1.

Tension Force
In physics, tension may be described as the pulling force
transmitted axially by the means of a string, cable, chain, or similar
one-dimensional continuous object, or by each end of a rod, truss
member, or similar three-dimensional object; tension might also be
described as the action-reaction pair of forces acting at each end
of said elements. Tension could be the opposite of compression.
At the atomic level, when atoms or molecules are pulled apart
from each other and gain potential energy with a restoring force still
existing, the restoring force might create what is also called tension.
Each end of a string or rod under such tension could pull on the
object it is attached to, in order to restore the string/rod to its
relaxed length.
In physics, tension, as a transmitted force, as an action-
reaction pair of forces, or as a restoring force, may be a force and
has the units of force measured in newtons (or sometimes pounds-
force). The ends of a string or other object transmitting tension will
exert forces on the objects to which the string or rod is connected, in
the direction of the string at the point of attachment. These forces
due to tension are also called "passive forces". There are two basic
possibilities for systems of objects held by strings: either acceleration
is zero and the system is therefore in equilibrium, or there is
acceleration, and therefore a net force is present in the system.

2. Normal Force
In mechanics, the normal force Fn is that component of the
contact force that is perpendicular to the surface that an object
contacts. For example, the surface of a floor or table that prevents
an object from falling. In this instance normal is used in the
geometric sense and means perpendicular, as opposed the
common language use of normal meaning common or expected.
For example, a person standing still on flat ground is supported by a
ground reaction force that consists of only a normal force. If the
person stands on a slope and does not slide down it, then the total
ground reaction force can be divided into two components: a
 normal force perpendicular to the ground and a frictional force
parallel to the ground. In another common situation, if an object hits
a surface with some speed, and the surface can withstand it, the
normal force provides for a rapid deceleration, which will depend
on the flexibility of the surface and the object.

3. Gravitational Force
Gravity, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all
things with mass are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one
another, including objects ranging from electrons and atoms, to
planets, stars, and galaxies. Since energy and mass are equivalent,
all forms of energy (including photons and light) cause gravitation
and are under the influence of it. On Earth, gravity gives weight to
physical objects, and the Moon's gravity causes the ocean tides.
The gravitational attraction of the original gaseous matter present in
the Universe caused it to begin coalescing, forming stars – and for
the stars to group together into galaxies – so gravity is responsible for
many of the large scale structures in the Universe. Gravity has an
infinite range, although its effects become increasingly weaker on
farther objects.
Gravity is most accurately described by the general theory of
relativity (proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915) which describes
gravity not as a force, but as a consequence of the curvature of
space-time caused by the uneven distribution of mass. The most
extreme example of this curvature of space-time is a black hole,
from which nothing—not even light—can escape once past the
black hole's event horizon. However, for most applications, gravity is
well approximated by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which
describes gravity as a force which causes any two bodies to be
attracted to each other, with the force proportional to the product
of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
Gravity is the weakest of the four fundamental forces of
physics, approximately 1038 times weaker than the strong force,
1036 times weaker than the electromagnetic force and 1029 times
 weaker than the weak force. As a consequence, it has no
significant influence at the level of subatomic particles. In contrast,
it is the dominant force at the macroscopic scale, and is the cause
of the formation, shape and trajectory (orbit) of astronomical
bodies. For example, gravity causes the Earth and the other planets
to orbit the Sun, it also causes the Moon to orbit the Earth, and
causes the formation of tides, the formation and evolution of the
Solar System, stars and galaxies.

4. Friction
Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid
surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each
other. There are several types of friction:

 Dry friction is a force that opposes the relative lateral

motion of two solid surfaces in contact. Dry friction is
subdivided into static friction ("stiction") between non-
moving surfaces, and kinetic friction between moving
surfaces. With the exception of atomic or molecular friction,
dry friction generally arises from the interaction of surface
features, known as asperities
 Fluid friction describes the friction between layers of a
viscous fluid that are moving relative to each other.
 Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a
lubricant fluid separates two solid surfaces.
 Skin friction is a component of drag, the force resisting the
motion of a fluid across the surface of a body.
 Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the
elements making up a solid material while it undergoes
deformation.

When surfaces in contact move relative to each other, the

friction between the two surfaces converts kinetic energy into
thermal energy (that is, it converts work to heat). This property can
have dramatic consequences, as illustrated by the use of friction
created by rubbing pieces of wood together to start a fire. Kinetic
energy is converted to thermal energy whenever motion with friction
occurs, for example when a viscous fluid is stirred. Another important
consequence of many types of friction can be wear, which may
lead to performance degradation or damage to components.
Friction is a component of the science of tribology.
Friction is desirable and important in supplying traction to
facilitate motion on land. Most land vehicles rely on friction for
acceleration, deceleration and changing direction. Sudden
reductions in traction can cause loss of control and accidents.
Friction is not itself a fundamental force. Dry friction arises from
a combination of inter-surface adhesion, surface roughness, surface
deformation, and surface contamination. The complexity of these
interactions makes the calculation of friction from first principles
impractical and necessitates the use of empirical methods for
analysis and the development of theory.
Friction is a non-conservative force - work done against friction
is path dependent. In the presence of friction, some energy is
always lost in the form of heat. Thus mechanical energy is not
conserved.