉ× b̂ ⇒ ( â + b̂ ) × ĉ = 0
r =1 ⇒ ĉ is collinear with â + b̂ ⇒ â + b̂ = λ ĉ for
n r
1 n same λ ∈ R
= ∑
r =1
∫ 0 2 ∫
(r − 1) f ´(x)dx – n f(n)+ f ( x )dx + (f(n) – f(0))
Similarly b̂ + ĉ = µ â for some scalar u
r −1
n →
n Now â + b̂ = λ ĉ ⇒ â + b̂ + ĉ = (λ + 1) c
= ∑ (r − 1) {f(r) – f(r – 1)} – n f(n) + ∫ f (x) dx
r =1
0 Similarly ⇒ â + b̂ + ĉ = (µ + 1) â
1 Hence (λ + 1) ĉ = (µ + 1) â ,
+
(f(n) – f(0)) either λ + 1 = µ + 1 = 0 or ĉ is collinear with â .
2
= (f(2) – f(1)) + 2{f(3) – f(2)} + .... + (n – 1) (f(n) But ĉ can not be collinear to â other wise ĉ × â = 0
 1 1 n ⇒ ĉ× b̂ = 0
– f(n –1)) –  n −  f(n) – f(0) + f ( x ) dx
 2 2 0 ∫ ⇒ b̂ is collinear to with ĉ
= –f(1) – f(2) – f(3) .... f(n – 1) – f(n) ⇒ â b̂ and ĉ are collinear.
 1 1 n
Hence ĉ is not collinear to â
+  n − n +  f(n) – f(0) + f ( x ) dx
 2 2 0 ∫ ⇒λ+1=µ+1=0
n ⇒ λ ± µ = –1
1 1 n
=– ∑ f (r) + 2 f(n) – 2 f(0) + ∫ f (x) dx
r =0
0
Hence b̂ + ĉ = µ â
→
⇒ â + b̂ + ĉ = 0
5. If normals at the points P and Q of the parabola ⇒ ( â + b̂ + ĉ ) . ( â + b̂ + ĉ ) = 0
y2 = 4ax meet at the point R of the parabola. Show
that the locus of centroid of the ∆ PQR is a ray. Find ⇒ 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 ( â . b̂ + b̂ . ĉ + ĉ . â ) = 0
the equation of the ray. 3
⇒ â . b̂ + b̂ . ĉ + ĉ . â = –
Sol. Let P = (at2, 2at). Then Q is 2
  2 2  3
 a   , 2a  2  =  4a , 4a  ⇒ cos α + cos β + cos γ = –
 t 2
  t   t 2 t 
2
and R is (aT2, 2aT). where T = –t –
t Know About
centroid of the ∆PQR
 at 2 + 4a / t 2 + aT 2 2at + 4a / t + 2aT 
=  ,  1.73
 3 3 
is also known as Theodorus' constant (it is named
y co-ordinates of the centroid
after Theodorus of Cyrene, who proved that the
4a  2 square roots of the numbers from 3 to 17,
= 2at + + 2a  − t −  = 0
t  t excluding 4, 9, and 16, are irrational).
Thus centrocid of the ∆PQR for any choice of P on is the diagonal of a cube having 1-unit sides.
the parabola lies on the axis of the parabola. is the height of an equilateral triangle having 2-unit
x –coordinates the centroid sides.

a 4  2  The shape 'Vesica piscis' (fish bladder) has a major

2
= t 2 + 2 +  t +   axis/minor axis ratio equal to the square root of 3,
3  t  t  
this can be shown by constructing two equilateral
2a  2 4  2a triangles within it.
= t + 2 + 2 ≥ (4 + 2) = 4a
3  t  3 ≈ 1.7320508075 6887729352 7446341505
Hence equation of the ray is given by y = 0, x > 4a 8723669428 0525381038 0628055806 9794519330
1690880003 7081146186 7572485756 7562614141
6. For three unit vectors â , b̂ and ĉ not all collinear 5406703029 9699450949 9895247881
1655512094...
given that â × ĉ = ĉ× b̂ and b̂ × â = â × ĉ . Show that
= 2sinus(60°) = 2sinus(30°)
cosα + cos β + cos γ = –3/2, where α, β and γ are the
angles between â and b̂ , b̂ and ĉ and ĉ and â = 1 + (1 / (1 + (1 / (2 + (1 / (1 + (1 / 2 + ... )))))))
≈ 97/56
respectively.

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 39 AUGUST 2009

 VECTOR
MATH
Representation of vectors :
Geometrically a vector is represent by a line segment.
For example, a = AB . Here A is called the initial
point and B, the terminal point or tip.
Magnitude or modulus of a is expressed as
|a | = | AB | = AB.
B
a b
A A
Types of Vector:
Zero or null vector : A vector whose magnitude
is zero is called zero or null vector and it is
represented by O .
Unit vector : A vector whose modulus is unity, is
called a unit vector. The unit vector in the
direction of a vector a is denoted by â , read as “a
cap”. Thus, | â | = 1.
a Vector a
â = =
a
| | Magnitude of a
Like and unlike vectors : Vectors are said to be
like when they have the same sense of direction
and unlike when they have opposite directions.
Collinear or parallel vectors : Vectors having
the same or parallel supports are called collinear
or parallel vectors.
Co-initial vectors : Vectors having the same
initial point are called co-initial vectors.
Coplanar vectors : A system of vectors is said to
be coplanar, if their supports are parallel to the
same plane.
Two vectors having the same initial point are
always coplanar but such three or more vectors
may or may not be coplanar.
Negative of a vector : The vector which has the
same magnitude as the vector a but opposite
direction, is called the negative of a and is
denoted by –a. Thus, if PQ = a, then QP = –a.
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE
Mathematics Fundamentals
Properties of vectors :
(i) Addition of vectors
Triangle law of addition : If in a ∆ABC,
AB = a, BC = b and AC = c, then
AB + BC = AC i.e., a + b = c
C
c=a+b
a B
Parallelogram law of addition : If in a
parallelogram OACB, OA = a, OB = b and
OC = c
B C
c=a+b
b
A
O a
Then OA + OB = OC i.e., a + b = c, where OC
is a diagonal of the parallelogram OABC.
Addition in component form : If the vectors are
defined in terms of i, j, and k, i.e.,
if a = a1i + a2j + a3k and b = b1i + b2j + b3k, then
their sum is defined as
a + b = (a1 + b1)i + (a2 + b2)j + (a3 + b3)k.
Properties of vector addition :
Vector addition has the following properties.
Binary operation : The sum of two vectors is
always a vector.
Commutativity : For any two vectors a and b,
a + b = b + a.
Associativity : For any three vectors a, b and c,
a + ( b + c ) = ( a + b) + c
Identity : Zero vector is the identity for addition.
For any vector a, 0 + a = a = a + 0
Additive inverse : For every vector a its negative
vector –a exits such that a + (–a) = (–a) + a = 0
i.e., (–a) is the additive inverse of the vector a.
40 AUGUST 2009
Subtraction of vectors : Scalar or Dot product
If a and b are two vectors, then their subtraction a – b Scalar or Dot product of two vectors : If a and b
is defined as a – b = a + (–b) where –b is the are two non-zero vectors and θ be the angle between
negative of b having magnitude equal to that of b and them, then their scalar product (or dot product) is
direction opposite to b. If denoted by a . b and is defined as the scalar
a = a1i + a2j + a3k, b = b1i + b2j + b3k |a | |b| cosθ, where |a| and |b| are modulii of a and b
Then a – b = (a1 – b1)i + (a2 – b2)j + (a3 – b3)k. respectively and 0 ≤ θ ≤ π. Dot product of two
vectors is a scalar quantity.
B
B
a+b b
b
O A
a
–b θ
A
a + (–b) = a – b O a
B´
Angle between two vectors : If a, b be two vectors
Properties of vector subtraction : inclined at an angle θ, then a . b = |a | |b| cos θ
(i) a – b ≠ b – a a.b
(ii) (a – b) – c ≠ a – (b – c) ⇒ cos θ =
| a || b |
(iii) Since any one side of a triangle is less than the
sum and greater than the difference of the other two  a.b 
⇒ θ = cos–1  
sides, so for any two vectors a and b, we have  | a || b | 
(a) |a + b| ≤ |a | + |b| If a = a1i + a2j + a3k and b = b1i + b2j + b3k; then
(b) |a + b| ≥ |a | – |b|  
a 1 b1 + a 2 b 2 + a 3 b 3
(c) |a – b| ≤ |a | + |b| θ = cos–1  
 2 
 a 1 + a 2 + a 3 b1 + b 2 + b 3
2 2 2 2 2
(d) |a – b| ≥ |a | – |b| 
Multiplication of a vector by a scalar : If a is a Properties of scalar product
vector and m is a scalar (i.e., a real number) then ma Commutativity : The scalar product of two
is a vector whose magnitude is m times that of a and vector is commutative i.e., a . b = b . a
whose direction is the same as that of a, if m is
Distributivity of scalar product over vector
positive and opposite to that of a, if m is negative. addition : The scalar product of vectors is
Properties of Multiplication of vector by a scalar : distributive over vector addition i.e.,
The following are properties of multiplication of
(a) a . (b + c) = a . b + a . c, (Left distributivity)
vectors by scalars, for vector a, b and scalars m, n.
(b) (b + c) . a = b . a + c . a, (Right distributivity)
(i) m(–a) = (–m)a = –(ma)
Let a and b be two non-zero vectors a . b = 0
(ii) (–m) (–a) = ma
⇔ a ⊥ b.
(iii) m(na) = (mn)a = n(ma)
As i, j, k are mutually perpendicular unit vectors
(iv) (m + n)a = ma + na
along the coordinate axes, therefore,
(v) m(a + b) = ma + mb
i . j = j . i = 0; j . k = k . j = 0; k . i = i . k = 0.
Position vector :
For any vector a . a . a = |a|2.
AB in terms of the position vectors of points A As i. j. k are unit vectors along the co-ordinate
and B : If a and b are position vectors of points A axes, therefore i . i = |i|2 = 1, j . j = |j|2 = 1 and
and B respectively. Then, OA = a, OB = b k . k = |k|2 = 1
If m, n are scalars and a . b be two vectors, then
∴ AB = (Position vector of B)– (Position vector of A) ma . nb = mn(a . b) = (mna) . b = a .(mnb)
= OB – OA = b – a For any vectors a and b, we have
Position vector of a dividing point : The (a) a . (–b) = –(a . b) = (–a). b
position vectors of the points dividing the line AB (b) (–a) . (–b) = a . b
in the ratio m : n internally or externally are For any two vectors a and b, we have
mb + na mb − na
or . (a) |a + b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 + 2a.b
m+n m−n
(b) |a – b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 – 2a.b

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 41 AUGUST 2009

 (c) (a + b) . (a – b) = |a|2 – |b|2
(d) |a + b| = |a| + |b| ⇒ a | | b
(e) |a + b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 ⇒ a ⊥ b
(f) |a + b| = |a – b| ⇒ a ⊥ b
Vector or Cross product
Vector product of two vectors : Let a, b be two
non-zero, non-parallel vectors.
b The area of a plane quadrilateral ABCD is
θ diagonals.
O a
Then a × b = |a| |b| sin θ η̂ , and |a × b| = |a | |b| sin θ,
where θ is the angle between a and b, η̂ is a unit
vector perpendicular to the plane of a and b such that
a, b, η̂ form a right-handed system.
Properties of vector product :
Vector product is not commutative i.e., if a and b
are any two vectors, then a × b ≠ b × a, however,
a × b = –(b × a)
If a, b are two vectors and m, n are scalars, then
ma × nb = mn(a × b) = m(a × nb) = n(ma × b).
Distributivity of vector product over vector
addition. Let a, b, c be any three vectors. Then
(a) a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c (left distributivity)
(b) (b + c) × a = b × a + c × a (Right disributivity)
For any three vectors a, b, c we have
a × ( b – c ) = a × b – a × c.
The vector product of two non-zero vectors is
zero vector iff they are parallel (Collinear) i.e.,
a × b = 0 ⇔ a| | b, a, b are non-zero vectors.
It follows from the above property that a × a = 0
for every non-zero vector a, which in turn implies
that i × i = j × j = k × k = 0.
Vector product of orthonormal triad of unit
vectors i, j, k using the definition of the vector
product, we obtain i × j = k, j × k = i, k × i = j,
j × i = –k, k × j = –i, i × k = –j.
Vector product in terms of components :
If a = a1i + a2j + a3k and b = b1i + b2j + b3k.
i j k Thus, (b × c) × a = –{a × (b × c)}
Then, a × b = a 1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
Angle between two vectors :
| a×b |
If θ is the angle between a and b then sin θ =
| a || b |
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE
Right handed system of vectors : Three mutually
perpendicular vectors a, b, c form a right handed
system of vector iff a × b = c, b × c = a, c × a = b
Left handed system of vectors : The vectors a, b, c
mutually perpendicular to one another form a left
handed system of vector iff c × b = a, a × c = b,
b × a = c.
Area of parallelogram and triangle :
The area of a parallelogram with adjacent sides a
and b is |a × b|.
1
| AC × BD | , where AC and BC are its
2
1
The area of a triangle ABC is | AB × AC | or
2
1 1
| BC × BA | or | CB × CA |
2 2
Scalar triple product
Scalar triple product of three vectors : If a, b, c are
three vectors, then scalar triple product is defined as
the dot product of two vectors a and b × c. It is
generally denoted by a . (b × c) or [a b c].
Properties of scalar triple product : If a, b, c are
cyclically permuted, the value of scalar triple product
remains the same. i.e.,
(a × b) . c = (b × c) . a = (c × a). b
or [a b c] = [b a c] = [c a b]
Vector triple product
Let a, b, c be any three vectors, then the vectors
a × (b × c) and (a × b) × c are called vector triple
product of a, b, c.
Thus, a × (b × c) = (a . c) b – (a . b)c
Properties of vector triple product :
The vector triple product a × (b × c) is a linear
combination of those two vectors which are
within brackets.
The vector r = a × (b × c) is perpendicular to a
and lies in the plane of b and c.
The formula a × (b × c) = (a . c)b – (a . b)c is true
only when the vector outside the bracket is on the
left most side. If it is not, we first shift on left by
using the properties of cross product and then
apply the same formula.
= {(a . c)b – (a . b)c}
= (a . b)c – (a . c)b
Vector triple product is a vector quantity.
a × (b × c) ≠ (a × b) × c
42 AUGUST 2009
 PERMUTATION &
MATH
COMBINATION
Permutation :
Definition : The ways of arranging or selecting a
smaller or an equal number of persons or objects at a
time from a given group of person or objects with
due regard being paid to the order of arrangement or
selection are called the (different) permutations.
Number of permutations without repetition :
Arranging n objects, taken r at a time equivalent
to filling r places from n things.
r-places : 1 2 3 4
Number of choice n (n–1)(n–2) (n–3)
The number of ways of arranging = The number
of ways of filling r places.
= n(n – 1) (n – 2) ....... (n – r + 1)
n ( n − 1)(n − 2)....(n − r + 1)((n − r )!)
= =
(n − r )!
= n Pr
The number of arrangements of n different
objects taken all at a time = nPn = n !
n n!
(i) P0 = = 1; nPr = n. n–1Pr – 1
n!
1
(ii) 0 ! = 1; = 0 or (–r) ! = ∞ (r ∈ N)
(– r ) !
Number of permutations with repetition :
The number of permutations (arrangements) of n
different objects, taken r at a time, when each
object may occur once, twice, thrice, ....... upto r
times in any arrangement = The number of ways
of filling r places where each place can be filled
by any one of n objects.
r-places : 1 2 3 4
Number of choices : n (n) (n) (n)
The number of permutations = The number of
ways of filling r places = (n)r.
The number of arrangements that can be formed
using n objects out of which p are identical (and
of one kind) q are identical (and of another kind),
r are identical (and of another kind) and the rest
n!
are distinct is . anticlockwise orders are taken as different is
p !q ! r !
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE
Mathematics Fundamentals
Condition permutations :
Number of permutations of n dissimilar things
taken r at a time when p particular things always
occur = n – pCr – p r !.
Number of permutations of n dissimilar things
taken r at a time when p particular things never
occur = n – pCr r !.
The total number of permutations of n different
things taken not more than r at a time, when each
thing may be repeated any number of times, is
r n (n r − 1)
.
n–(r – 1) n −1
Number of permutations of n different things,
taken all at a time, when m specified things
always come together is m ! × (n – m + 1) !.
Number of permutation of n different things,
n! taken all at a time, when m specified things never
(n − r ) ! come together is n ! – m! × (n – m + 1) !.
Let there be n objects, of which m objects are
alike of one kind, and the remaining (n – m)
objects are alike of another kind. Then, the total
number of mutually distinguishable permutations
that can be formed from these objects is
n!
.
( m !) × ( n − m ) !
The above theorem can be extended further i.e., if
there are n objects, of which p1 are alike of one kind;
p2 are alike of another kind; p3 are alike of 3rd kind;
.....; pr are alike of rth kind such that p1 + p2 + .... + pr
= n; then the number of permutations of these n
n!
objects is .
(p1 !) × (p 2 !) × .... × (p r !)
Circular permutations :
Difference between clockwise and anti-clockwise
r arrangement : If anti-clockwise and clockwise order
n of arrangement are not distinct e.g., arrangement of
beads in a necklace, arrangement of flowers in
garland etc. then the number of circular permutations
(n − 1) !
of n distinct items is .
2
Number of circular permutations of n different
things, taken r at a time, when clockwise and
n
pr
.
r
43 AUGUST 2009
 Number or circular permutations of n different
things, taken r at a time, when clockwise and
n
pr
anticlockwise orders are not different is
2r
Theorems on circular permutations :
Theorem (i) : The number of circular
permutations on n different objects is (n – 1) !.
Theorem (ii) : Then number of ways in which n
persons can be seated round a table is (n – 1) !.
Theorem (iii) : The number of ways in which n
different beads can be arranged to form a
1 Conditional combinations :
necklace, is (n − 1) ! .
2 The number of ways in which r objects can be
Combinations :
Definition : Each of the different groups or selection
which can be formed by taking some or all of a
number of objects, irrespective of their arrangements,
called a combination.
Notation : The number of all combinations of n
things, taken r at a time is denoted by C(n, r) or nCr or
 n  . nC is always a natural number.
r  r n–p
 
Difference between a permutation
combination :
In a combination only selection is made whereas
in a permutation not only a selection is made but
also an arrangement in a definite order is
considered.
Each combination corresponds to many
permutations. For example, the six permutations
ABC, ACB, BCA, CBA and CAB correspond to
the same combination ABC.
Number of combinations without repetition
The number of combinations (selections or groups)
that can be formed from n different objects taken
n!
r (0 ≤ r ≤ n) at a time is nCr =
r !( n − r ) !
n
Cr = nCn –r.
Let the total number of selections (or groups) = x.
Each group contains r objects, which can be arranged
in r ! ways. Hence the number of arrangements of r
objects = x × (r!). But the number of arrangements = npr.
n!
⇒ x(r !) = npr ⇒ x = = n Cr
r !( n − r ) !
Number of combinations with repetition and all
possible selections :
The number of combinations of n distinct objects
taken r at a time when any object may be repeated
any number of times.
= Coefficient of xr in (1 + x + x2 + ...... + xr)n
= Coefficient of xr in (1 – x)–n = n + r – 1Cr
The total number of ways in which it is possible
to form groups by taking some or all of n things at
a time is nC1 + nC2 + .... + nCn = 2n – 1.
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE
The total number of ways in which it is possible
to make groups by taking some or all out of
n = (n1 + n2 + .....) things, when n1 are alike of one
. kind, n2 are alike of second kind, and so on is
{(n1 + 1) (n2 + 1) .....} – 1.
The number of selections taking at least one out
of a1 + a2 + a3 + .... + an + k objects, where a1 are
alike (of one kind), a2 are alike (of second kind)
and so on ............... an are alike (of nth kind) and k
are distinct
= [(a1 + 1) (a2 + 1) (a3 + 1) ......... (an + 1)]2k – 1
selected from n different objects if k particular
objects are
(i) Always included = n – kCr–k
(ii) Never included = n – kCr
The number of combinations of n objects, of
which p are identical, taken r at a time is
n–p
Cr + n – pCr – 1 +...........+ n – pC0, if r ≤ p and
Cr + n – pCr – 1 + ........... + n – pCr – p, if r > p.
and Division into groups
The number of ways in which n different things
can be arranged into r different groups is n + r – 1Pn
or n ! n –1Cr – 1 according as blank group are or are
not admissible.
Number of ways in which m × n different objects
can be distributed equally among n persons (or
numbered groups) = (number of ways of dividing
into groups) × (number of groups)!
(mn ) ! n ! (mn ) !
= =
( m !) n n ! ( m !) n
If order of group is not important: The number of
ways in which mn different things can be divided
. Also
(mn ) !
equally into m groups is .
( m !) m m !
If order of groups is important : The number of
ways in which mn different things can be divided
equally into m distinct groups is
(mn )! (mn )!
×m!=
m
(n !) m! (n !) m
Derangement :
Any change in the given order of the things is called
a derangement.
If n things form an arrangement in a row, the number
of ways in which they can be deranged so that no one
of them occupies its original place is
 1 1 1 1
n ! 1 − + − + ... + (−1) n . 
 1! 2! 3! n!
44 AUGUST 2009
 Based on New Pattern
a

IIT-JEE 2010
XtraEdge Test Series # 4
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus : Physics : Essential Mathematics, Vector, Units & Dimension, Motion in One dimension, Projectile
motion, Circular motion, Electrostatics & Gauss's Law, Capacitance, Current electricity, Alternating Current,
Magnetic Field, E.M.I. Chemistry : Mole Concept, Chemical Bonding, Atomic Structure, Periodic Table, Chemical
Kinetics, Electro Chemistry, Solid state, Solutions, Surface Chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry. Mathematics:
Trigonometric Ratios, Trigonmetrical Equation, Inverse Trigonmetrical Functions, Properties of Triangle, Radii of
Circle, Function, Limit, Continiuty, Differentiation, Apllication of Differentiation (Tangent & Normal,
Monotonicity, Maxima & Minima).

Instructions :
Section - I
• Question 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct
answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
• Question 7 to 10 are Multiple choice questions with multiple correct option. 4 marks will be awarded for each correct
answer and –1 mark for each wrong answer.
• Question 11 to 16 are Passage based multiple correct type questions. 5 marks will be awarded for each correct answer
and –1 mark for each wrong answer.
Section - II
• Question 17 to 19 are numerical response questions. Each question carries +6 marks. There is no negative marking
in this section.

PHYSICS (A) ∆tL – ∆tU =

8H
g
(B) ∆t 2L – ∆t 2U =
8H
g
Questions 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions. Each ∆t L 8H ∆t L
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of (C) = (D) = 8gH
∆t U g ∆t U
which ONLY ONE is correct.
1. A helicopter takes off along the vertical with an 3. A ball of mass m having charge q and attached to a
acceleration a = 3 m/s2 and zero initial velocity. In a string of length L can rotate in a circle in a vertical
certain time t1, the pilot switches off the engine. At plane about the centre O, where another charge q is
the point of take off, the sound dies away in a time kept stationary. Then the minimum velocity of the
t2 = 30 s. If the speed of sound is 320 m/s, then the ball at its lowest position, so that the string may not
velocity of the helicopter at the moment when its slacken in any position, should be –
engine is switched off is –
(A) 120 m/s (B) 60 m/s
(C) 80 m/s (D) 720 m/s q
L
2. A glass ball is thrown as a projectile in an evacuated
tube. Let ∆tL be the time interval between two m, q
successive passages across the lower level and ∆tu the
time interval between the two passages across the q2 q2
upper level, and H the distance between the two (A) 5gL − (B) 5gL +
4πε 0 mL 4πε 0 mL
levels. Then –
2
 q2 
(C) (5gL) + 
2 
∆tU  4πε mL2 
H  0 
(D) 5gL
∆tL

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 45 AUGUST 2009

4. An isolated, conducting spherical shell of radius R 7. A ball is dropped from a height h. Wind is blowing
carries a negative charge Q. A small charged horizontally in such a manner that it imparts the ball
spherical metal ball, carrying positive charge q is a horizontal constant acceleration of a m/s2 to the
placed inside the shell and connected by a wire to the ball. The ball strikes the ground at B (see figure).
inner wall of the shell. Then the common potential of Then –
the two is – A a(m/s2)
(A) positive (B) negative
(C) zero (D) any of the above
h
5. Two large parallel copper plates are L metre apart
and have a uniform electric field between them. An θ
electron is released from the negative plate at the
same time that a proton is released from the positive R B
plate. The gravity and the force of the particles on (A) the path of the ball is a parabola
each other are neglected. The two particles cross each
(B) the path of the ball is a straight line
other at a distance x from the positive plate. Then x
is– (C) the angle θ = tan–1(g/a)
P (D) the range R = h a/g
8. An uncharged capacitor C is fully charged by a
constant emf E in series with a resistor R. Then the
+ – correct statement (s) is (are) –
e (A) Final energy stored in the capacitor is half of the
energy supplied by the emf.
L (B) Internal energy dissipated by the resistor is equal
mp L to the final energy stored in the capacitor
(A) x = L (B) x = (C) Final energy stored in the capacitor is equal to
me 2
the energy supplied by the emf.
m pme me
(C) x = L (D) x = L (D) All of the above.
mp + me me + mp
9. A rectangular N-turn coil in the-yz plane (see figure)
carrying a current I is placed in a uniform magnetic
6. The conducting bar of length L shown in figure, field B = B0( x̂ + ŷ ). Then the maximum torque will
oscillates across the rails with the velocity
act when the coil is rotated by an angle θ –
v = v0 cos ωt in a magnetic field B = B0 cos ωt (in a
direction perpendicular to the rails and into the b Z
paper). At the mean position the rails are connected
by a conductor. If at t = 0, the rod is at the mean
position, then the instantaneous emf induced in the
loop is – a I

conducting bar
Y
conducting rails

X
L v B (A) θ = –π/4 (B) θ = + 3π/4
mean position (C) θ = + π/4 (D) θ = –3π/4

10. Mark the correct statement (s) :

rod oscillates (A) The potential difference between two points in
between this region an electric field must be zero
(A) B0V0L sin ωt (B) B0V0L cos ωt (B) The potential difference two points in an electric
(C) B0V0L cos ωt (D) B0V0L sin (2ωt) filed may be zero
(C) If a positively charged metal sphere is brought
near a conducting sphere, it is found that a force
Questions 7 to 10 are multiple choice questions. Each
of attraction occurs between the two, this means
questions has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
that one conducting sphere must be charged
which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
(D) In (C) the conducting sphere may be charged

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 46 AUGUST 2009

This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has 3 multiple (C) î = – r̂ sin θ + r̂t cos θ
choice questions. (Question 11 to 16) Each question has
4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONE OR (D) î = – r̂r cos θ + r̂t sin θ
MORE THAN ONE is correct.
Passage : II (Q. No. 14 to 16)
Passage : I (Q. No. 11 to 13) →
As a charged particle 'q' moving with a velocity v
Consider a point object of mass 'm' moving in a circle →
enters a uniform magnetic field B , it experiences a
of radius a = 1 m. For any instantaneous position of →
→ →
the object, θ is the angle that the radial line joining force F = q( v × B ). For θ = 0º or 180º, θ being the
the object and the centre makes with the positive X- → →
axis of a cartesian coordinate system with the centre angle between v and B , force experienced is zero
of circle O as the origin. î and ĵ are unit vectors and the particle passes undeflected. For θ = 90º, the
particle moves along a circular arc and the magnetic
along X-axis and Y-axis, respectively. Suppose that
force (qvB) provides the necessary centripetal
the motion is a 'Uniform Circular Motion' with a
π  mv 2 
constant angular speed rad/sec and that the sense force   . For other values of θ(θ ≠ 0º, 180º,
 r 
36  
of rotation is counter clock with θ = 0 at t = 0. For an 90º), the charged particle moves along a helical path
object which moves in a circle, it is usually which is the resultant motion of simultaneous circular
convenient to introduce two mutually perpendicular and translational motions.
unit vectors, r̂r and r̂t , as shown in fig. Here r̂r is the Suppose a particle, that carries a charge of magnitude
radial unit vector and r̂t , the tangential unit vector. q and has a mass 4 × 10–15 kg, is moving in a region
→
Y r̂ containing a uniform magnetic field B = – 0.4 k̂ T.
r̂t r
At any instant, velocity of the particle is
→
P v = (8 î – 6 ĵ + 4 k̂ ) × 106 m/s and force acting on it
θ has a magnitude 1.6 N.
O X

14. Pitch of the helical path is

(A) 122.4 cm (B) 62.8 cm
(C) 24.6 cm (D) 74.4 cm

11. For any instantaneous position of the object P, the 15. Which of the following is correct ?
radial unit vector r̂r can be expressed as (A) Motion of the particle is non-periodic but y and
z-position co-ordinates vary in a periodic manner
(A) r̂r = î sin θ + ĵ cos θ
(B) Motion of the particle is non-periodic but x and
(B) r̂ = î cos θ + ĵ sin θ y-position co-ordinates vary in a periodic manner
(C) Motion of the particle is non-periodic but x and
(C) r̂ = î sin θ – ĵ cos θ z-position co-ordinates vary in a periodic manner
(D) r̂r = – î cos θ – ĵ sin θ (D) Motion of the particle is periodic and all the
position co-ordinates vary in a periodic manner
12. For any position of the object P, the tangential unit
16. If the co-ordinates of the particle at t = 0 are (2m, 1m,
vector can be expressed as
0), co-ordinate at a time t = 3T, where T is a time
(A) r̂t = î cos θ – ĵ sin θ period of circular component of motion, will be
(A) (2m, 1m, 400 m)
(B) r̂t = î sin θ – ĵ cos θ
(B) (0.142 m, 130 m, 0)
(C) r̂t = – î cos + ĵ sin θ (C) (2m, 1m, 1.884 m)
(D) (142 m, 130m, 628 m)
(D) r̂t = – î sin θ + ĵ cos θ
Numerical response questions (Q. 17 to 19). Answers to
13. In terms of r̂r , r̂t and θ, î can be expressed as this Section are to be given in the form of nearest
integer-in four digits. Please follow as per example :
(A) î = r̂r cos θ − r̂t sin θ (i.e. for answer : 1492.2 write 1492; 491.8 write 0492;
(B) î = – r̂r sin θ + r̂t cos θ 92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002)

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 47 AUGUST 2009

17. A current of 4 A flows in a coil when connected to a 4. A reaction follows the given concentration (C) vs
12V dc source. If the same coil is connected to a time graph. The rate for this reaction at 20 seconds
12V, 50 rad/s ac source a current of 2.4 A flows in will be –
the circuit. Also find the power developed in the 0.5
circuit if a 2500 µF capacitor is connected in series 0.4
with the coil.
0.3
18. A capacitor of capacity 2 µF is charged to a potential 0.2
difference of 12V. It is then connected across an 0.1
inductor of inductance 0.6 mH. What is the current in
0 20 40 60 80 100
the circuit at a time when the potential difference
across the capacitor is 6.0 V ? Time/second

19. A ball of mass 100 g is projected vertically upwards (A) 4 × 10–3 Ms–1 (B) 8 × 10–2 Ms–1
from the ground with a velocity of 49 m/s. At the (C) 2 × 10–2 Ms–1 (D) 7 × 10–3 Ms–1
same lime another identical ball is dropped from a
height of 98 metre to fall freely along the same path 5. The potential of the Daniell cell,
as that followed by the first ball. After some time the ZnSO 4 CuSO 4
two balls collide and stick together and finally fall to Zn Cu was reported by Buckbee,
(1M ) (1M )
ground. Find the time of flight of the masses. (g = 9.8
m/s2) Surdzial, and Metz as
Eº = 1.1028 – 0.641 × 10–3 T + 0.72 × 10–5 T2, where
T is the celcius temperature. Calculate ∆Sº for the
CHEMISTRY cell reaction at 25º C -
(A) – 45.32 (B) – 34.52
Questions 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions. Each (C) – 25.43 (D) – 54.23
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct. 6. In a hypothetical solid C atoms form CCP lattice with
A atoms occupying all the Tetrahedral voids and B
atoms occupying all the octahedral voids. A and B
1. A mixture of CO and CO2 having a volume of 20 ml
atoms are of the appropriate size such that there is no
is mixed with x ml of oxygen and electrically distortion in the CCP lattice. Now if a plane is
sparked. The volume after explosion is (16 + x) ml cut (as shown) then the cross section would like –
under the same conditions. What would be the
residual volume if 30 ml of the original mixture is
treated with aqueous NaOH ? Plane
(A) 12 ml (B) 10 ml
(C) 9 ml (D) 8 ml
CCP unit cell
2. Rutherford’s experiment, which estabilished the
nuclear model of the atom, used a beam of -
(A) β–particles, which impinged on a metal foil and C B C C C CC
got absorbed A

(B) γ–rays, which impinged on a metal foil and (A) B B B (B) B B B

A
ejected electrons C
C B C C C
(C) helium atoms, which impinged on a metal foil
and got scattered
(D) helium nuclei, which impinged on a metal foil C C C CC
C C
and got scattered A A
(C) B B B (D) B B B
3. The correct order of acidic strength is – A A

(A) Cl2O7 >SO2>P4O10 C C C C C C

(B) CO2 >N2O5 <SO3
(C) Na2O >MgO >Al2O3 Questions 7 to 10 are multiple choice questions. Each
(D) K2O >CaO >MgO questions has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 48 AUGUST 2009

7. Select the correct statements from the following Eº = 0.02 V
regarding sols –
(A) Viscosity of lyophilic sols (emulsoid) is much
higher than that of solvent
(B) Surface tension of lyophobic sols (suspensoid) is
usually low.
(C) The particles of lyophilic sols always carry a
characteristics charge either positive or negative
(D) Hydrophobic sols can easily be coagulated by
addition of electrolytes Dish A anode Dish B cathode
Given
8. Which of the following is/are correct ?
NO3– + 3H3O + 2e– → HNO2 + 4H2O
(A) α-rays are more penetrating than β-rays
Eº = 0.94 V
(B) α-rays have greater ionizing power than β-rays
(C) β-particles are not present in the nucleus, yet they
are emitted from the nucleus 11. Which of the following statements must be true of the
solutions in order for the cell to operate with the
(D) γ-rays are not emitted simultaneously with α and
voltage indicated ?
β-rays.
(A) The solution in Dish A must be acidic
9. Choose the correct statement(s) - (B) The solution in Dish B must be acidic
(A) At the anode, the species having minimum (C) The solutions in both Dish A and Dish B must be
reduction potential is formed from the oxidation acidic
of corresponding oxidizable species (D) No acid may be in either Dish A or Dish B
(B) In highly alkaline medium, the anodic process
during the electrolytic process is 12. At what pH will the cell potential be zero if the
4OH– → O2 + 2H2O + 4e– activity of other components are equal to one ?
(C) The standard potential of Cl– | AgCl | Ag half– 0.02 0.02
cell is related to that of Ag+ | Ag through the (A) (B) –
expression 2 × 0.059 0.059
RT 0.04 0.02 2
E ºAg + / Ag = E Cl
º
+ ln Ksp (AgCl) (C) (D) ×
–
|AgCl|Ag F 0.059 0.059 3
(D) Compounds of active metals (Zn, Na, Mg) are 13. How many moles of electrons pass through the
reducible by H2 whereas those of noble metals
circuit when 0.6 mole of Hg2+ and 0.30 mole of
(Cu, Ag, Au) are not reducible.
HNO2 are produced in the cell that contains 0.5 mole
10. The co-ordination number of FCC structure for of Hg22+ and 0.40 mole of NO3– at the begining of the
metals is 12, since - reaction ?
(A) each atom touches 4 others in same layer, 3 in (A) 0.6 mole (B) 0.8 mole
layer above and 3 in layer below
(C) 0.3 mole (D) 1 mole
(B) each atom touches 4 others in same layer, 4 in
layer above and 4 in layer below Passage : II (Q. No. 14 to 16)
(C) each atom touches 6 others in same layer, 3 in According to Raoult’s law partial pressure of any
layer above and 3 in layer below volatile constituent of a solution at a constant
(D) each atom touches 3 others in same layer, 6 in temperature is equal to the vapour pressure of pure
layer above and 6 in layer below constituent multiplied by mole-fraction of that
This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has 3 multiple constituent in the solution.
choice questions. (Question 11 to 16) Each question has This law is the major deciding factor whether a
4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONE OR solution will be ideal or non-ideal. Ideal solution
MORE THAN ONE is correct. always obey Raoult’s law at energy range of
concentration.
Passage : I (Q. No. 11 to 13) A liquid mixture of benzene & toluene is composed
The cell potential for the unbalanced chemical of 1 mol of benzene & 1 mol of
reaction : toluene. Benzene & toluene mixture behave
Hg22+ + NO3– + H3O+ → Hg2+ +HNO2 + H2O ideally. Given p 0t = 4.274 KN/m2; p 0b = 13.734
is measured under standard state conditions in the
electrochemical cell shown in the accompanying KN/m2 where subscript t & b stands for toluene &
diagram. The cell voltage is positive : EºCell = 0.02 V benzene respectively.

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 49 AUGUST 2009

14. If pressure over mixture at 300 K is reduced at what 2. If A and B are acute positive angles satisfying
pressure does the first vapour form ? the equation 3 sin2A + 2 sin2B = 1 and
(A) 18.008 KN/m2 (B) 9.004 KN/m2 3 sin 2A – 2 sin 2B = 0, then (A + 2B) is
(C) 13.05 KN/m 2 (D) 3.003 KN/m2 (A) 0 (B) π/2
(C) π/4 (D) π/3
15. What is the composition of first trace of
vapour formed in terms of mole-fraction of toluene – 3. If α, β are the roots of the equation;
(A) 0.2373 (B) 0.7627 6x2 + 11x + 3 =0 then :
(C) 0.333 (D) 0.67 (A) both cos–-1 α and cos–1 β are real
(B) both cosec–1 α and cosec–1 β are real
16. If the pressure is further reduced, at what pressure (C) both cot–1α and cot–1β are real
does last trace of liquid disappear – (D) None of these
(A) 9.004 KN/m2 (B) 6.519 KN/m2
(C) 3.03 KN/m2 (D) None of these 1
4. If f(x) = 64x3 + and α, β are the roots of
x3
Numerical response questions (Q. 17 to 19). Answers to
this Section are to be given in the form of nearest 1
4x + = 2 then
integer-in four digits. Please follow as per example : x
(i.e. for answer : 1492.2 write 1492; 491.8 write 0492; (A) f(α) = –64 (B) f(β) = – 8
92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002) (C) f(β) = – 16 (D) f(α) = –24

17. The specific rate constant of the decomposition of 5. A differentiable function f is defined for all x > 0 and
N2O5 is 0.008 min-1. The volume of O2 collected satisfies f(x2) = x4 for all x > 0, then f´(16) is equal to
after 20 minutes is 16 ml. Find the volume (in ml) (A) 64 (B) 16
that would be collected at the end of reaction. NO2 (C) 8 (D) None of these
formed is dissolved in CCl4.
6. Let f(x) = xex(1 – x), then f(x) is
(A) increasing on [–1/2, 1]
18. Graph between log x/m and log p is straight line (B) decreasing on R
inclined at an angle of 45. When pressure is
(C) increasing on R
0.5 atm and ln k = 0.693, what will be the amount of (D) decreasing on [–1/2, 1]
solute adsorbed per gm of adsorbent ?
Questions 7 to 10 are multiple choice questions. Each
19. A current of dry air was passed through a series of
questions has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
bulbs containing 1.25 g of a solute A2B in 50 g of
which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
water and then through pure water. The loss in
weight of the former series of bulbs was 0.98 g and in
1 
the later series 0.01 g. If the molecular weight of A2B 7. The lim x 8  3  (where [x] is greatest integer
is 80 calculate degree of dissociation of A2B.
x →0 x 
function) is
(A) a nonzero real number
MATHEMATICS (B) a rational number
(C) an integer
(D) zero
Questions 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions. Each
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct. e1/ x − e −1/ x
8. Let f(x) = g´(x) where g´ is the
e1 / x + e −1 / x
1. The value of derivative of g and is a continuous function then
π 3π 5π 7π 9π 11π 13π lim f ( x ) exist if
x→0
sin sin .sin .sin .sin .sin .sin
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 (A) g(x) is polynomial
is equal to : (B) g(x) = x
(A) 1 (B) 1/16 (C) g(x) = x2
(C) 1/64 (D) None of these (D) g(x) = x3 h(x) where h(x) is a polynomial

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 50 AUGUST 2009

9. For x > 1, y = log x – (x – 1) satisfies the inequality 16. If f(x) is the function required to find largest term in
(A) x – 1 > y (B) x2 – 1 > y Q. 14 then
x −1 (A) f is increase for all x
(C) y > x – 1 (D) <y (B) f decreases for all x
x
3
(C) f has a maximum at x = 400
10. If the line, ax + by + c = 0 is a normal to the curve
(D) f increases on [0, 9]
xy = 2, then
(A) a < 0, b > 0 (B) a > 0, b < 0
Numerical response questions (Q. 17 to 19). Answers to
(C) a > 0, b > 0 (D) a < 0, b < 0
this Section are to be given in the form of nearest
This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has 3 multiple integer-in four digits. Please follow as per example :
choice questions. (Question 11 to 16) Each question has (i.e. for answer : 1492.2 write 1492; 491.8 write 0492;
4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONE OR 92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002)
MORE THAN ONE is correct.
17. Let Pn(x) be a function satisfying
Passage : I (Q. No. 11 to 13) ∞

Let f(x) be a real valued function not identically zero, ∑h

n =0
n
Pn ( x ) = (1 – 2hx + h2)–1/2, |x| ≤ 1, |h| < 1/3.
such that
f(x + yn) = f(x) + (f(y))n ∀ x, y ∈ R Find P3(10).
where n ∈ Nn ≠ 1 and f´(0) ≥ 0.
We may get an explicit form of the function f(x). tan 6 x − 2 tan 5 x − 3 tan 4 x
18. The value lim is.
x → tan −1
3 tan 2 x − 4 tan x + 3
11. The value of f´(0) is
(A) 1 (B) n 19. Let (a – b cos y) (a + b cos x) = a2 – b2 and
(C) 1 + n (D) 2 dy sin x f ( y)
= . If a2 – b2 = 192 then f(π/2) =
dx (a + b cos x ) 2
12. The value of f(5) is
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 5n (D) 5

1
13. ∫ f (x) dx is equal to
0 • The Andromeda Galaxy is 2.3 million light
(A) 1/2n (B) 2n years away.
(C) 1/2 (D) 2
• Pluto lies at the outer edge of the planetary
Passage : II (Q. No. 14 to 16) system of our sun, and at the inner edge of
Among several applications of maxima and minima the Kuiper Belt, a belt of icy comets that are
is finding the largest term of a sequence. Let <an> be the remnants of the formation of the solar
a sequence. Consider f(x) obtained by replacing x by system.
n x
n e.g. let an = consider f(x) = on [1, ∞]
n +1 x +1 • On June 8 2004, Venus passed directly
x between the Earth and the Sun, appearing as
f´(x) = > 0 for all x.
( x + 1) 2 a large black dot travelling across the Sun's
Hence max f(x) = lim f ( x ) = 1. disk. This event is known as a "transit of
x →∞ Venus" and is very rare: the last one was in
1882, the next one is in 2012.
14. The largest term of an = n2/(n3 + 200) is
(A) 29/453 (B) 49/543 • A sunbeam setting out through space at the
(C) 43/543 (D) 41/451 rate of 186,000 miles a second would
describe a gigantic circle and return to its
15. The largest term of the sequence origins after about 200 billion years.
an = n/(n2 + 10) is
(A) 3/19 (B) 2/13 • Mercury can only be seen from the Earth at
(C) 1 (D) 1/7 twilight.

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 51 AUGUST 2009

 Based on New Pattern

IIT-JEE 2011
XtraEdge Test Series # 4
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus : Physics : Essential Mathematics, Vector, Units & Dimension, Motion in One dimension, Projectile
motion, Circular motion. Chemistry : Mole Concept, Chemical Bonding, Atomic Structure, Periodic Table .
Mathematics: Trigonometric Ratios, Trigonmetrical Equation, Inverse Trigonmetrical Functions, Properties of
Triangle, Radii of Circle.
Instructions :
Section - I
• Question 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct
answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
• Question 7 to 10 are Multiple choice questions with multiple correct option. 4 marks will be awarded for each correct
answer and –1 mark for each wrong answer.
• Question 11 to 16 are Passage based multiple correct type questions. 5 marks will be awarded for each correct answer
and –1 mark for each wrong answer.
Section - II
• Question 17 to 19 are numerical response questions. Each question carries +6 marks. There is no negative marking
in this section.

3. Fig shows six successive positions of a particle

PHYSICS
Questions 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions. Each
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct.
moving along the x axis. At t = 0, it is at position x =
1 meter. The arrow shows velocity. At t = 0, it has
velocity v = 2 m/s in the forward direction. Then the
average velocity in the intervals AD and AF are,
respectively –

1. A balance can weight with a precision of 0.5 kg. t(s) 2 m/s

Your weight on this balance is 55 kg. wt and when 0 A
you hold your books bag, your weight is 64 kg. What 1 B
is the percentage uncertainty in your bag's weight ?
(A) 0.9% (B) 0.8% 2 C
(C) 5.6% (D) 18% 2.5 D
3.5 E
2. It is given that Planck's time tp is –4 m/s
t p ∝ ci G j h k 4 F
where c = speed of light, G = gravitational constant 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
and h = Planck's constant. Then the exponents i, j and x (m)
k are – (A) 2 m/s and – 4 m/s
5 1 1 (B) 1 m/s and – 1/4 m/s
(A) i = – , j = , k =
2 2 2 (C) 1/4 ms and 2ms
1 3 (D) 2 m/s and 1/4 m/s
(B) i = , j = – , k = 1
2 2
4. A particle moves so that its position as a function of
3 2
(C) i = – , j = 1, k = – time in SI units is
2 5 r
r ( t ) = î + t2 ĵ +t k̂
1 1
(D) i = 0, j = – , k = Then the velocity of the particle varies with time as
2 2

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 52 AUGUST 2009

 velocity (v) Questions 7 to 10 are multiple choice questions. Each

velocity (v)
questions has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
(A) (B)
r r r
7. For the three vectors d , d1 and d 2 , suppose
time (t) time (t) r r r
d = d1 + d 2 then
velocity (v)

velocity (v)
60º (A) d must be greater than d1, d2
(C) (D) (B) d may be greater than d1, d2
(C) d must be smaller than d1, d2
45º (D) d may be smaller than d1, d2
time (t) time (t)
8. A jumbo jet needs to reach a speed of 360 km/h on
5. A particle A moves along the line y = 30 m with a the runway for takeoff. If we assume constant
constant velocity v = 3.0 m/s directed parallel to the acceleration and a runway of length 1.8 km, then –
x-axis. A second particle B starts at the origin with (A) the minimum acceleration required from rest is
zero speed and constant acceleration a = 0.4 m/s2 at
2.8 m/s2
the same instant that the particle A passes the y-axis.
(B) the minimum time from rest to takeoff is 36
If B makes an angle θ with the x-axis, then the value
second
of θ for collision to occur between A and B should
(C) the minimum acceleration required is 9.8 m/s2
be–
(D) the minimum time for takeoff is 72 second
Y
9. The engineer of a train moving at a speed v1 sights a
A freight train a distance d ahead of him on the same
v
track moving in the same direction with a slower
speed v2. The puts on the brakes and gives his train a
a constant deceleration a. Then –
B θ (A) if d > (v1 – v2)2/2a, there will be no collision
X
(A) 30º (B) 45º (C) 60º (D) 72º (B) if d < (v1 – v2)2/2a, there will be a collision
(C) The x versus t graph of the two trains if no
collision occurs, may be as shown here in fig.
6. An object moves in a straight line as described by the
velocity time graph in fig.
20
Velocity (m/s)

15 x

10

5 O time
(D) All of these
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
10. A body is dropped from rest and falls freely. The
Times (s) position (y), the velocity (v) and the acceleration (a)
Then the graph that represent the acceleration of the of the body at t = 0, 1, 2, 3, (second) are given in the
object as a function of time is – table. Then the correct statements are –
t y v a
a a (s) (m) (m/s) (m/s2)
(A) (B) 0 0 0 g
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 y1 v1 a1
times (s) times (s) 2 y2 v2 a2
3 y3 v3 a3
a a
(A) y1 : y2 : y3 = 1 : 3 : 5
(C) (D) (B) y1 : y2 : y3 = 1 : 4 : 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 (C) v1 : v2 : v3 = 1 : 2 : 3
times (s) times (s) (D) a1 : a2 : a3 = 1 : 3 : 5

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 53 AUGUST 2009

This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has 3 multiple Passage : II (Q. No. 14 to 16)
choice questions. (Question 11 to 16) Each question has Consider a simple pendulum–an object attached to
4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONE OR one end of a thread is suspended vertically from the
MORE THAN ONE is correct. other end. If the object is released from a slight
displacement from the mean position, it oscillates in a
Passage : I (Q. No. 11 to 13) simple harmonic manner with a time period
Suppose that a point mass 'm' is moving under a l
→ T = 2π
constant force F = 2 î – ĵ + k̂ newton. At some g
instant, t = 0, point P (x, m, ym,) [m – metre] is the Here l is the distance of centre of mass of the object
instantaneous position of the mass. We know that from the point of suspension. Obviously, it is
torque can be expressed as the cross-product of possible to determine acceleration due to gravity 'g'
position vector and force vector, i.e., by measuring time period of oscillation of a given
Y pendulum. Let us perform this experiment. Length of
Q(x1, y1, z1) the thread is measured using a metre scale. Six
P(x, y, –1) measurements of length of thread give its values as
20 cm, 20.5 cm, 18.5 cm, 21 cm, 19.5 cm and 20.5
X cm. We take a spherical object of uniform density,
O and its diameter, if required, is measured with the
Z help of a vernier callipers. In the given vernier
→ → → callipers, 20 VSD ≡ 19 MSD and a part of the main
τ= r × F scale is as shown if fig. Using the least count
At P, torque can be expressed as, (vernier constant) of vernier callipers as the mean
→ absolute error, percentage error in the measurement
τ = –4 ĵ – 4 k̂ newton-metre of diameter is found to be 1%. Finally, time of 20
At some other instant, t = 3 sec, the point mass has oscillations is measured and five measurements give
another instantaneous position Q(x, y, z) such that the its value as : 17 sec, 18 sec, 19 sec, 17.5 sec, 18.5 sec
displacement vector between point P and Q and the 3 (cm) 4 (cm)
given force are mutually perpendicular. Also, x-
component of torque at Q is zero and y and z-
components are equal in magnitude and directed 14. Percentage error in the measurement of length is
along the negative directions of the respective axes. nearly
Using a definite scale, if we construct a parallelogram
→
(A) 10.6% (B) 5.8%
with the position vector of Q and the given force F (C) 3.3% (D) 1.8 %
as its adjacent sides, area of this parallelogram is
2 2 m2. Area of the given parallelogram, in fact, 15. Vernier constant of the given vernier callipers is
represents a physical quantity whose magnitude in SI (A) 2.5 × 10–3 cm (B) 2.5 × 10–2 cm
system can be expressed as 5 times the given area. (C) 0.25 cm (D) 2.5 × 10–4 cm

11. Coordinates of point P (measured in metre) are 16. Effective length of the pendulum, i.e., distance
between the point of suspension and the centre of
(A) (1, 0, –1) (B) (2, 1, –1)
mass of the object, can be written as
(C) (1, 1, –1) (D) (2, 2, –1)
(A) (20.5 ± 0.6) cm (B) (20.125 ± 0.446) cm
(C) (20.125 ± 0.669) cm (D) (20.25 ± 0.54) cm
12. At Q, torque acting on the mass can be expressed as
(A) –5 ĵ – 5 k̂ newton-metre Numerical response questions (Q. 17 to 19). Answers to
this Section are to be given in the form of nearest
(B) –8 ĵ – 8 k̂ newton-metre integer-in four digits. Please follow as per example :
(i.e. for answer : 1492.2 write 1492; 491.8 write 0492;
(C) – 10 ĵ – 10 k̂ newton-metre
92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002)
(D) –12 ĵ – 12 k̂ newton-metre 17. The width of a river is 25 m and in it water is flowing
with a velocity of 4 m/min. A boatman is standing on
13. Coordinates of point Q(measured in metre) are the bank of the river. He wants to sail the boat to a
(A) (4, 3, –3) (B) (2, –1, 1) point at the other bank which is directly opposite to
(C) (3, –2, 2) (D) (2, 4, –2) him. In what time will he cross the river, if he can
sail the boat at 8 m/min. relative to the water ?

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 54 AUGUST 2009

18. At a picnic spot on a hill, a boy falls over the cliff.
Suddenly Shaktiman arrives and dives off the edge
2.0 s after the start of the boy's fall. If the cliff is 100
m high, what must Shaktiman's initial velocity be if
he is to catch the boy just before he reaches the
ground ?
19. On a cricket field, the batsman is at the origin of co-
ordinates and a fielder stands in position
→ →
(46 i + 28 j )m. The batsman hits the ball so that it
rolls along the ground with constant velocity
→ →
(7.5 i + 10 j ) m/s. The fielder can run with a speed
of 5 m/s. If he starts to run immediately the ball is hit,
what is the shortest time in which he could intercept
the ball?
CHEMISTRY
(D) The positive charge should be present on the
electropositive element and the negative charge
on the electronegative element
5. Light of wavelength λ shines on a metal surface with
intensity x and the metal emits y electrons per second
of average energy, z. What will happen to y and z if x
is doubled ?
(A) y will be doubled and z will become half
(B) y will remain same and z will be doubled
(C) both y and z will be doubled
(D) y will be doubled but z will remain same
6. In two H atoms X and Y the electrons move around
the nucleus in circular orbits of radius r and 4r
respectively. The ratio of the times taken by them to
complete one revolution is
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 1 : 2
(C) 1 : 8 (D) 2 : 1

Questions 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions. Each Questions 7 to 10 are multiple choice questions. Each
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of questions has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct. which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.

1. Iron forms two oxides, in first oxide 56 gram. Iron is 7. Which of the following statements is/are
found to be combined with 16 gram oxygen and in correct ?
second oxide 112 gram . Iron is found to be (A) Group 12(IIB) elements do not show
combined with 48 gram oxygen. This data satisfy the characteristic properties of transition metals
law of - (B) Among transition elements, tungsten has the
(A) Conservation of mass highest melting point
(B) Reciprocal proportion (C) Among transition elements, group 3 (IIIB)
(C) Multiple proportion elements have lowest densities
(D) Combining volume (D) Transition metals are more electropositive than
alkaline earth metals.
2. A carbon compound containing carbon and oxygen
has molar mass equal to 288. On analysis it is found 8. 11.2 g of mixture of MCl (volatile) and NaCl gave
to contain 50% by mass of each element. Therefore 28.7 g of white ppt with excess of AgNO3 solution.
molecular formula of the compound is- 11.2 g of same mixture on heating gave a gas that on
(A) C12O9 (B) C4O3 passing into AgNO3 solution gave 14.35 g of white
ppt. Hence ?
(C) C3O4 (D) C9O12
(A) Ionic mass of M+ is 18
(B) Mixture has equal mol fraction of MCl and NaCl
3. Lattice energy of BeCO3 (I) , MgCO3 (II) and CaCO3
(C) MCl and NaCl are in 1 : 2 molar ratio
(III) are in the order -
(D) Ionic mass of M+ is 10
(A) I > II > III (B) I < II < III
(C) I < III < II (D) II < I < III
9. Specify the coordination geometry around the
4. Which of the following conditions is not correct for hybridization of N and B atoms in a 1 : 1 complex of
resonating structures ? - BF3 and NH3 - [IIT- 2002]
(A) The contributing structures must have the same (A) N : tetrahedral, sp3 ;B : tetrahedral, sp3
number of unpaired electrons (B) N : pyramidal, sp3 ; B : pyramidal, sp3
(B) The contributing structures should have similar (C) N : pyramidal, sp3 ; B : planar, sp2
energies
(D) N : pyramidal, sp3 ; B : tetrahedral, sp3
(C) The contributing structures should be so written
that unlike charges reside on atoms that are far
apart

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 55 AUGUST 2009

10. The radii of two of the first four Bohr orbits of the Passage : II (Q. No. 14 to 16)
hydrogen atom are in the ratio 1 : 4. The energy Electronegativity is defined as the power of an atom
difference between them may be : in a molecule to attract the sigma bonded electron
(A) Either 12.09 eV or 3.4 eV pair itself. Pauling established a scale of
(B) Either 2.55 eV or 10.2 eV electronegativity based on the excess bond energy in
(C) Either 13.6 eV or 3.4 eV heteronuclear covalent bond AB. The energy of the
(D) Either 3.4 eV or 0.85 eV bond DA–B can be considered to be the sum of the
nonpolar contribution, Dnp and a polar contribution
This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has 3 multiple Dp which gives additional stability to the covalent
choice questions. (Question 11 to 16) Each question has
bond due to coulombic attraction arising out of the
4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONE OR
partial ionic nature of the bond.
MORE THAN ONE is correct.
DA–B = Dnp + Dp
Passage : I (Q. No. 11 to 13) Pauling assumed that the nonpolar bond energy Dnp
The radius of the nucleus of an atom can be is average energy of the bond energies
approximately determined as, DA–A & DB–B
rnu = (1.4×10–13)A1/3 1
where A is mass number of the atoms and M is the Dnp = ( D A − A + D B− B )
2
charge of the electron = 4.8 × 10–10 esu. so that , Dp =DA–B–Dnp
The mass of α-particle = 4 × mass of H-atom
1
10 = DA––B – ( D A − A + D B− B )
mass of hydrogen atom = ×10–24 gm. 2
6
The polar contribution Dp, also called ionic
Consider during collision kinetic energy of
α-particle just equal to coulombic force of repulsion. resonance energy ∆, is a relative measure of the
The mass number of Au = 197 polarity of the A–B bond. As per pauling
The mass number of He = 4 electronegativity difference , ∆x is proportional to the
The atomic number of Au = 79 ∆, as
Given : (4) 1 /3 = 1.59 and (197) 1 /3 = 5.82 ∆x = (xA –xB) = 0.088 ∆
2 × 79 × (4.8) 2 where xA and xB are electronegativities of
= 351
10.374 A & B respectively xA > xB . The bond energies are
in KJ/mol. On further study it is seen
3.51× 3 = 3.245
electronegativity of the atom also linearly increases
Plank’s constant, h = 6.625 × 10 – 3 4 JS with the partial ionic charge (q). Thus
electronegativity, x = a + bq. Large and soft atoms
11. What is the distance between the α-particle and Au have low value of b, while small and hard atoms have
nucleus during the collision – a large value of b. The % ionic character related with
(A) 10.374 × 10–13 cm (B) 10.374 Å the % ioinic character = 3.5 (xA–xB )2 + 16 |(xA–xB )|
(C) 10.374 × 10–10 cm (D) 10.374 nm
14. Enthalpy of formation AB(g) from A2(g) & B2(g) is
12. What should be the minimum velocity of the
represented by ∆fH(AB) in KJ/mol. Thus
α-particle to strike the nucleus of 79Au197 ?
electronegativity difference (∆x) between A and B is
(A) 3.245 × 108 m/s (B) 3.245 × 109 m/s related with ∆f H (AB) in KJ/mol as –
(C) 3.245 × 105 m/s (D) 3.245 × 107 m/s
(A) –∆fH = 129.13 × (∆x)
13. What is the de-broglie’s wave length associated with (B) ∆fH = 129.13 × (∆x)
a α-particle while it is moving to colloide with the (C) –∆fH = 129.13 × (∆x)2
Au nucleus ?
(D) ∆fH = 129.13 × (∆x)2
6.625 × 6 6.625 × 6
(A) ×1025m (B) ×10–15m
4 × 3.245 3.245
15. What is the order of polarity of the following bond?
6.625 × 6 6.625 × 6 (i) C – H (ii) F – H
(C) ×10–15m (D) ×10–15m
4 × 3.245 5 × 3.245 (iii) Br – H (iv) Na – I
(v) K – F (vi) Li – Cl

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 56 AUGUST 2009

 (A) Li– Cl >K– F>F–H > Br – H > C–H >Na – I 2. If tan x – tan2x = 1, then the value of
(B) K–F>Li– Cl > F– H >Br –H > Na – I >C–H tan4x – 2 tan3x – tan2x + 2 tan x + 1 is :
(C) K –F >F – H > Li– Cl >Br–H>Na –I >C–H (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
(D) K–F>Li–Cl > F– H >Na – I > Br –H > C–H
3. The number of roots of the equation |sinx| = |cos 3x|,
16. As per the relation, x = a + bq which of the given plot belonging to [–2π, 2π] are :
describes the electronegativity variation of F & Cl (A) 32 (B) 28 (C) 24 (D) 30
accurately ?
Given : xF = 4, xCl = 3 & xH = 2; 4. The value 'a' for which the equation
Cl 4 cosec2(π (a + x)) + a2 – 4a = 0 has a real solution is:
F (A) a = 1 (B) a = 2
4 4
(A) x 3 Cl (B) x 3 F (C) a = 3 (D) None of these
2 2
5. If p1, p2, p3 are respectively the perpendicular from
q q the vertices of a triangle to the opposite sides, then
F F cos A cos B cos C
+ + is equal to
4 4 p1 p2 p3
(C) x 3 Cl (D) x 3 Cl
2 2 (A) 1/r (B) 1/R (C) 1/∆ (D) None

q q 6. The number of solution of the equation;

1 + x2 + 2x sin (cos–1y) = 0 is
Numerical response questions (Q. 17 to 19). Answers to (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
this Section are to be given in the form of nearest
integer-in four digits. Please follow as per example : Questions 7 to 10 are multiple choice questions. Each
(i.e. for answer : 1492.2 write 1492; 491.8 write 0492; questions has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002) which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.

17. The vapour density of a mixture containing NO2 and 7. If A and B are acute angles such that A + B and
N2O4 is 38.3 at 27ºC. Calculate the millimoles of NO2 A – B satisfy the equation tan2θ – 4 tan θ + 1 = 0,
in 100 g mixture. then
(A) A = π/4 (B) A = π/6
18. A sample of a mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl weighing (C) B = π/4 (D) B = π/6
4.22 g was treated with sodium carbonate to
precipitate all the calcium ion as CaCO3 which was 8. If the numerical value of tan (cos–1(4/5) + tan–1(2/3)
heated and quantitatively converted to 0.959 g of is a/b then
CaO. Calculate % of CaCl2 in the mixture.
(A) a + b = 23 (B) a – b = 11
(C) 3b = a + 1 (D) 2a = 3b
19. The line at 434 nm in the Balmer series of the
hydrogen spectrum corresponds to a transition of an
electron from the nth to second Bohr orbit. What is 9. A solution of the equation
2
the value of n ? (1 – tan θ) (1 + tan θ) sec2θ + 2 tan θ = 0
where θ lies in the interval (–π/2, π/2) is given by

MATHEMATICS (A) θ = 0
(C) θ = –π/3
(B) θ = π/3
(D) θ = π/6

Questions 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions. Each 10. Given an isosceles triangle with equal sides of length
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of b, base angle α < π/4, R, r the radii and O, I the
which ONLY ONE is correct. centres of the circumcircle and incircle, respectively.
Then
π 5π 7π 1
1. The numerical value of sin .sin .sin is equal
18 18 18 (A) R = b cosec α (B) ∆ = 2b2 sin 2α
2
to
b sin 2α b cos(3α / 2)
1 1 1 (C) r = (D) OI =
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) 2(1 + cos α ) 2 sin α cos(α / 2)
8 4 2

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 57 AUGUST 2009

This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has 3 multiple 18. If y = sin(cot–1x) and x = 99, then 1/y2 is equal to
choice questions. (Question 11 to 16) Each question has
4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONE OR 19. If sin 3 α = 4 sin α sin(x + α) sin (x – α), then
MORE THAN ONE is correct. 864 sin2 x + 3620 cos2 x is equal to

Passage : I (Q. No. 11 to 13)

Consider the equations
5 sin2x + 3 sin x cos x – 3 cos2x = 2 ...(1)
sin2x – cos 2x = 2 – sin 2x ...(2)

11. If α is root of (1) and β is a root of (2) then

tan α + tan β can be equal to

(A) 1 +
69
(B) 1 –
69 Chemistry Facts
6 6
1. The element with the lowest boiling point is
− 3 + 69 − 3 − 69
(C) (D) also helium at -452.07 degrees Fahrenheit (-
6 3 268.93 degrees Celsius.
12. If tan α, tan β satisfy (1) and cos γ, cos δ satisfy (2) 2. The word "atom" comes from the Greek word
then tan α tan β + cos γ + cos δ can be equal to atomos, meaning "uncut."
5 2
(A) –1 (B) – + 3. In 1964, scientists in Russia discovered
3 13
element 104, and suggested the name
5 2 5 2
(C) − (D) – − Kurchatovium and symbol Ku in honor of Igor
3 13 3 13
Vasilevich Kurchatov. Then in 1969, scientists
13. The number of solutions common to (1) and (2) is in the U.S. also found element 104, and
(A) 0 (B) 1 propsed the name Rutherfordium (symbol Rf),
(C) finite (D) infinite in the honor of the New Zealand physicist
Ernest R. Rutherford. To get the names past
Passage : II (Q. No. 14 to 16) the I.U.P.A.C., it won with rutherfordium.
α = cos–1(4/5), β = tan–1(2/3), 0 < α, β < π/2
4. The first and relatively pure atom of tantalum
14. α + β is equal to was produced by von Bolton in 1907.
(A) tan–1(17/6) (B) sin–1(17/ 5 13 ) 5. Andres Manual del Rio discovered what we call
–1
(C) sin (3/5) –1
(D) cos (3/ 13 ) today vanadium. He called it panchromium,
and then changed it to erythronium (red), after
15. α – β is equal to noting that upon heating it turned red. In 1831,
(A) cos–1(18/ 5 13 ) (B) sin–12/ 13 ) Nils Gabriel Sefström (a Swedish chemist) was
working with some iron ores and this matter
(C) tan–1(1/18) (D) cos–1(3/ 13 )
was lead to honor the Northern Germanic
tribes' goddess Vanadis due to its inspiration in
16. cos–1(44/125) is equal to
multi-colors. In the same year, Friedrich
(A) 2α (B) 3α
Wöhler came into posession of del Rio's
(C) π – 3α (D) π – 2α
erythronium, and confirmed it to be vanadium,
Numerical response questions (Q. 17 to 19). Answers to after Vanadis. The name Vanadium is now
this Section are to be given in the form of nearest being used instead of del Rio's erythronium.
integer-in four digits. Please follow as per example :
(i.e. for answer : 1492.2 write 1492; 491.8 write 0492; 6. Hafnium was named after the city of
92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002) Copenhagen, Denmark.

17. In a triangle ABC, if r1 = 2r2 = 3r3 then 7. The heaviest type of lepton is the tau.
[100 – (4a/5b)]2 is equal to

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 58 AUGUST 2009

 XtraEdge Test Series
ANSWER KEY
IIT- JEE 2010 (August) issue)
PHYSICS

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans C B B D D C B , C ,D A ,B A ,B A ,D
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans B D A B B C 0017 0001 0007

C H E MI S T R Y

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans A D A D D C A ,D B , C ,D A ,B B,C
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans C D A B A B 0108 0001 0041

MATHEMATICS

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans C C C C D A B , C ,D C,D A,B,D A ,B
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans A D C B A C 2485 0162 0192

IIT- JEE 2011 (August issue)

PHYSICS

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans C A D C A D B,D A ,B D B,C
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans B C A C A C 0004 0027 0004

C H E MI S T R Y

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans C A A C D C A , B ,C A ,B A B
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans A D C C D D 0437 0045 0005

MATHEMATICS

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans B D C B B A A ,D A , B ,C B,C A .C . D
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans A,B B,D A ,C A ,B A ,C C 9801 9802 1553

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 59 AUGUST 2009