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Questions And Answers
BY…..
NAME:-SANTOSH GOVINDA SORMARE

E-mail ID:-santoshsormare18595@gmail.-
com
PH.NO:- 9049409307
ANURADHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

CHIKHLI
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE ENGI-
NEERING
TEXTILE ENGGINEERING Page 1

SPINNING DEPARTMENT
1. What is Fiber?
Ans: Fiber, which is either spun (or twisted) into yarn or else directly compressed into fab-
ric.
2. What is yarn?
Ans:Yarn, which is woven, knitted, or otherwise made into fabric.
3. What is fabric?
Ans: Fabric, which by various finishing processes becomes finished consumers goods.
4. Define Natural fiber

Ans : Natural fibers that occur in nature can be classified as vegetable, animal, and mineral.
5. Define manmade fiber

Ans: The natural material of cellulose has been taken from cotton linters and wood pulp,
processed chemically, and changed in form and several other characteristics into fibers of var-
ious lengths.
6. Define mineral fibers?

Ans: Glass fibers are produced by combining silica sand, limestone, and certain other miner-
als.
7. Define metallic fibers?

Ans: Produced by mining and refining fibers such metals as aluminium, silver and gold.
8. Define rubber fibers?

Ans: Made from the sap tapped from the rubber tree.
9. Give any three animal fibers?

Ans: Wool, Silk, Hair.
10. Give any three cellulosic fibers?

Ans: Rayon, Acetate, Triacetate.

11. Give any four vegetable fibers?

Ans: Cotton, linen, jute, hemp.
12. Give any three mineral fibers?

Ans: Glass, ceramic, graphite.
13. What is cotton fiber?

Ans: The cotton fiber grows in the seepod, or boll or the cotton plant. Cotton yarn is used to
make fabries for all type of apparel, home furnishings and industrial applications.
14. What is linen fiber?

Ans: Linen fiber is obtained from the stoke of the flax plant linen yarn can be very strong
and lustrous and in used for apparel, have furnishings and upholstery.
15. What is silk fiber?

Ans: Is a fine continuous strand unwound from the cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as
the silk worm. Silk is composed of protein. Lustrous, smooth, light weight, strong, and elastic.
Used for apparel home furnishings, and upholstery.
16. What is nylon?

Ans: Nylon is thermoplastic, resilient, elastic and very strong. It is used for a wide variety
of apparel, have furnishings and industrials products.
17. What is polyester?

Ans: Polyester fibers are thermo plastic, they have good strength and are hydrophobic, do
not absorb water well. Used for a wide variety of apparel, home furnishings and industrial
fabrics.
18. Define spandex?

Ans: Spandex fibers are extremely elastic. They are used for such purpose as foundation
garments, hosiery, swim wear and sports wear.
19. Name two kinds of spinning machine?

Ans: Ring frame, mule frame.
20. What is the standard of cotton yarn count?

Ans: The standard for the yarn count in cotton is I pound of fiber drawn out to make 840
yards of yarn. The resultant thickness or size is known as count number 1 or Ne1.
21. What is ply yarns?

Ans: Two or more strands or yarns are twisted together; they are designed as ply yarns.
22. What is ASTM?

Ans: American Society for Testing and Materials.
23. What is ISO?

Ans: International Organization for Standardization.
24. What is ANSI?

Ans: American National Standards Institute.
25. What is ICS?

Ans: Integrated Composite Spinning 84
Garments/Apparel Questions and Answers
1. What is seam?
Ans: Seam is joining of pieces of fabric together with stitching.
2. What is French seam?

Ans: French Seam is narrow seam within a seam, used on fabrics which ravel easily .
3. What is trimming?
Ans: Trimming is Evenly cutting away part of the seam allowance .
4. What is seam Allowance?

Ans: Seam Allowance is the Width between fabric edge and seam line .
5. What is Plain Seam?

Ans: Plain Seam is the Most common type of seam, Suitable for all areas of a garment and
fabrics except for sheers and laces.
6. What is Gathers?
Ans: Gathers meanstheTiny, soft folds of fabric formed when a larger piece of fabric is sewn
to a smaller piece
7. What is seam finish?

Ans: Seam Finish istheTreatment on seam edges to prevent raveling and make the seam
stronger and last longer.
8. What is Basting?
Ans: Basting is the Temporarily joining layers of fabric together.
9. What is Grading ?
Ans: Grading means theTrimming each seam allowance to a different width.

10. What is Back stitching?

Ans: Sewing backward and forward in the same place to secure stitching, is known as Back-
stitching.
11. Dart
Ans: A stitched fold that provides shape and fullness to a garment so that it fits the curves of
the body
12. What is Hem?

Ans: A finished edge on a garment, one of the last steps in sewing a garment is called the
hem.
13. What is Notching ?

Ans: Cutting V-shaped sections from the seam allowance is called notching.
14. What is Clipping?

Ans: Making straight cuts into the seam allowance is called clipping.
15. What is Topstitched Seam ?

Ans: A plain seam with a row of machine stitching on one or both sides of the seam line is
known as the top stitched seam.
16. What is Alter?

Ans: Alter means to change the pattern or garment so that it fits the body and represents
body measurements and proportions.
19. What is Asymmetrical ?

Ans: Asymmetrical means the One-sided, not geometrically balanced.
20. What is Baste?

Ans: Baste is the Stitches made by hand or machine to hold fabric pieces together temporar-
ily.
21. What is Bias?

Ans: Bias is the Diagonal direction of fabric. True bias is at a 45-degree angle to the grain
line.
22. What is Binding?

Ans: Binding is the Strip to encase edges as a finish or trim.
23. What is Blind hem?

Ans: Blind hem means the Sewing a hem invisibly with hand or machine stitches.
24. What is Blouson?

Ans: Blouson means the Bloused effect of fullness gathered in at and falling over a seam,
typically the bodice over a skirt.
25. What is Bodice?

Ans: Bodice means the Portion of garment above the waist.
26. What is Bolt?

Ans: Bolt is the Unit in which fabric is packaged and sold by the manufacturer. Usually con-
tains 12 to 20 yards.
27. What is Boning?

Ans: Boning means the Flexible strips used to stiffen seams or edges.
28. What is Casing?

Ans: Casing is a folded-over edge of garment or area through which elastic or ribbon is
threaded.
29. What is Chevron?

Ans: Chevron is a V-shaped stripes.
30. what is Clean finish?

Ans: Clean finish means the method for finishing the raw edges of pockets, hems or seams.
31. What is Clip?

Ans: Clip is a cut in fabric to allow ease on curves or corners. Also used to indicate notches
in garment pattern.
32. What is Closure?

Ans: Closure means that which opens or closes a garment (buttons, snaps, etc., or the area
on which they are Placed)
33. What is Colorfast?

Ans: Colorfast means the Fabric that will not fade or run during cleaning or laundering.
34. What is contrasting?

Ans: Contrasting means the Opposing; showing off differences of color, fabric, shading, etc.
35. What is Crease?

Ans: Crease is a line made by folding the fabric and pressing the fold on this specified line .
36. What is Dart?

Ans: Dart is a tuck in the fabric that helps in fitting the garment over the body curve.

37. What is Dolman?

Ans: Dolman means the Sleeve set into a deep armhole so as to resemble a kimono sleeve.
38. What is Double-breasted front?

Ans: Double-breasted means Front closing that overlaps enough to allow two rows of but-
tons.
39. What is Drum Lining?

Ans: Drum lining is the Lining not sewn into garment seams.
40. What is Ease?

Ans: Ease is the even distribution of slight fullness when one section of a seam is joined to a
slightly shorter section without forming gathers or tucks. Used to shape set-in sleeves,
princess seams, etc.
41. What is Edge stitching?

Ans: Edge stitching is the Stitching placed 1⁄16 inch from the edge; may be stitching detail,
such as topstitching or stitching done to finish the outer edge of a seam or facing edge.
42. What is Empire?

Ans: Empire is a High waistline bodice with a loose, straight skirt.
43. What is enclosed seam?

Ans: Enclosed seam means the seam allowance along a faced edge that is stitched and
turned to form an enclosed seam between two layers of fabric.
44. What is Eyelet?

Ans: Eyelet is a small, round, finished hole in a garment or fabric.
45. What do you mean by fabric hand?

Ans: Fabric hand means the way a fabric feels and drapes; its flexibility, smooth- ness and
softness.
46. What is facing?

Ans: Facing is to finish an edge by applying a fitted piece of fabric, binding, etc. Also the
right side of the fabric.
47. What is Fell stitch?

Ans: Fell stitch is a Neat, tiny, vertical stitches used in tailoring.
48. What is Finger Press?

Ans: Finger press means the Pressing a small area by crease with the fingers.
49. What is Finish?

Ans: Finish is any means of completing a raw garment edge to keep it from raveling, rolling
or fraying.
50. What is Flap?

Ans: Flap is the shaped garment piece attached by only one edge, such as a flap pocket.
51. What is Flare?

Ans: Flare is a Portion of garment that spreads out or widens.
52. What is Fly?

Ans: Fly means the fabric used as lap to conceal an opening in a garment.
53. What is Fold line?

Ans: Fold line is the line where fabric is folded, usually vertically, when cutting out a gar-
ment. It is common for the center front of a garment to be placed on a fold line.
54. What is Fusible web?

Fusible web is a web-like adhesive that melts when you apply heat and moisture.
55. What is Gather?

Ans: Gather means to draw up fabric fullness on a line of stitching.
56. What is Gore?

Ans: Gore i s a tapered section of a garment; wider at the lower edge.
57. What is Grade?

Ans: Grade means to reduce the bulk of enclosed seams by trimming the individu al seam
allowances different widths, clipping inward curves and corners, notching convex curves, and
trimming away excess fabric at outward corners.
58. What is Grosgrain?

Ans: Grosgrain means the Silk fabric or ribbon having heavy crosswise ribs.
59. What is Gusset?

Ans: Gusset is a fabric piece inserted at the un der arm to give ease in the sleeve area.
60. What is Hem?

Ans: Hem is the finished portion on skirts, jackets and sleeves held in place with a hemming
stitch.
61. What is Interfacing?

Ans: A carefully selected fabric placed between the garment and the facing fabric for added
body, to give support, and to maintain shape.

62. What is Join?

Ans: A term used in pattern directions that usually means to stitch together the pieces re
ferred to using normal seam allowances and regular stitches.
63. What is Keyhole?

Ans: A rounded neckline with an inverted, wedge-shaped opening at front or back.
64. What is Lapels?

Ans: A Part of a garment that turns back, especially the front neckline fold of a jacket.
65. What is Layout?

Ans: Cutting chart on instruction guide sheet showing the placement of pattern pieces.
66. What is Line?

Ans: Line means Style, outline or effect given by the cut and construction of a garment.
67. What is Marking?

Ans: Marking is the Transfer of construction symbols from paper pattern to fabric.
68. What is Match?

Ans: To bring notches or other construction markings on two pieces together.
69. What is Miter?

Ans: Miter – To form a diagonal seam at a square corner.
70. What is Motif ?

Ans: A Unit of design; used as decoration or pattern.
71. What is Nap?

Ans: A Soft surface with fibers that lie smoothly in one direction.
72. What is Notch?

Ans: Notch means the Cutting wedges from seam allowances of an outward curve. Also a
pattern symbol transferred to fabric to indicate seaming.
73. What is Notions?

Ans: Items other than fabric or a pattern required to complete a garment, such as buttons,
thread, zipper, etc.
74. What is Pattern marking?

Ans: The symbols for construction printed on the pattern, such as for darts, buttonholes,
notches, dots or tucks. They are transferred from the pattern to the fabric by means of tailor’s
tacks, notches, chalk, basting or temporary fabric markers.

75. Whah is Peplum?

Ans: Peplum is a Small flounce or extension of garment around the hips, usually from the
bodice.
76. What is Pin basting?

Ans: Pin basting is the technique of Pinning seams before stitching.
77. What is Pinking?

Ans: Cutting raw edges with pinking or scalloping sheers to prevent raveling.
78. What is Pintuck?

Ans: A narrow channel of fabric stitched together to form tuck design detail, used in French
hand sewing.
79. What is Pivot?

Ans: The Stitching around a corner by leaving the needle in the fabric, raising the presser
foot, and turning the fabric in a new direction.
80. What is Placket?

Ans: Garment opening fastened with zipper, snaps or buttons. Finish applied to sleeve open-
ing with cuff.
81. What is Pre-shrink?

Ans: Washing/dry-cleaning fabric to allow for shrinkage of fabric before the garment con-
struction.
82. What is Princess line?

Ans: Garment fitted with seams instead of darts.
83. What is Ravel?

Ans: Ravel means the fray in the cutting edges of the fabric.
84. What is Raw –edge?

Ans: Raw edge is the Unfinished edge of fabric.
85. What is Right side of fabric?

Ans: Right side is the Finished side of fabric, outside of garment.
86. What is Rip?

Ans: To remove stitches improperly placed; also tearing fabric along the straight grain.
87. What is Roll?

Ans: Roll is the desired curve and fold (commonly on a collar); shaping established by
pressing, pad stitching, etc.

88. What is seam?

Ans: Seam refers the Two or more edges of fabric held together by sewing. Seam should be
well constructed and appropriate for the fabric, type of garment, and the location on the gar-
ment.
89. What is Seam allowance?

Ans: Seam allowance means the Width of fabric beyond the seam line, not including the
garment area.
90. What is Seam binding?

Ans: Seam binding is the Ribbon-like tape used to finish edges.
91. What is secure?

Ans: Fasten permanently by means of a knot, backstitching, etc.
92. What is Self fabric?

Ans: Self fabric means the same material as the rest of the garment.
93. What is Selvage?

Ans: Selvage is the Lengthwise finished edges on all woven fabrics. Running parallel to the
lengthwise grain.
94.What is Semi-fitted?
Ans: Fitting to conform partly, but not too closely, to the shape of the figure.
95. What is Serger?

Ans: A machine that overcasts and trims an edge simultaneously.
96. What is Shank?

Ans: The Link between button and fabric to allow for the thickness of overlapping fabric.
97. What is Sheath?

Ans: Sheath means the Close-fitting dress with a straight skirt.
98. What is Shirt waist?

Ans: Dress with bodice details similar to a shirt.
99. What is Shrinking?

Ans: Constricting fabric with steam or water to eliminate excess in a specific area. Also
done to fabric before cutting out a garment to prevent further fabric shrinkage.
100. What is Silhouette?

Ans: Silhouette means the Outline or contour of a figure or garment.

101. What is Single-breasted?

Ans: Center front closing with enough flap to allow one row of buttons.
102. What is Slash?

Ans: A Cut taken in fabric to facilitate construction or turning of fabric at a point or corner.
103. What is slip stitch?

Ans: A hand stitch used to join two layers of fabric from the right side.
104. What is Stay?

Ans: Stay it Means of maintaining the shape of a garment area, by using a small piece of
fabric or tape that is sewn to an area of the garment to reinforce and secure a position.
105. What is Stitching?

Ans: Stitching in the technique of sewing a straight stitch inconspicuously in the seam well
on the correct side of a previously stitched seam. Used to complete waist- bands, cuffs, col-
lars, and French bias binding.
106. What is a take?

Ans: Tack – Joining two garment layers with small, loose, hand stitches or thread loops.
107. What is Tailoring?

Ans: Tailoring means the Construction technique requiring special hand sewing and press-
ing to mold fabric into a finished garment.
108. What is Taper?

Ans: Cutting or stitching at a slight diagonal, generally to make gradually smaller.
109. What is Template?

Ans: Template is a shape made of a stiff sub- stance, such as freezer paper, usually the size
of the finished design. (i.e., pocket, applique shape or quilt pattern)
110. What is Tension ?

Ans: Tension – Amount of pull on thread or fabric during construction. Also the relation-
ship of the needle and bobbin thread and how they interlock to form the sewing machine
stitch, creat- ing a balanced, looser or tighter stitch.
111. What is Thread count?

Ans: Thread count means the Number of threads in 1 square inch of fabric.
112. What is Topstitching?

Ans: Line of machine stitching parallel to a seam or edge, done from the right side of a gar-
ment.

113. What is Trim?

Ans: To cut away excess fabric is called Trim .
114. What is Trimming?

Ans: A Feature added to a garment for ornamentation, such as braid or self - fabric.
115. What is Twill tape?

Ans: A Firmly woven tape used for tailoring to reinforce and prevent stretching.
116. What is Underlining?

Ans: Lining joined in garment seams that is used to give shape or support.
117. What is Under stitching?

Ans: Under stitching is Folding the entire seam allowance to the facing side or under- side
and then stitching on the correct side of the facing close to the seam edge. This allows the
seam to lie flat and keeps the seam edge from showing on the correct side of the garment.
118. What is Vent?

Ans: A faced or lined slash in a garment for ease.
119. What is Welt?

Ans: Welt is a Strip of material stitched to a seam, border or edge.
120. What is Wrap-around?

Ans: Wrap-around means the Garment or part of a garment wrapped around a person, such
as a skirt.
121.What is Wrong side?

Ans: Wrong side means the inside of a garment or back side of fabric.
122. What is Yoke?

Ans: Yoke is the fitted portion of a garment, usually at shoulders or hips, designed to sup-
port the rest of the garment hanging from it.
Yarn
4. Flow chart of carded yarn manufacturing process.
Ans:
Fiber/Bale → Blow Room → Lap/Chute
↓
Lap/Chute → Carding → Sliver (Carded)
↓
Carded Sliver → Draw Frame → Sliver (Drawn)
↓
Drawn Sliver → Simplex → Rove

↓
Rove → Ring Frame → Yarn
↓
Winding
↓
Reeling
↓
Bundling
↓
Bailing
5. Flow chart of combed yarn manufacturing process.

Ans:
Fiber/Bale → Blow Room → Lap/Chute
↓
Lap/Chute → Carding → Sliver (Carded)
↓
Carded Sliver → Pre-Comb Drawing Frame → Sliver (Pre-Drawn)
↓
Sliver → Lap Frame → Lap
↓
Lap → Comber → Sliver
↓
Sliver → Post-Comb Drawing Frame → Sliver (Post-Drawn)
↓
Drawn Sliver → Simplex → Rove
↓
Rove → Ring Frame → Yarn
↓
Winding
↓
Reeling
↓
Bundling
↓
Bailing
6. What is the first process/ machine in yarn production?

Ans. Blow room.
7. What is the second process/ machine in yarn production?

Ans. Carding machine.
8. What process / machine is used after carding?

Ans. Draw frame.
9. What process is used after draw frame?

Ans. Simplex.
10. What process is used after simplex?

Ans. Ring frame.
11. What is the production of blow room?

Ans. Lap.
12. What is the production of carding machine?

Ans. Sliver.
13. What is the production of draw frame?

Ans. Sliver/Drawing sliver
14. What is the production of simplex?

Ans. Roving.
15. What is the production of ring frame?

Ans. Yarn.
16. 1 lb(pound) =?
Ans. 840 yds=1 Hank=0.4536 kg=453.6 gm=16 ounce(oz).
17. What is the input of blow room?

Ans. Bale.
18. What is the input of carding machine?

Ans. Lap/Now chute feed system is being used.
19. What is the input of combing?

Ans. Sliver lap and number of doubling is usually 20-24.
20. What is the input of simplex?

Ans. Drawn sliver, Sliver hank 0.12/0.14/0.16,etc.
21. What is the input of ring frame?

Ans. Roving/Roving hank may be 0.75/0.80,etc.
22. What is fiber fineness?

Ans. Fineness is one of the most important parameter determining the yarn quality (Fine or
Coarse).

20. How fineness is specified for cotton?

Ans. Fineness is specified by micronaire value for cotton.
21. The maturity of cotton is defined in terms of the development of cell wall (Yes/no).
Ans. Yes.
22. A fully mature fibre has a well developed thick cell-wall (Yes/no).
Ans. Yes.
23. An immature fibre has a very thin cell-wall (Yes/no).

Ans. Yes.
24. In mature fibre, dye absorption is high (yes/no)

Ans. Yes
25. In immature fibre, dye absorption is low (yes/no).

Ans. Yes
26. What is staple length?

Ans. The average length of spinnable fibre is called staple length.
27. If staple length is increase then yarn quality is also increase (yes/no).
Ans. Yes
28. Toughness of fibre has a direct effect on yarn and fibre strength (yes/no).
Ans. Yes
29. If fibre strength is higher, then yarn and fabric strength is also higher (yes/ no).
Ans. Yes
30. Short fibres deteriorate the yarn strength and uniformity (true/false).
Ans. True.
31. What is the minimum strength for a textile fibre?

Ans. Approximately 6 CN/tex (about 6km breaking length)
32. What do you know about Presley index =?

Ans. Breaking load in Ibs/Bundle weight in mg.
33. What is fibre elongation?

Ans. Elongation is specified as a percentage of the starting length.
34. What is bale management?

Ans. Testing, sorting and mixing bales according to the properties of fibre for producing spe-
cific good quality yarn at minimum cost is called bale management.
35. When bale mixing is done?

Ans. Before the blow room/Before the bales going into blow room.
36. What are the basic operations in the blow room?

Ans.
 Opening
 Cleaning
 Mixing & blending
 Even feed of material to the card.
37. What is carding?

Ans. Carding may be defined as the reduction of an entangled mass of fibre to a filmy web by
working them between two closely spaced, relatively moving surface clothed with sharp wire
points.
38. Objective of carding.

Ans.
 To open up the cotton in to single fibre state.

 To reduce the number of neps, short fibres.
 To produce a thick untwisted rope of fibre called sliver.
39. Carding is called the heart/mother of spinning (true/ false).

Ans. True.
40. What are the main objectives of draw frame?

Ans.
 Straightening & parallelization of fibres by drafting & drawing.

 Minimization of irregularity by doubling.
 Blending & mixing of fibres.
 To produce a more uniform sliver of definite wt/yds.
41. What are the faults of blow room?

Ans.
 Soft lap,
 Conical lap,
 Barrel shaped,
 Split lap,

 Ragged selvedge,
 Lap licking.
42. Find out the hank of the lap when the weight of the lap is 14 oz/yds.
Ans.
14 oz contains = 1 yds,
1 oz contains = 1/14 yds,
16 oz or 1 lb contains = 16/14 yds
=16/14×840 hank=0.00136 hank
So hank of lap = 0.00136.
43. Find out the wt/yds of the lap when hank of the lap is 0.0014? Ans.
Weight of 0.0014×840 yds = 1 lbs or 16 oz
1.176 yds = 16 oz
1 yds = 16/ 1.176 oz = 13.6 oz
So weight of lap = 13. 6 oz/yds
44. For cotton, higher the count, finer the yarn (yes/no).
Ans. Yes
45. For jute, lower the count, finer the yarn (yes/ no).
Ans. Yes.
46. What is the name of combing waste?

Ans. Noils.
47. What is the meaning of TPI?

Ans. Turns per Inch/Twist per inch
48. What is the ring frame wastage?

Ans. Pnewmafil, banda, sweep, hard waste.
49. What is roving?

Ans. A roving is a continuous slightly twisted strand of fibres which has not received its final
drawing for yarn. Roving hank=0.70 to 0.85, TPI=about 1.15
50. What are the faults of yarn?

Ans.
 Irregular yarn
 Thick & thin places
 Slubs
 Nepped yarn
 Spinners double

 Crackers
 Bad piecing
 Hairiness
 Soft yarn
 Hard & non elastic yarn
 Rough yarn
51. Over twisted yarn become poor in strength (yes/ no).

Ans . Yes
52 . What is the meaning of MIC?

Ans. Microgram per inch.
53. In direct system which one is fixed (mass/length)?

Ans. Mass
54. In indirect system which one is fixed (mass/length)?

Ans. Length
55. English count is denoted by Ne (yas/no)?

Ans. Yes.
56. Metric count is denoted by Nm(yes/no)?

Ans. Yes
57. Sliver and roving count is expressed by hank(yes/no)?

Ans. Yes
58. In spinning mill, up to roving the count value is expressed by hank then count
(true/false)?
Ans. True
59. The shape of yarn become round due to twist (yas/no)?

Ans. Yas
60. Name the types of fiber?

Ans. Normal fiber, thin walled fiber, Dead fibers .
61. How can you express fiber fineness?

Ans.Weight per unit length.
62. What is stress?

Ans. Stress is the ratio between the applied force and cross sectional area of the specimen,
Stress = applied force/ cross sectional area = F/A.

Unit of stress is N/m2, dyne/cm2, which is also called Pascal (Pa).
63. What is tenacity?

Ans. The tenacity of a fibre is the mass stress at break.
Unit – gm/tex,
Tenacity = breaking load / mass stress or linear density,
Linear density = mass/unit length.
64. What is tensile strength?

Ans. Tensile strength = force required to break the specimen/ cross sectional area
65. What is yield point?

Ans. The point up to which, a material contains its elasticity is called yield point.
66. What are the basic textile materials?

Ans.
Fiber
↓
Yarn
↓
Grey fabric
↓
Finished fabric
↓
End product
67. More fibre drawing produces more short fiber & resulted weak yarn (yes/no).
Ans. Yes
68. What is twist? Ans. Twist is the spirality of bundle of fibres/ filaments.
69. Write down the types of yarn twist.

Ans.
 “z” or clock wise &

 “S” or anti clock wise twist.
70. Twist increases the strength of yarn (true/ false).

Ans. True
71. Write down the moisture regain of cotton fibre?

Ans. 8.5%
72. What is IPI?

Ans. It indicates yarns thick places, thin places and slubs.
73. What is count?

Ans. Count is a numerical expression which expresses /indicates coarseness or fineness of
yarn.
Or, count is a number indicating the mass per unit length or the length per unit mass of yarn.
74. Different types of measurement.

Ans.
1 yard = 0.9144 m
1 m =1.0936 yards=7000 grain
1kg = 2.204 lbs,
1lbs(pound) = 453 .6gm = 7000 grains
1gm =15.43 grains
16 oz = 1 lb(pound)
36 inch = 1 yard
2.54 cm = 1 inch
1 Hank=840 yards=1 pound
75. What is yarn twist? Ans. The spiral disposition of the components of thread which is
usually the result of relative rotation of the two ends is called yarn twist.
76. Rotor yarn is “s” twisted (yes/no).

Ans. Yes
77. Ring process yarn is “z” twisted (yes/no).

Ans. Yes
78. What is strain?

Ans. Strain = elongation / initial length
79. What is the unit of Strain?

Ans. No unit.
80. What is the meaning of CSP?

Ans.
Count Strength Product
CSP= Count × Strength
81. If yarn is regular then CSP is higher (yes/no).

Ans. Yes
82. Different relations.

Ans.


 Ne × Denier = 5315
 Tex × Ne = 590.6
 Tex × Metric = 1000
 Denier × Metric = 9000
83. What are the unusable waste in spinning mill?

Ans: (a)dropping-II, (b)flat strips of coarse count, (c)Floor sweeping-II, (d)dust etc.
84. HVI(high volume instrument) is a very important m/c of Q.C lab in spinning mill.
(yes/no)
Ans. Yes
85. What tests are done by HVI m/c?

Ans. (a)fineness, (b)trash, (c)length, (d)strength, (e)Color.
86. How can you determine yarn count in English system?

Ans.
Count (Ne) =length(yds)/length × weight unit/weight in gm
= (120yds/840yds) × (1lbs or 453.6gm/weight in gm)
=64.8/Weight in gm
87. Write down the name of count of direct system?

Ans. Txe,K tex,D tex,Mili tex,Denier,lb/spyndle, Woolen.
88. What do you mean by one lea?

Ans. One lea=120 yds.
89. What do you mean by WIRA?

Ans. Wool International Research Association.
90. Write down the full meaning of some institution?

Ans.
 BSTI = Bangladesh standard and testing institution.

 ISO = International organization for standardization.
 BS = British standard
 AQL = Acceptable quality level.
 BCIRA = British cotton industries research association.
 ITET= Institute of textile engineers and technologist.
 AAMA=American apparel manufacturer association.
 AAQC=American association of quality control.

91. Beater are responsible for removing almost all of the impurity extructed in the blow
room (yes/no)?
Ans. Yes
92. Name the last m/c of blow room?

Ans. Scutcher
93. What is the meaning of CV%?

Ans. Coefficient of variation percentage.
94. Where sliver is collected and which form?

Ans. In can and coiler form.
95. In ring frame where yarn is collected?

Ans. Bobbin
96. Name the modern cone winding machine?

Ans. Auto-coner machine/Savio orion
97. Cotton fiber is dissolved with 70% H2SO4 (yes/no)?

Ans. Yes
98.All yarn of ring processing is Z-twist and rotor yarn is S-twist.(yes/no)?

Ans. Yes
99. Where flyer is used in a spinning mill?

Ans. Simplex m/c.
100. What is spinning?

Ans. The process by which yarn is made from fiber.
101. What is the raw material in spinning?

Ans. Fiber
102. What is millionaire value?

Ans. Micro gram per inch.
103. Write down the classification of fiber?

Ans. (i) natural, (II) Man made fiber.
104. Different between cotton and viscose?

Ans.
Cotton = Natural fiber, strength increase in wet condition.
Viscose = Man made fiber, strength decrease in we condition.

105. What is the meaning of AFIS?

Ans. Advanced fiber information system.
106. What is the ratio between length and width of fiber?

Ans. 1000:1
107. Twist and twist direction of yarn affects the fabric structure(True/false)?
Ans. True
108. What is UR?

Ans. UR = uniformity ratio =(50% Spun length/2.5% span length)×100
109. Write down the system of yarn count measurement?

Ans.
 Direct system: Tex,Denier.

 Indirect system: English, metric.
110. When fiber consider short?

Ans. Length shorter than 0.5 inch or 12.8mm.
111. Why yarn preparation is needed?

Ans. To increase weaving efficiency.
112. What is drafting?

Ans. The process of increasing the length per unit weight of slivers.
113. What is drawing?

Ans. It is the regular and uniform elongation of the sliver to make it light.
114. What is doubling?

Ans. The process of combining several sliver info one.
115. Which one is best , combed yarn or carded yarn?

Ans . Combed yarn.
116. Roving is wind into the bobbin (yes/no) ?

Ans. Yes.
117. Write down the other name of simplex?

Ans. (I)Speed frame, (II)Fly frame, (III)Roving frame.

118. Some meaning-

Ans.
 DCP=Draft change pinion

 LCP= Lifter change pinion
 PW = poker wheel
 TCP = Twist change pinion
119. Write down the causes of roving breakage?

Ans. (I)Tension variation, (II) irregular roving.
120. Write down the three types of flyer?

Ans. (I) Spindle mounted flyer,(II) top mounted flyer,(III) closed mounted flyer.
121. What is the backbone of the world textile trade?

Ans. Cotton.
122. Silk fiber readily absorbs water (yes/no)?

Ans. Yes
123. Jute plant have high CO2 assimilation rate (yes/no)?

Ans. Yes
124. What is the output of comber machine?

Ans. Combed sliver.
125. What is the output of the ring frame?

Ans . Yarn in bobbin form.
126. What is the first operation in blow room?

Ans. Opening
127. What is yarn?

Ans . It is an assemblage of fibers twisted or laid together to form continuous strand suitable
for use in weaving, knitting etc.
128. Manmade fiber are hydrophobic in nature s(yes/no)?

Ans. Yes.
129. Finer fiber produce stronger yarn (yes/no)?

Ans . Yes
130. Write down the forms of manmade fiber?

Ans . (I) Filament, (II) Filament tow, (III) staple.

131. What is the manmade cellulose fiber?

Ans. Viscose.
132. Write some name of natural cellulose fiber?

Ans. Cotton, flax, jute, hemp.
133. What is bi-component fiber?

Ans. Bi-component fibers are synthetic fibers which fibers filament contains two types of
polymer.
134. What is bi- component yarn?

Ans. A yarn having two different staple fiber.
135. If H-bond present in fiber then fiber gets more strength(yes/no)?

Ans. Yes.
136. What is the length width ratio of cotton?

Ans.1:350 to 1:6000
137. In staple/spun yarn twist is must (yes/no)?

Ans. Yes
138. Cotton is dissolved into 70% H2SO4 (yes/no)?

Ans. Yes
139. Viscose is dissolved into 35% H2SO4 (yes/no)?

Ans. Yes
140. Nylon is dissolved into 20% HCL/phenol (yes/no)?

Ans. Yes
141. Polyester is dissolved into 100% nitro benzene at 100 ℃(yes/no)?

Ans. Yes.
142. Burning smell of cotton is like as burning paper(yes/no)?

Ans. Yes.
143. What is lint and linters?

Ans. Then cotton which are get after first time ginning to seeds cotton is called lint and for
second time ginning of cotton is called linters.
144. What is blow room?

Ans. The section or line where the compressed bale are converted into uniform lap of particu-

lar length or made suitable for carding by opening, blending or mixing.
145. What is MR% of jute?

Ans.13.75
146. What is MR% of viscose and silk?

Ans. 11.0
147. What is MC % of cotton?

Ans. 7.834
148. What is MR% of wool?

Ans. 16.0
149. What is MR% of nylon?

Ans. 4.0
150. What is MR% of polyester?

Ans. 0.4
151. What are the long staple fiber?

Ans. Jute, wool, flax, hemp.
152. How fiber is form?

Ans.
Elements
↓
Monomer/molecules/macromolecules
↓
Polymer chain
↓
Fibrils/micels
↓
Fiber
153. What are the requirement of fabric construction?

Ans. (I)EPI,(II)PPI, (III)Warp count, (IV)Weft count.
154. What are the factors that determine the yarn properties?
Ans. Fiber properties, fiber arrangement, twist per inch.
155. What is core spun yarn?

Ans. It is a continuous filament polyester core wrapped in cotton fiber.

156. Write down the main part of carding machine?

Ans.(I)Doffer, (II)cylinder, (III)taker-in.
157. What is swelling?

Ans. The change in dimension due to absorbing water or moisture of any textile material is
termed as swelling.
Swelling=(Swollen dimension-Dry dimension)/Dry dimension
158. Which countries cotton is the best cotton in the world?

Ans. Mishor.
159. What is the botanical name of cotton?

Ans. Goosypium Herbacum, Goosypium Hirsutum.
160. What is ginning?

Ans. The procedure by which seeds and cottons are separated from seeds cotton is called Gin-
ning.
161. How much trash% in cotton?

Ans. Generally 1% to 10%.
162. What is blow room waste?

Ans. Dropping-II,Dust,filter waste.
163. What is carding waste?

Ans. Dropping-I, Tacker in waste,Flat strip, motes & flies, sliver waste
164. What is draw frame waste?

Ans. Sliver wastage.
165. What is the simplex wastage?

Ans. Sliver wastage, roving wastage.
166. What is the ring frame wastage?

Ans. Pneumafil, hard waste, bonda waste, etc.
167. What is the comber wastage and waste %?

Ans. Noils,(12-18)%.
168. What is cleaning efficiency in blow room?

Ans. CE% =( trash cotton - trash in lap/trash in cotton )× 100
169. Step cleaner m/c is placed at 45 degree angle (yes/no)/

Ans. Yes.

170. Production of carding m/c?

Ans. Production = (Doffer speed × Doffer dia × Π)/36 (yds/min)
171. What is model length?

Ans. It is the length of group of fibers where the most number of fibers have equal length.
172. What is spun length?

Ans. It is the term by which we can determined the % of fiber length in case of cotton, wool
etc.
173. What is staple length?

Ans. The average length of spinable fiber is called staple length.
** staple length = 0.91 × effective length(U.S.A upland cotton)
174. What is effective length?

Ans. It is the term defined as the length of the main bulk of the longer fiber.
175. How the amount of twist is expressed?

Ans.
 Twist per inch(TPI) = yarn

 Twist per meter (TPM) = roving
 Twist per centimeter (TPCM)
176. What is mass stress?

Ans.
Mass stress = Applied forse/linear density
Unit = CN/tex , gm/tex
177. What is elastic recovery?

Ans. Elastic recovery = Elastic extension/total extension.
178. What is the modern testing equipment for spinning mill?

Ans.
 HVI(High volume instrument)

 AFIS(Advance fiber information system)
 Shirley analyzer = trash%
 Moisture meter = MC%
 Moisture testing oven = MR%
179. If MIC value is increased what should be the fineness?

Ans. Fineness should be decreased.

180. What is pitch?

Ans. The distance between adjustment spindles.
181. What is the maximum count to be produce in rotor m/c and ring m/c in spinning?
Ans.
Rotor m/c = not possible to produce more than 40s count.
Ring m/c = it is possible to produce about 300s count.
182. What is the feed material in ring and rotor m/c?

Ans.
Ring m/c = roving
Rotor m/c = drawing sliver.
183.What is tex?
Ans. Count is the tex system in the weight in grams of 1000m or 1km of yarn.
184. How many types of draw frame ?

Ans. (I)Breaker draw frame, (II)finisher draw frame.
185. What is the output of winding?

Ans. Yarn in cone form.
186. Natural fibres are hydrophilic in nature? (Yes/No)

Ans. Yes.
187.What is the types of waste in a spinning mill?

Ans: (i) useable waste (ii) unusable waste.
188. The flyer is the essential part of speed frame(yes/no)?

Ans. Yes
189.What is neps?
Ans. Entanglement protruding fibres or entangled mass of fibres.
190. Write down the some name of yarn testing machine.

Ans.
 Uster evenness tester

 Uster classimat
 Uster auto sorter.
191. What is the useable waste in spinning mill?

Ans: (a)lap waste,(b) sliver waste,(c)roving waste,(d)bonda waste,(e) pneumafil waste .

192. What is fiber migration?

Ans. It means fiber distribution into the yarn.
193. Number of fibres in the yarn cross-section?

Ans. 60-70
194. What is the standard staple length of cotton fibre?

Ans. Generally 0.5 inch to 2.5 inch.
195. Write some yarn faults which are generally shown?

Ans. (I)Thick place, (II) Thin place, (III) Neps, (IV) slub, (V) Hairiness.
196. How many class or division of yarn preparation?

Ans. (I) Warp yarn preparation, (II) Weft yarn preparation.
197. What are the classes of winding machine for package of yarn?
Ans. (I) pirn winding m/c, (II) cop winding m/c, (III) spol winding m/c, (IV) Cheese winding
m/c, (V) cone winding m/c.
198. What are the action of blow room?

Ans.
 Action of opposing spikes

 Action of air current
 Action of beaters,
 Regulating action
199. What is crimp?

Ans. The wavy shape of thread/yarn is called crimp.
200. Total Draft =?

Ans. Total draft = BD×MD×FD
BD=Back draft
MD=Middle draft
FD=Front draft 1. 1% span length is defined as the length of 1% fibres above 0.15”
of clamp
2. Unit for fineness is Micro grams/inch and normally known as micronaire.
3. HVI is used to test Fibre length, Mic, Strength_, Elongation%, Trash, Co lour.
4. CV% is coefficient of variation and it is computed by dividing SD / Mean and ex-
pressed as a percentage.
5. Process capability is equal to Achieved Effi/Act Effi*100
6. The normal draft in a card is equal to 85 to 105.
7. The total draft in a comber ranges normally from 35 to 90

8. 5Mtr CV% of card sliver in a Trutzschler card is equal to 1.0 in cot & 1.2 in Syn
9. The Draw frame sliver mass variation contributes _60% to 70%_% in Ring frame
yarn count CV%.
10. Fair + in cotton selection means Cotton with low trash% & low Contamina-
tion
1) What are the fibres used in Textile Industry?
Three basic types of fibres used in Textile industries are
• Synthetic fibres
• Natural fibres
• Cotton fibres
2) What are the chemical based procedures used in textile manufacturing?
• Scouring
• Bleaching
• Bleach clean up
• De-sizing
• Fabric softening
• Mercerization
• Dyeing & Printing
3) Mention what is the difference between yarn and thread?
There is three basic material you need to manufacture textile Thread, Yarn and Fiber. A Fiber
is the basic raw material to produce yarn or thread. A textile Fiber could be natural or syn-
thetic (man-made).
The difference between Yarn and Thread is
• Yarn: It is a continuous twisted strand of wool, cotton or synthetic fibre used for Knitting or
weaving purpose
• Thread: It is a fine cord made up of two or more twisted fibres used in sewing and weaving
4) What are the different types of cotton available?
Different types of cotton available are

• Grey cotton fabric

• Bleached cotton fabric
• Color or dyed cotton fabric
5) What is habutae?
It is a silk fabric specially produced only in Japan but recently the reverse trend of importing
this from China and Korea is increasing.
6) Explain the fundamental principle of Knitting?
The basic principle of knitting is that a single yarn which is formed into interlocking loops
with the help of hooked needles. The loops may be closely or loosely constructed.
7) What is wale and course in the textile industry?
• Course: In Knitted fabric loop, the total amount of horizontal rows is known as Course.
• Wale: In Knitted fabric loop the total amount of vertical rows is known as Wale.
8) What is the fibre used to create linen?
To create linen FLAX fibre is used
9) What are three basics stitches in weft knitting?
• Plain Knit stitch

• Purl stitch
• Rib stitch
10) What is glass fiber and where it is used?
Glass fiber is made up of fine fibers of glass; it is lightweight, extremely strong and robust.
Compare to carbon fiber it is somewhat less strong, but it is less expensive and non-brittle. It
is used for
• Filament windings around rocket cases

• Nose cones
• Exhaust nozzle
• Heat shields for aeronautical equipment
• Fishing rods
• Boat hulls and seats
• Wall paneling
11) What is two plant-based cotton source?

The two source for cotton from the plant
• Cotton plant
• Bamboo
12) What are the different ways of Textile Quality Control?
• Spectrophotometer: It is used to check the color of the fabric

• CCP ( Crucial Control Point): It is used to check raw material, stitch strength and fabric
durability
• Quality Check by industrial governing body: In U.S.A, this body is known as Association
for Contract Textiles (ACT). It often imposes standard for textile quality control
• Use of UltraViolet: The fabric is exposed to ultraviolet rays that simulate the sun’s ray to
check its durability.
13) Explain how polyester is made?
Polyester is a pure synthetic material made from ethylene; it is derived from petroleum
residue. It is prepared in four basic forms filament, staple, tow and fiberfill.
14) Explain what are the different types of textile equipment?
Different types of machines used in the textile industry are
• Cotton Gin
• Loom for weaving
• Knitting Machines
• Tufting Machines
15) What it takes to become a textile manufacturer?
A textile manufacturer requires following things
• Knowledge of how to operate and manage robotic machinery

• Good knowledge of market and dealing with textile supplier, textile exporter and importer
• Dealing with a high cost of repairing and obtaining equipment
• Labor costs of acquiring highly trained workers needed to operate this machinery
• Acquiring raw material and negotiation skills
16) Explain what is chemical and auxillaries in the textile industry?
In the textile industry, a dyeing auxillaries is a chemical or formulated chemical which allows
a processing operation in preparation, dyeing, printing or finishing to be carried out more ef-
fectively.
17) Mention what are the physical types of fibers?
The physical types of fibers are
• Staple fibers: Fiber which is practically limited or finite length is called “Staple Fiber.”
These are small length fiber like wool, cotton, jute, etc. It may be man-made or natural.
• Filament fibers: Fibers with unlimited or infinite length are called filaments. It may be natu-
ral like silk or synthetic like nylon.
18) How many fibers can you yield from each cotton seed?
Each cotton seed may produce as many as 20,000 fibers on its surface, and a single ball will
contains around 150,000 fibers.
19) Explain what is Tufting?
Tufting is a type of method for textile weaving, which is done by pushing extra yarn into a
fabric. In this process, many needles simultaneously punch the fabric at pre-determined dis-
tance for extruding the fibers. Tufting is usually done on carpets, blankets and upholstery.
20) How non-woven fabrics are made?
The non-woven fabrics are made by interlocking or bonding of fibers through mechanical,
chemical, thermal or solvent means. Different types of fabric are used for nonwovens like
wool, cotton, polyester, acrylic, etc.
21) What are the different methods of dyeing?
Different types of dyeing methods are
• Stock dyeing
• Top dyeing
• Yarn dyeing
• Piece dyeing
• Garment dyeing
• Dope dyeing
22) How electrostatic printing works for printing textiles?
In electrostatic printing a dye resin mixture is used, this mixture is spread on a screen bearing
the design and then the fabric is passed into an electrostatic field under the screen. By effect
of electro-static field, this dye resin mixture is pulled through the pattern area on the fabric.

23) Explain what is Batik Dyeing process?
Batik Dyeing process based on the principle of resisting dyeing process. In this technique,
wax is used to design on the fabric and then immersed into a dye, and excluding wax parts the
fabric will absorb the color.
24) Explain what is spandex?
Spandex is a special type of synthetic fiber made from a long chain of synthetic polymer
known as polyurethane. It is also known as lycra and it’s more important characteristics is
stretchability. It can stretch up to 500% to its normal size and its widely used for preparing
sportswear.
25) Explain what are benefits of Quality Inspection?
• Reduce the cost associated with quality problems

• Identify any non-conformity between the original product and pre-production sample
• Enhances the relationship with suppliers
Conversion of Weight units

 1kg = 2.2046 lbs
 1kg = 1000 grams
 1gm = 15.432 grains
 1lbs = 453.6 grams
 1lbs = 16 oz
 1lbs = 7000 grains
 1grain = 0.0029 oz
 1oz = 437.50 grains
 1penny = 24 grains
 1ton = 2204.6 lbs
 1bundle = 10 lbs
 1bag = 100 lbs
 1mund = 40 kg
 1mund = 88.18 lbs
Conversion of length units
 1m = 1.0936 yards
 1m = 39.37 inches
 1m = 100 cm

 1m = 1000 mm
 1cm = 10 mm
 1yard = 36 inches
 1yard = 0.9144 meter
 1yard = 91.44 cm
 1ft = 12 cm
 1ft = 30.48 mm
 1hank = 840 yards
Moisture Relation for Textile Materials
 M.R= w/D*100
 M.C= w/w+D*100 = w/W*100
 M= R/(1+R/100)
 C.C.W= D * (100+R/100)
 D= C.C.W *(100/100+R%)
 C.C.W=D+R%
 C.C.W= D+(D*R/100)
 Dm¿ ¿) ²
 Volume of air= area(feet sq)* liner speed(ft/min)
 Pm= CA + CB/WA +WB = PAWA + PAWB/WA +WB
Blow Room & Carding Section
 Cleaning Efficiency= trash removed/total trash fed *100
 Efficiency = tr/tf * 100 = tf-tr/tf * 100
 Waste= trash + lint
 Waste Extracted= weight fed * waste%
 Waste Extracted= weight fed – weight delivered
 Weight Delivered = weight fed - waste extracted
 Weight Delivered= weight fed * (100 – w/100)
 Weight Fed= weight delivered * (100/100 – w)
 Lap length (directly proportional) lap change wheel
 Lap length= lap length constant * lap length constant wheel
 Beats/min= rpm of beater * number of strikers
 Beats/inch= beats per minute/feeding rate (inches/min)
 Beats Constant= beats/inch * rpm of paddle roller
 Beats Constant = beat per minute/feeding rate
 Efficiency= actual production/calculated production * 100
 Actual production= calculated production * efficiency
 Actual production= weight of lap(lbs) * number of lap/hr
 M.D = s.s of shell roller/s.s of paddle roller
 Production of B/R (lbs/hr)= production constant * N(shell roller rpm) * W(oz/yd)
 Production of card (lbs/hr)=πDN * 36 * 60 * 1 *ŋ

 36 * 840*count
 Production of card (lbs/hr)= πDN * 36 * 60 * (weight in ozs) * ŋ/36 * 16
 No of scutchers required= feeding rate of cards/production of one scutchers
 No of card required= production of blow room/feeding rate of card deptt
 Production of card (lbs/hr)= delivery rate(m/min) * grain/yds * 1.0936 * 60 * ŋ
 7000
 Time to complete full card can= sliver length (yds)/delivery rate(yds/min)
 No. of scutchers required =production of blow room/production of one scutchers
 No. of card required= production of card section/production of one card
 Tension Draft = s.speed of C.C.R/s.speed of Doffer
 Total Lap weight= lap length * weight/yd
 D(Trumpet guide)= 0.015625 * count * √ W
 Waste% age=input – output * 100
 Input
Draw frame Section
 Actual Draft= weight/yd fed * No. of doublings
 weight/yd delivered
 Production(lbs/hr) = delivery rate(m/min) * 1.0936 * 60 * No. of deliveries/7000
 Production(lbs/hr)(only for two deliveries)= delivery rate(m/min) * 0.45 *grains/yd * ŋ
 Production(lbs/hr)= πDN * 60 * tension draft * ŋ
 36 * 840 * hank sliver
 No. of DeliveriesRequired= feeding rate of simplex/production of finisher draw frame
Unilap Section
 Production(lbs/hr) =delivery rate(yd/min) * lap weight(grains/yd)*60 *1.0936 * ŋ
 7000
 Note = 1 penny = 24 grains/yd
Comber Section
 Production(lbs/hr) =L* F * N * H * (100 – W) * 60 * ŋ
 7000 * 36 * 100
 Note
 L = lap weight in grain/yd
 F = feed rate in inches/min
 N = nips/min
 W = noil %age extracted
 H = no of comber heads
Simplex Section
 Feeding Rate = π * D(dia of back roller)* Rpm(back roller)
 Delivery Rate = π * D(dia of front roller) * Rpm(front roller)
 TPI = TM√ count delivered

 TPI = spindle speed________________

 Delivery rate or F.R delivery in inches/min
 Production(lbs/hr)=front roll delivery * 60 * 1 * ŋ
 36 * 840 * count
 Production(lbs/hr)=flyer rpm * 60 * No. of spindles * ŋ
 TPI * Hank roving * 36 * 840
 Production(lbs/hr)= 5.7 * flyer rpm * ŋ (for 120 spindles m/c)

 TPI * Hank roving
 TPI = flyer speed______________
 Delivery rate or F.R delivery in inches/min
 CPM=front roll delivery(inches/min)
 Bobbin circumference
 CPI¿CPM_______________
 Liner speed of bobbin rail(m/min)
 CPI ¿CPM√ count delivered
 TCP(NEW) = TCP(old) *√ count (old )/√ count (new)
 L.W = L.W(old) *√ count (old)/√ cou nt (new)
 B.W = B.W(old) *√ count (old)/√ count (new)
 Roving Tension ¿winding rate/delivery rate =(b – f)πD/l
 Roving Tension = (b – f)πD/front roll delivery(inches per min)
 Lifter Constant = CPI * lifter wheel
 Turns per meter(TPM) = flyer rpm/delivery speed( meter per min)
 Draft = count deliver/count fed
 New DCP = old DCP* old draft/new draft
 New DCP = old DCP * old count/new count
 No. of Simplex required= production of finisher draw frame/feeding rate of one simplex
 No. of Simplex required =total feeding rate of ring section/production of one simplex m/c
Ring FrameSestion
 Production(OPS) = spindle speed * 1 * 1 * 60 * 8 * 16 * ŋ
 TPI 36 * 840 * count
 Production(OPS)= πDN * 60 *8 *16 *ŋ
 36 * 840 * count
 OPS from bags/day= total bags/total frame * No. of spindle per frame
 No. of ring frame required= total production of simplex section/feeding rate of one ring
frame
 Traveler speed = spindle speed – winding speed
 Winding speed = front roll delivery(inches per min)/bobbin circumference
 Traveler angle = bare bobbin dia/full bobbin dia
 Linear speed of traveler(m/sec)=πDN/1000 * 60 (where D is ring dia & N is spindle speed)

Auto Cone Section

 Cone Length(meters)= count * cone weight(lbs) * 840/1.0936
 Production(lbs/hr)= delivery rate(m per min) * No. of spindles * 60 * 1.0936 * ŋ/840
 Production per spindle(lbs/hr)=π * Dia of Drum * Drum RPM * 60 * ŋ
 36 * 840 * count
Open End
 Production/Rotor(gm/hr)= 0.0006 * N * tex½ * ŋ/T.F(where N is Rotor Speed)
 Production/Rotor(lbs/hr)= 0.0019 * N * ŋ/T.M * (count)½
 T.F = T.M * 9.61
Some Other Relations
 A.D = M.D * 100/(100 – W%)
 A.D = count delivered/ count fed
 A.D = weight fed/weight delivered
 Waste%= (A.D – M.D) * 100/A.D
 M.D= A.D * (100 – W%)/100
 M.D=s.s of delivery roll * Driver gear
 s.s of feed roll * Driven gear
 M.D=s.s of delivery roll
 s.s of feed roll
 Condensation Factor= s.s of cylinder
 s.s of doffer
 Density= mass/volume
 590.5 = tex * count
 Yarn Diameter =k/√ count (Where k is Constant)
FIBER FINENESS, YARN COUNTS AND CONVERSIONS
Micronaire Value (Coton): The unit is micrograms per inch. The average weight of one inch length of
fibre, exppresse⹁ in micrograms0.......0 gram..
Denier (Man-Made Fibres): Weight in grams per 9... meters of fibre.
Micron (Wool): Fineness is exppresse⹁ as fibre ⹁iameter in microns0....0mm.

Conversions:
 Denier = ..354 xp Micronaire value

 Micronaire value = 2.824 xp Denier
YARN COUNTS
It is broa⹁ly classifie⹁ intoo
0. INDIRECT SYSTEM
2. DIRECT SYSTEM
INDIRECT SYSTEM
 English count 0Ne.
 French count0Nf.
 Metric count0Nm.
 Worste⹁ count
Metric system: Metric count0Nm. in⹁icates the number of 0 kilometer00... meter. lengths per Kg.
 Nm = length in Km / weight in kg 0or.

 Nm = length meter / weight in grams
DIRECT SYSTEM
 Texp count
 Denier
CONVERSION TABLE FOR YARN COUNTS

Tex Den Nm Grains/yd
Tex den/9 1000/Nm gr.yd x 70.86
Ne 590.54/tex 5314.9/den Nm x .5905 8.33 / gr/yd
Den tex x 9 9000/Nm gr/yd x 637.7

Nm 1000/tex 9000/den 14.1 / gr/yd
Grains/yd tex / 70.86 den / 637.7 14.1/Nm
Where, Nm – metric count, Nec – coton count
CONVERSION TABLE FOR WEIGHTS

Ounce Grains Grams Kilograms Pounds
28.350
Ounce 437.5 grains
grams
0.03527 0.0648
Grains
ounces grams
0.03527 15.432
Grams 0.001 kgs
grains grains
35.274 2.2046
Kilograms 15432 grains 1000 grams
ounces pounds
453.59
Pounds 16.0 ounces 7000 grains 0.4536 kgs
grams
CONVERSION TABLE FOR LINEAR MEASURES
Feet Inches Centimeter Meter

Yard
0.9144
Yard 3 feet 36 inches 91.44 cms
meter
0.3333 0.3048
Feet 12 inches 30.48 cms
yards meter
0.0278 0.254 me-

Inches 0.0833 feet 2.54 cms
yards ter

0.0109 0.3937
Centimeter 0.0328 feet 0.01meter
yards inches
1.0936 39.37
Meter 3.281 feet 100 cms
yards inches
CALCULATIONS
 Grams per meter = ..59.5 / Ne
 Grams per yar⹁ = ..54 / Ne
 Texp = ⹁en xp .00 = 0.../Nm = Mic/25.4
 Ne = Nm/0.693
 DRAFT = 0fee⹁ weight in g/m. / 0⹁elivery weight in g/m.
 DRAFT = Texp 0fee⹁. / Texp0⹁elivery.
 DRAFT = ⹁elivery roll surface spee⹁ / fee⹁ roll surface spee⹁
 No of hanks ⹁elivere⹁ by m/c = 0Length ⹁elivere⹁ in m/min. / 0.6.5
WINDING
1. Slub catcher settings :
a. Fixed Blade = Carded - (2.0 to 2.5) x diameter

Combed - (1.5 to 2.0) x diameter
b. Electronic yarn clearer = 3 cm x 3 diameter
Diameter in inch for Blended yarn = 1/( 28 x √count )

= 10 to 15% more settings
Number of objectionable thick faults removed by slub catcher

2.Yarn clearer efficiency=...........................................................................................x 100
Total objectionable thick faults present in yarn before winding
Total breaks during winding (at faults)

3.Knot factor =...............................................................................
No. of breaks due to objectionable yarn faults
Strength of spliced joint x 100

4. Retained splice strength = ...........................................................
Strength of parent yarn

5. Winding Tension = 0.1 x Single yarn strength in grams
4500 x Y
6. Expected efficiency E = ......................................................
S x N (12 + 98)
7. Winder’s workload (0.17 min/operation on conventional winding m/c) = 2300 operations

per shift of 8 hours
Where,
 1 creeling or 1 piecing = 1 operation

 1 doffing = 2 operations
8. Winder’s workload on autoconer (0.08 min per operation) = 4800 operations/shift of 8

hours
Where,
 1 bobbing feeding = 1 operation

 1 doffing (manual) = 4.5 operation
Y = Length/Bobbin (metres)
B = Breaks per bobbin
S = Winding speed (metres/min)
C = English count
9. Production in Kgs / 8 Hrs = (0.2836 x L x Effy x Nd) / (Ne)
 L - delivery speed in m/min

 effy - efficiency
 Ne - english count
 Nd - No of delvieries
10. P =( L x 1.0936 x 60 x Effy ) / (Hank (Ne) x 36 x 840 x 2.2045)
 P - production in kgs / hr
 L - delivery speed in m/min
 effy- efficiency
 Ne - English count ( number of 840 yards in one pound)
 840 - constant
 2.2045- to convert from lbs to kilograms

WARPING
R x 100
1. Machine Efficiency E =.............................
R + S
R = Uninterrupted running time for 1,000 meters (in sec)
1000 x 60
= .................................................
Machine speed in mtr/min.
S = Total of time in seconds for which the machine is stopped for a production of 1,000 me-
ters
B X N X T1 T2 T3
= R + ---------------- + ------ + ----------- + T4
400 L LxC
 B = Ends breaks/400 ends/1,000 meters

 N = Number of ends
 L = Set length in 1,000 meters
 C = Beams per creel
Timing of activities in seconds are :
 T1 = To mend a break
 T2 = To change a beam
 T3 = To change a creel
 T4 = Miscellaneous Time loss/1,000 mtrs.
2. Production in metres per 8 hrs. (K) = 480 x mtrs/min x E/100 kgs.
3. Production in Kgs. per 8 hrs. = (K x N)/(1693 x English Count)
4. Warping Tension = 0.03 to 0.05 x Single thread strength
SIZING
Length in metre x 1.094 x Total ends
1. Warp weight (in kg.) = ……………………………………………x 100
840 x 2.204 x Warp count

Sized warp weight - Unsized warp weight

2. Size pick-up % =……………………………………………………… x 100
Un-sized warp weight
3. Weight of size = Warp Weight x Size pick up %
Sized warp length - Unsized warp length

4. Stretch % = …………………………………………………x 100
Un-sized warp length
Total-ends x Warp length in yards

5. Sized yarn count = ………………………………………………………
Sized warp weight (lbs) x 840
Wt. of sized yarn - Wt. of oven dried yarn

6. % of Moisture content= ………………………………………………… x 100
Wt. of sized yarn
Deliver counter reading - Feed counter reading

7. % of Stretch =……………………………………………………… x 100
Feed counter reading
840,000 x D x C
8. % Droppings on loom = ……………………………. x 100
454 Y x N x P
D = Dropping in gms.
C = English Count
Y = Length woven (yds.)
N = Number of Ends
P = % size add on
9. Invisible Loss%
Amount of size material issued - Amount of size added on yarn

= ………………………………………………………….....................x 100
Amount of size issued
Steam, Consumption (Sizing M/c) = 2.0 kg/kg of sized yarn

(Cooker) = 0.3 kg/kg of liquor
(Sow box) = 0.2 kg/kg of yarn

No. of Cylinder x 1,000 x English count

10. Max. Speed of machine = ………………………………………………
(metres/min) Number of ends
Number of ends x 0.6

11. Wt. of warp in gms/mtr = …………………………
English count
WEAVING
1. Reed Count : It is calculated in stock port system.
EPI
Reed width = ………………………………
1 + Weft crimp %age
No. of dents in 2 inches is called Reed Count
2. Reed Width :
100 + Weft crimp %age
Reed width = Cloth width x ………………………………
100
3. Crimp
% :
Warp length - Cloth length
Warp Crimp %age =…………………………………………. x 100
Cloth length
Weft length - Cloth length

Weft Crimp %age = ……………………………… x 100
Cloth length
EPI
4. Warp cover factor = ....................................
√Warp Count
PPI
5. Weft cover factor =…………………….
√Weft count
Wp.C.F. x Wt. C.F.

6. Cloth cover factor = Wp.C.F. + Wt.C.F. - ……………………………….

28
7. Maximum EPI for particular count :
a. For plain fabrics = 14 x √Count
b. For drill fabrics = √Count x 28 x 4/6
c. For satin fabric = √Count x 28 x 5/7
Ends/repeat x 1 / yarn diameter

d. Other design = ………………………………………………………..
No. of intersections / repeat + ends/repeat
1
8. Yarn diameter = ……………………
28 x √Count
Weave Density
1. Warp density = Ends/cm x √Tex x K
= < 250
2. Filling density = Picks/cm x √Tex x K

= < 350
(Warp density - 100) x F.D.- 100

3. Weave Density = 50 + ……………………………………………
(Weft density - 100) x F.D.- 100
4. Effective weave density = W.D. x K of loom width x K of Design = < 72

Count Table
To change the count and number of thread/inch, keeping
the same denseness of the fabric :
1. To change the EPI without altering the denseness :
EPI in given cloth x √ Warp count in expected cloth

EPI in Exp.Cloth =………………………………………………………………
√ Warp count in given cloth

2. To change the count without altering the denseness :
EPI in exp. cloth2

EPI in exp. cloth = …………………………………x Count in given cloth
EPI in given cloth
Warp requirement to weave a cloth :

Total ends x 1.0936 x 453.59 x crimp%
1. Warp weight in gms/mtrs. =…………..............................................x Wasteage%
840 x Count
2. Weft weight in gms/mtrs.
R.S. in inches x 453.59 x PPI

=…………………………………x Crimp % x Waste %
840 x Count
3. Cloth length in mtrs.with the given weft weight

Weft wt. in kgs. x Weft count x 1848 x 0.9144

=……………………………………………………….
PPI x R.S. in inches
For Silk and Polyester :

1. Warp weight in gms/mtrs.
Total ends x Count (Denier)

= ……………………………..............x Crimp% x Waste %age
9000
2. Weft weight in gms/mtrs.

RS in inches x PPI x Count (Denier)
= …………………………………........ x Crimp% x Wasteage%
9000
Allowance for count in Bleached and Dyed Fabric :
 Count becomes 4%
 Finer Dyed counts become max.6% Coarser
FABRIC PRODUCTION
Motor pulley diameter
1. Loom speed = Motor RPM x ………………………………….
Loom pulley diameter
Actual production
2. Loom Efficiency % = ------------------------------- x 100
Calculated production
Yarn weight - Dryed yarn weight

3. Moisture Regain % = ----------------------------------------------------- x 100
Dryed yarn weight
Yarn weight - dried yarn weight

4. Moisture Content % = ----------------------------------------------- x 100
Yarn weight
Total ends x Tape length in metre

5. Warp weight in Kg. = ------------------------------------------------------
1693.6 x Warp count

RS in centimetres x Coth length in metres x PPI

6. Weft weight in Kg. = -------------------------------------------------------------------
4301.14 x Weft count
EPI PPI
7. Cloth weight in GSM = ------------------ + -------------------- x 25.6
Warp count Weft count
(Grams per sq. metre)

8. Oz (Ounce) per sq.yard = --------------------------------------------
34
Material measurement :
For calculating of length of any rolled fabrics :
0.0655 (D - d) (D + d)
L = ---------------------------------
t
Where,
L = Length of material (feet)
t = Thickness of fabrics (inches)
D = Outside diameter (inches)
d = Inside diameter (inches)
Weight of yarn in a cloth :

The weight of cloth manufactured on loom depends upon the weight of yarns in the warp and
weft : ends/inch, picks/inch and the weight of size on the warp.
Therefore, Cloth weight = Weight of warp + Weight of weft + Weight of size (All in lbs.)
Total No. of Ends x Tape length in yds.

Where as Weight of warp in lbs = -----------------------------------------------------
840 x Warp yarn count
Also Weight of weft in lbs.
Length of cloth (yds) x Picks/inch in cloth x Reed width (inch)

= -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
840 x Weft yarn count

Flow Chart of Blow Room (Conventonal)
Hopper bale opener
Ultra cleaner or step cleaner
Vertcal or twine opener or cleaner
Hopper feeder-1
Porcupine opener
Hopper feeder-2
Scutcher
Flow Chart of Blow Room (Modern)
Bale plucker
Metal detector

Uniclean
Unimix
Uni flex
Vision shield
Condenser
Chute feed
Carding

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Questions And Answers

NAME:-SANTOSH GOVINDA SORMARE

ANURADHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

TEXTILE ENGGINEERING Page 1

4. Define Natural fiber

5. Define manmade fiber

6. Define mineral fibers?

7. Define metallic fibers?

8. Define rubber fibers?

9. Give any three animal fibers?

10. Give any three cellulosic fibers?

TEXTILE ENGGINEERING Page 2

11. Give any four vegetable fibers?

12. Give any three mineral fibers?

13. What is cotton fiber?

14. What is linen fiber?

15. What is silk fiber?

16. What is nylon?

17. What is polyester?

18. Define spandex?

19. Name two kinds of spinning machine?

20. What is the standard of cotton yarn count?

21. What is ply yarns?

22. What is ASTM?

TEXTILE ENGGINEERING Page 3

Ans: American Society for Testing and Materials.

23. What is ISO?

24. What is ANSI?

25. What is ICS?

Garments/Apparel Questions and Answers

2. What is French seam?

4. What is seam Allowance?

5. What is Plain Seam?

7. What is seam finish?

TEXTILE ENGGINEERING Page 4

10. What is Back stitching?

12. What is Hem?

13. What is Notching ?

14. What is Clipping?

15. What is Topstitched Seam ?

16. What is Alter?

19. What is Asymmetrical ?

20. What is Baste?

21. What is Bias?

22. What is Binding?

23. What is Blind hem?

24. What is Blouson?

TEXTILE ENGGINEERING Page 5

25. What is Bodice?

26. What is Bolt?

27. What is Boning?

28. What is Casing?

29. What is Chevron?

30. what is Clean finish?

31. What is Clip?

32. What is Closure?

33. What is Colorfast?

34. What is contrasting?

35. What is Crease?

36. What is Dart?

TEXTILE ENGGINEERING Page 6

37. What is Dolman?

38. What is Double-breasted front?