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COURSE TIMETABLE
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BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Understand the nature and role of the following thermodynamic properties of matter: internal
energy, enthalpy, entropy, temperature, pressure and specific volume;
Be able to access thermodynamic property data from appropriate sources;
Be able to chart thermodynamic processes on appropriate thermodynamic diagrams, such as a
temperature-entropy or pressure-volume diagram;
Be able to represent a thermodynamic system by a control mass or control volume, distinguish the
system from its surroundings, and identify work and/or heat interactions between the system and
surroundings;
Recognize and understand the different forms of energy and restrictions imposed by the first law of
thermodynamics on conversion from one form to another;
Be able to apply the first law to a control mass or control volume at an instant of time or over a time
interval;
Understand implications of the second law of thermodynamics and limitations placed by the second
law on the performance of thermodynamic systems;
Be able to use isentropic processes
BIBINtoCHIDAMBARANATHAN
represent the ideal behaviour of a system;
Be able to quantify the behaviour of power plants based on the Rankine cycle, including the effect
of enhancements such as superheat, reheat and regeneration;
Be able to quantify the performance of power plants based on the Brayton cycle, including the
effects of enhancements such as reheat, regeneration and intercooler;
Be able to quantify the performance of refrigeration and heat pump systems;
Be able to understand non-ideal state equations.
SYLLABUS
ME8391 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS L T P C
3 2 0 4
Heat Reservoir, source and sink. Heat Engine, Refrigerator, Heat pump. Statements of second law
and its corollaries. Carnot cycle Reversed Carnot cycle, Performance. Clausius inequality. Concept
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
of entropy, T-s diagram, Tds Equations, entropy change for - pure substance, ideal gases - different
processes, principle of increase in entropy. Applications of II Law. High and low-grade energy.
Available and non-available energy of a source and finite body. Energy and irreversibility.
Expressions for the energy of a closed system and open systems. Energy balance and entropy
generation. Irreversibility. I and II law Efficiency.
Formation of steam and its thermodynamic properties, p-v, p-T, T-v, T-s, h-s diagrams. p-v-T
surface. Use of Steam Table and Mollier Chart. Determination of dryness fraction. Application of I
and II law for pure substances. Ideal and actual Rankine cycles, Cycle Improvement Methods -
Reheat and Regenerative cycles, Economiser, preheater, Binary and Combined cycles.
Properties of Ideal gas- Ideal and real gas comparison- Equations of state for ideal and real gases-
Reduced properties. Compressibility factor-.Principle of Corresponding States. -Generalised
Compressibility Chart and its use-. Maxwell relations, Tds Equations, Difference and ratio of heat
Mole and Mass fraction, Dalton‟s and Amagat‟s Law. Properties of gas mixture – Molar mass, gas
constant, density, change in internal energy, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs function. Psychrometric
properties, Psychrometric charts. Property calculations of air vapour mixtures by using chart and
expressions. Psychrometric process – adiabatic saturation, sensible heating and cooling,
humidification, dehumidification, evaporative cooling and adiabatic mixing. Simple Applications
TOTAL: 75 PERIODS
COURSE OUTCOMES
Highest
CO No. BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
Course Outcomes Cognitive
Level
C203.1 Explain the basic concepts and laws of thermodynamics. K2
C203.2 Apply the concept of enthalpy and entropy in thermal systems K3
Determine the properties of the pure substance and explain the
C203.3 K5
working of steam cycles
C203.4 Differentiate the properties of ideal and real gases. K4
C203.5 Solve problems in psychrometric processes and gas mixtures. K3
C203.6 Analyse thermodynamic laws for real-time applications K4, A3
TEXTBOOKS
REFERENCES
ONLINE SOURCES
O1. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/101104063/
O2. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112105123/
O3. http://www.nptel.ac.in/downloads/112108148/
94. What is the difference between steady flow and non – flow process?
During the steady flow process, the rate of flow of mass and energy across the boundary
remains constant.
In case of non – flow, flow across the system and boundary.
95. What are the conditions for steady flow process? (AU MAY 2013)
(i) The streams of material crossing the control surface must not change their state or flow rate with
time.
(ii) Each point within the control volume must not change its state with time or only cyclic state
variation occurs.
(iii)The heat and work transfer rates must not change with time or the mean rates in this case of
cyclic behaviour must not change.
96. Indicate the practical application of steady flow energy equation.
i. Turbine
ii. Nozzle
iii. Condenser
iv. Compressor
v. Pump
97. Work done in a free expansion process is _________
Ans: Zero
98. Which property is constant during throttling?
[Enthalpy]
99. If in the equation PVn = C, the value of n =∞ then the process is called _______
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN [Constant Volume process]
100. The polytropic index (n) is given by ________
[n = ln (P2/P1)/ ln (V1/V2)]
101. Prove that for an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy.
In isolated system, there is no interaction between the system and the surroundings. There
is no mass transfer and energy transfer.
According to first law of thermodynamics as
dQ = dU + dW;
dU = dQ - dW;
dQ = 0,
dW = 0,
Therefore dU = 0 by integrating the above equation U = constant, therefore the internal
energy is constant for isolated system.
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BASICS - PRESSURE
Calculate the actual pressure of air in the tank if the pressure of compressed air measured by
manometer is 30 cm of mercury and atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa [June '10]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
FIRST LAW
During the working stroke of an engine, the heat transferred out of the system was 150 kJ/kg of the
working substance. Determine the work done, when the internal energy is decreased by 400 kJ/kg.
Also, state whether the work done on or by the engine. [Nov „01]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
FIRST LAW
During one cycle the working fluid in an engine engages in two work interactions: 15kJ to the fluid
and 44 kJ from the fluid, three heat interactions, two of which are known: 75 kJ to the fluid and 40
kJ from the fluid. Evaluate the magnitude and direction of the third heat transfer
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
FIRST LAW
A stationary mass of gas is compressed without friction from an initial state of 0.3m 3 in 0.105MPa
finals state of 0.15m3 and 0.105MPa. The pressure remaining constant during the process. There is
a transfer of 37.6 KJ of heat from the gas during the process. How much does the internal energy of
the gas change?
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
FIRST LAW
A rigid tank containing 0.4m3 of air at 400kPa and 30°C is connected by a valve to a piston-
cylinder device with zero clearance. The mass of the piston is such that a pressure of 200kPa is
required to raise the piston. The valve is opened slightly and the air is allowed to flow into the
cylinder until the pressure of the tank drops to 200kPa. During this process, the heat is exchanged
with the surrounding such that the entire air remains at 300C at all times. Determine the heat
transfer for this process. [Nov „10]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
FIRST LAW
25 people attended a farewell party in a small room of size 10 x 8 m and have a 5 m ceiling. Each
person gives up 350 kJ of heat per hour. Assuming that the room is completely sealed off and
insulated, calculate the air temperature rise occurring in 10 minutes. Assume Cv of air 0.718kJ/kgK
and R= 0.287 kJ/kg K and each person occupies a volume of 0.005m3. Take p = 101.325 kPa and T
= 20°C. [Nov‟ 11]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
FIRST LAW
A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which passes through a complete cycle of
four processes. During the cycle, the sum of all heat transfers is -170kJ. The system completes 100
cycles per minute. Complete the following table showing the method for each item, and compute
the net rate of work output in kW. [Nov „02]
Process Q (kJ/min) W(kJ/min) E (kJ/min)
a-b 0 2,170 -
b-c 21,000 0 -
d-a - - -
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
FIRST LAW
A fluid system, contained in a piston and cylinder machine, passes through a complete cycle of four
processes. The sum of all heat transferred during a cycle is -340kJ. The system completes 200
cycles per min.
Process Q (kJ/min) W(kj/min) E (kJ/min)
1-2 0 4340 -
2-3 42000 0 -
4-1 - - -
Complete the above table showing the method for each item, and compute the net rate of work
output in kW. [May „12]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
FIRST LAW
A gas of mass, 1.5kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion which follows a relationship p = a+bV,
where a and b are constants. The initial and final pressures are 1000kPa and 200 kPa respectively
and the corresponding volumes are 0.2m3 and 1.2m3. The specific internal energy of the gas is
given by the relation u = 1.5pv – 85 kJ/kg. Where p is in kPa and V is in m3. Calculate the net heat
transfer and the maximum internal energy of the gas attained during expansion. [Nov ‟03 & Nov
„12]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
FIRST LAW
A fluid is confined in a cylinder by a spring-loaded frictionless piston so that the pressure in the
fluid is a linear function of the volume (p = a + bV). The internal energy of the fluid is given by the
following equation u = 34 + 3.15pV, where u is kJ, p is in kPa and V in m3. If the fluid changes
from an initial state of 170 kPa, 0.0m3 to a final state of 400kPa, 0.06m3, with no other work than
that done on the piston, find the direction and magnitude of the work and heat transfer. [Nov ‟01 &
Nov‟12]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
FIRST LAW
A wok done by a substance in a reversible non-flow manner is in accordance with V= (15/p) m3,
where p is in bar. Evaluate the work done on or by the system as pressure increases from 10 to 100
bar. Indicate whether it is a compression process or explanation process. If the change in internal
energy is 500kJ. Calculate the direction and magnitude of hear transfer. [Apr „08]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
FIRST LAW
A Vander Waal gas is compressed reversibly at constant temperature from volume V1 to V2. The
equation of state is given by p = {(RT/v-b)-(a/v2)} . Determine the work done per mole of the gas.
[Nov „08]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
FIRST LAW
When a system is taken from a to b (state), in figure, along path acb, 84 KJ of heat flows into the
system and the system does 32 KJ of work.
a) How much will the heat that flows into the system along path adb be, if the work 10.5 KJ?
b) When the system is returned from b to a along the curved path, the work done on the system
is 21 KJ. Does the system absorb or liberate heat and how much of the heat is absorbed or
liberated?
c) If Ua = 0 and Ud = 42 KJ, find the heat absorbed in the processes ad and db.
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
FIRST LAW
The resistance of the windings in a certain motor is found to be 75 ohms at room temperature 25oC.
When operating at full load under steady state conditions, the motor is switched off and the
resistance of the windings is immediately measured again, and found to be 90 ohms. The windings
are made of copper whose resistance at temperature at t oC is given by R1= R0 [1 + 0.00393t] where
R0 is the resistance at 0oC. Find the temperature by the coil during full load. [May '10]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
FIRST LAW
Work done by a substance in a reversible non-flow manner is in accordance with V = (15/p) m3,
where p is in bar. Evaluate the work done on or by the system as pressure increases from 10 to 100
bar. Indicate whether it is a compression process or expansion process. If the change in internal
energy is 500 kJ, calculate the direction and magnitude of heat transfer. [May '08]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
FIRST LAW
The properties of a system, during a reversible constant pressure non-flow process at P=1.6 bar,
changed from v1= 0.3 m3/kg, T1 = 20o C to v2= 0.55 m3/kg, T2=260o C. The specific heat of the
fluid is given by
75
C p 1.5 kJ / kg C
o
T 45
Where T is in oC. Determine the heat added, work done, change in internal energy and change in
enthalpy per kg of fluid. [May '10]
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HYPERBOLIC PROCESS
A gas is compressed hyperbolically from a pressure and volume of 100 kN/m2 and 0.056 m3
respectively to a volume of 0.007 m3. Determine the final pressure and the work done on the gas.
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POLYTROPIC PROCESS
One Kg of gas at 1.1 bar, 27°C is compressed to 6.6 bar as per the law pV1.3 = const. calculate
work and heat transfer, if [Dec „05]
a) When the gas is ethane (C2H6) with a molar mass of 30kg/k mol and Cp of 2.1 kJ/kg. K.
b) When the gas is argon (Ar) with a molar mass of 40kg/k mol and Cp of 0.52kJ/kg.K.
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
Determine the heat transfer and its directions for a system in which a perfect gas having a
molecular weight of 17.76 is compressed from 101.3kPa, 20°C to a pressure of 600 kPa following
the law pV1.3 = constant. Take specific heat at constant pressure of the gas as 1.7 kJ/kgK. [Jun „14]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
A cylinder contains 1 m3 of gas at 100 KPa and 100°C, the gas is polytropically compressed to a
volume of 0.25 m3. The final pressure is 600 KPa. Determine mass of the gas, the value of
polytropic index for compression, change in internal energy of the gas, heat transferred by the gas
during compression and change in entropy. Assume R= 0.287kJ/kg.k and γ = 1.4
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
An ideal gas of molecular weight 30 and specific heat ratio 1.4 is compressed according to the law
PV1.25 = C from 1 bar (absolute) and 27°C to a pressure of 16 bar (absolute). Calculate the
temperature at the end of compression, the heat received or rejected, work done on the gas during
the process and change in enthalpy. Assume mass of the gases as 1 kg.
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
Calculate the change in internal energy, heat transfer, change in enthalpy and change in entropy for
0.75 kg of air expanding according to the law of PV1.3 = Constant from 1MPa and 300°C to 100
KPa work done by air during the process.
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
The gas mixture obeying gas law has a molecular mass of 26.7. The gas mixture is compressed
through a compression ratio of 12 according to the lab PV1.25 = Constant from initial conditions of
0.9 bar and 333 K. Assuming a mean molar specific heat at constant volume of 21.1 kJ/kg k . Fine
per kg of mass the work done and heat flow across the cylinder walls. For the above gas, determine
the value of characteristic gas constant, molar specific heat at constant pressure and ratio of specific
heats.
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
A gas initially 603K expands until its volume is 5.2 times the initial volume, according to the law
PVn = Constant. If the initial and final pressures are observed to be 8.5 bar and 1 bar, determine the
index of expansion, work done per kg of gas, heat exchange per kg of gas, Assume Cv=
0.712kJ/kg.k and γ = 1.4.
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
Air at 300°C and 10 bar expands to 3 bar reversibly following the law PV1.35 = Constant. Determine
the work done per kg of air, heat transfer and change in entropy.
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
2 Kg of air at a pressure of 8 bar occupies a volume of 0.3 m3. if the air expands to a volume of 1.5
m3 according to the law PV1.25 = Constant. Calculate the work done and change in entropy during
the process.
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
An ideal gas is compressed with a pressure ratio of 10 and the temperature is increased from 30 °C
to 40 °C. Find polytropic index of compression, work of compression per unit mass.
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
2Kg of air is expanded from 10 bar and 200°C to 3 bar by the law PV1.25 = Constant. Find the
change in entropy and the amount of heat transfer.
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
Air at 475 KPa and 200°C expands in a non flow process to 75 KPa as per the law PV1.2 =
Constant. Find the work done, heat transfer and change in entropy per kg.
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
At the beginning of the compression stroke of a two-cylinder internal combustion engine the air is
at a pressure of 101.325 kPa. Compression reduces the volume by 1/5 of its original volume, and
the law of compression is given by pv1.2 = constant. If the bore and stroke of each cylinder is 0.15 m
and 0.25 m respectively, determine the power absorbed in kW by compression strokes when the
engine speed is such that each cylinder undergoes 500 compression strokes per minute. [ May '10]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
COMBINATION OF PROCESSES
A perfect gas for which ratio of specific heats is 1.4 occupies a volume of 0.3 m 3 at 100 KPa and
27 °C. The gas undergoes compression of 0.06 m3. Find the heat transfer during the compression
for the following methods
a) PV = Constant
b) PV γ = Constant and
c) PV1.1 = Constant
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
COMBINATION OF PROCESSES
A gas of mass 0.35 kg pressure 1535 KN/m2 and temperature of 335 °C is expanded adiabatically to
a pressure of 126 KN/m2. The gas is then heated at constant volume until it reaches 335 °C, when
its pressure is found to be 275 KN/m2. Finally the gas is compressed isothermally until the original
pressure of 1535 KN/m2 obtained. Draw the PV diagram and find out the following.
a) the value of adiabatic index
b) change in internal energy during adiabatic process and
c) heat transfer during constant volume process. Take CP = 1.005 kJ/kg.k.
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
COMBINATION OF PROCESSES
A system receives 200kJ of energy as heat, at constant volume. Then it is cooled at constant
pressure when 50kJ of work was done on the system while it rejects 70kJ of heat. Supposing the
system is restored to the initial state by an adiabatic process, how much work will be done by the
system? [Nov „04]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
COMBINATION OF PROCESSES
A gas occupies 0.3m3 at 2 bar. It executes a cycle consisting of processes:
(a) 1-2; constant pressure with work interaction of 15kJ.
(b) 2-3; compression process which follows the law pV = constant, and U3 = U2.
(c) 3-1; constant volume process, and change in internal energy is 40kJ. Neglect change in KE and
PE. Draw PV diagram for the process and determine network transfer for the cycle. Also show that
first law is obeyed by the cycle. [Nov „08]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
COMBINATION OF PROCESSES
A mass of air is initially at 260°C and 700 kPa and occupies 0.028m3. The air is expanded at
constant pressure to 0.084m3. A polytropic process with n = 1.5 is then carried out, followed by a
constant temperature process. All the processes are reversible.
1. Sketch the cycle in p - V and T-s planes
2. Find the heat received and heat rejected in the cycle
3. Find the effective of the cycle. [Apr „03]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
COMBINATION OF PROCESSES
A cycle operating with nitrogen as the working substance has constant temperature compression at
34°C with initial pressure 100kPa. Then the gas undergoes a constant volume heating and then
polytropic expansion with 1.35 as index of compression. The isothermal compression required – 67
kJ/kg work. Determine:
a) p, v and T around the cycle
b) Heat in and out
c) Net work
For nitrogen gas, Cv = 0.731 kJ/kgK. [Jun „13]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
COMBINATION OF PROCESSES
Three grams of nitrogen gas at 6 atm and 160oC in a frictionless piston cylinder device is expanded
adiabatically to double its initial volume and then compressed at constant pressure to its initial
volume and then compressed again at constant volume to its initial state. Calculate the net work
done on the gas. Draw the p-V diagram for the process. [Dec „14]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
COMBINATION OF PROCESSES
90 kJ of heat are supplied to a system at a constant volume. The system rejects 95 kJ of heat at
constant pressure and 18 kJ of work is done on it. The system is brought to original state by
adiabatic process. Determine: (i) Adiabatic work; (ii) The values of internal energy at all end states
if initial value is 105 kJ. [Dec „14]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
COMBINATION OF PROCESSES
A three process cycle operating with nitrogen as the working substance has constant temperature
compression at 34°C with initial pressure 100 kPa. Then the gas undergoes a constant volume
heating and then polytropic expansion with 1.35 as index of compression. The isothermal
compression requires -67 kJ/kg of work. Determine (i) P, v and T around the cycle, (ii) Heat in and
out, (iii) Net work. For nitrogen gas, Cv = 0.7431 kJ/kg K. [May '13]
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
COMBINATION OF PROCESSES
A system contains 0.15 m3 of air at 4 bar and 1500C. A reversible adiabatic expansion takes place
till the pressure falls to 1.01 bar. The gas is then heated at constant pressure till the enthalpy
increases by 62 kJ. Calculate total work and heat transfer and change in entropy. Draw the process
in P-v and T-s diagrams. [May '12 & Dec '11]
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