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n CRACKMETERS
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WALLS
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KPZJVU[PU\PKHKLZNLVTt[YPJHZLU[YLWPLaHZKLKPMLYLU[LZKPmTL[YVZ`LZWLZVYLZL 4HE !SCØ .00 VESSEL HEAD WAS REPLACED
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KLNYPL[HZ[YHZKPJOHZYLWHYHJPVULZLUHSN\UVZJHZVZWHYHYLZ[HISLJLYSHPU[LNYPKHK "ECAUSE THE PRESSURIZER NOZZLES AND THE SAFE ENDS
LZ[Y\J[\YHSLUZVSKHK\YHZJVUNYPL[HZWHZHU[LZ`M\NH ARE HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO JOINT WELD CRACKING AND
;YHZSHZYLJPLU[LZL_WLYPLUJPHZVWLYH[P]HZSHNYHUTH`VYxHKLSHZJLU[YHSLZU\ HARD TO INSPECT !.!6 DECIDED THAT THE PREVENTIVE
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JSLHYLZKL,Z[HKVZ<UPKVZJVUTH[LYPHSLZ`KPZL|VZPTPSHYHSVZKL*5(ZJ}OHU
WELDS WAS THE MOST APPROPRIATE ACTION TO ENSURE
VW[HKVWVYSHHWSPJHJP}UKL¸^LSKV]LYSH`¹LZ[Y\J[\YHSLUSHZ[VILYHZKLSWYLZPVUH THE INTEGRITY OF THE REACTOR COOLANT PRESSURE BARRIER
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\UP}ULU[YL[VILYH`ZHMLLUK &URTHERMORE IT WAS ALSO CONSIDERED THAT WELD
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4(;,90(3(3;(4,5;,9,:0:;,5;,(37>:** MITIGATION PROCESS WAS COMPLETED 4HE BULK OF
INTEREST IN WELDS FOR THE IN SERVICE INSPECTION
,STH[LYPHSKLHWVY[HJP}UWHYHSHYLHSPaHJP}UKLS¸^LSKV]LYSH`¹LZ0UJVULS 4 IS OUTSIDE THE WELDS AND COMPRISES OF
X\L OH KLTVZ[YHKV Z\ HS[H YLZPZ[LUJPH MYLU[L HS 7>:** (U LU LS JHZV KL THE WELD OVERLAY VOLUME PLUS THE OUTER OF
X\L \UH NYPL[H WYVNYLZHYH WVY LS TH[LYPHS Z\ZJLW[PISL ZL OH KLTVZ[YHKV X\L THE ORIGINAL PIPE 4HE NEW WELDING CONFIGURATION
X\LKHYxHKL[LUPKHLUSHPU[LYMHZLJVULSTH[LYPHSUVZ\ZJLW[PISL+L[VKVZTV MINIMIZES GEOMETRIC DISCONTINUITIES BETWEEN PARTS
KVZSVZYLX\PZP[VZKLPUZWLJJP}UWVZ[LYPVYLZHSHYLHSPaHJP}UKLS¸^LSKV]LYSH`¹ OF DIFFERING DIAMETERS AND THICKNESSES AND IN
WLYTP[LU HZLN\YHY SH H\ZLUJPH KL NYPL[HZ LU LS KLS LZWLZVY L_[LYPVY KL SH VOLVES A MATERIAL WITH UNIFORM ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES
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7%,$ /6%2,!9 !3 ! -)4)'!4)/.
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BEEN REPORTED AFTER THESE REPAIRS IN SOME CASES
TO RE ESTABLISH STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY IN WELDS WITH
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!FTER THE RECENT OPERATING EXPERIENCE MOST
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RIAL )N ANY CASE INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS AFTER
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NAL PIPE THICKNESS IN ORDER TO PROVIDE A SUFFICIENT
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SHOULD SPREAD THROUGH THE THICKNESS OF THE HIGHLY
073## RESISTANT MATERIAL OF THE WELD OVERLAY
490%3 /& 7%,$ /6%2,!93 !.$ 4(%
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}ÕÀ>Ê{°ÊÉ}ÕÀiÊ{\Ê Ã«iVÌÊv>ÊÌLiÀ>Ê*£ÇÊ*£nÊÊÊ*£ÊÉ>Ê>««i>À>ViÊ !CCORDING TO THE #ODE #ASE .
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+LHJ\LYKVJVULS*VKL*HZL5 L_PZ[LU[YLZWVZPIPSPKHKLZWHYHKPZL|HY )N THE SECOND CASE THE ASSUMED CRACK IS DE
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JYP[LYPVZKL[HTH|VKLNYPL[HHKTPZPISLKL(:4,?00>) `LSHWtUKPJL WITH NO MORE THAN FIVE AXIAL CRACKS EACH LESS THAN
*Z\WVUPLUKV\UHNYPL[HKLSS WHZHU[LLU[VKHSHJPYJ\UMLYLUJPHKLSHZVSKH INCHES IN LENGTH AND SHORT CIRCUMFERENTIAL
K\YHVYPNPUHS CRACKS WITH A COMBINED LENGTH NOT ABOVE OF
,ULSJHZVKLSVZ¸KLZPNULK¹SHNYPL[HX\LZLHZ\TLLZSHKL[LJ[HKHWVYPUZWLJ THE PIPE CIRCUMFERENCE
JP}UWLYVWHYHLSLZWLZVYZLZ\WVULLS[V[HSKLSH[\ILYxH3HHWSPJHJP}ULZ[mSPTP 4HE THIRD TYPE IS APPLIED WHEN AT LEAST FOUR
[HKHHSVZJHZVZLUX\LUVZLLUJ\LU[YLUTmZKLJPUJVNYPL[HZH_PHSLZJHKH\UH AXIAL CRACKS EACH LESS THAN INCHES IN LENGTH
KL\UHSVUNP[\KPUMLYPVYH S W\SNHKHZ`JPYJ\UMLYLUJPHSLZJVY[HZJ\`HSVUNP[\K AND NO CIRCUMFERENTIAL CRACKS ARE DETECTED )N
THIS CASE THE WELD OVERLAY DESIGN HAS NO STRUCTURAL
JVTIPUHKHUVZLHZ\WLYPVYHSS KLSHJPYJ\UMLYLUJPHKLSH[\ILYxH
CONSIDERATIONS AND WOULD ONLY ACT TO PHYSICALLY
3H [LYJLYH JH[LNVYxH HWSPJH LU LS JHZV KL KL[LJ[HY \U UTLYV Tm_PTV KL IMPEDE THE LEAK 0RIOR EXPERIENCE WITH "72 TYPE
J\H[YV NYPL[HZ H_PHSLZ JHKH \UH KL LSSHZ KL SVUNP[\K PUMLYPVY H S W\SNHKHZ ` REACTORS SHOWS THAT THIS OPTION WAS ALWAYS CONSID
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ZPKLYHJPVULZLZ[Y\J[\YHSLZ`Z}SVHJ[\HYxHJVTV\UPTWLKPTLU[VMxZPJVHSHM\NH !SCØ .00 OPTED FOR THE FULL STRUCTURAL DESIGN
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,U*5(ZJ}ZLVW[}WVYLSKPZL|V¸M\SSZ[Y\J[\YHS¹X\LLZLSTmZJVUZLY]HKVY %8%#54)/. /& 4(% 7%,$ /6%2,!9
,1,*<*0Ô5+,3¸>,3+6=,93(@¹ 4HE WELDING MATERIAL IS APPLIED BY REMOTE CON
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3HKLWVZPJP}UKLSTH[LYPHSKLZVSKHK\YHZLHWSPJHTLKPHU[L.;(>H\[VTH[P WELDING TECHNIQUE 4HE METAL FILLER WAS ALLOY -
aHKVJVU[YVSHKVYLTV[HTLU[L`LTWSLHUKVSH[tJUPJH¸[LTWLYILHK¹,STL[HS !73 CLASS %2 .I#R&E ! 4HE FIRST LAYER OF WELD
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TLYHJHWHKLZVSKHK\YHZVIYLLSTH[LYPHSVYPNPUHSLZWHY[LKL\UHJLYVPUV_PKH NITIC STAINLESS STEEL , ON THE SAFE END THE
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WHY[LKLSHHSLHJP}U 4ZVIYLSHZVSKHK\YHIPTL[mSPJHLSI\[[LYPUN`SH[VILYH THE NOZZLE
3HHWSPJHJP}UKLSH[tJUPJH¸[LTWLYILHK¹ZLYLHSPaHKLHJ\LYKVJVULS*VKL 4HE TEMPERBEAD TECHNIQUE IS BASED ON #ODE
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LS ]HWVY L_WHUZPVUHKV X\L OH ZLY]PKV WHYH OHJLYSH NPYHY <UH ]La LS AND !SCØ IN THE PROVINCE OF 4ARRAGONA SOME KM
HN\H H[YH]PLZH SVZ [\IVZ KLS JVUKLUZHKVY LS [V[HS KLS HN\H \[PSPaHKH ZL FROM THE MOUTH OF THE 2IVER %BRO 4HE TWO UNITS OF
THE !SCØ .UCLEAR 0OWER 0LANT USE THE RIVER WATER AS A
YL[VYUHHSYxVJ\TWSPLUKVSVZ]HSVYLZSxTP[LZKLJHSLU[HTPLU[VWHYHJH\
COOLING SOURCE VIA AN INDEPENDENT TERTIARY CIRCUIT 4HE
ZHY SH TxUPTH PUMS\LUJPH KLS LU[VYUV 3H [VTH KL HN\H KL YLMYPNLYHJP}U WATER IS SENT TO THE CONDENSER LOCATED AT THE TURBINE
LZ[mMVYTHKHWVYJHQVULZKLOVYTPN}UHYTHKV)mZPJHTLU[LOH`J\H[YV OUTLET WHERE THE EXPANDED STEAM USED TO MAKE THE
ZPZ[LTHZ X\L \[PSPaHU LS HN\H KLS YxV! LS ZPZ[LTH KL HN\H KL JPYJ\SHJP}U TURBINE TURN IS CONDENSED THROUGH THE TUBES /NCE
X\LPUJS\`LSVZZ\IZPZ[LTHZKLYLMYPNLYHJP}U`KLZJHYNHKLSHN\HKLJPY THE WATER HAS PASSED THROUGH THE CONDENSER PIPES IT
J\SHJP}U ` KL L_[YHJJP}U KL HPYL ` SPTWPLaH KLS JVUKLUZHKVY" LS ZPZ[LTH IS RETURNED TO THE RIVER IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE LIMITS
KLZLY]PJPVZKLJVTWVULU[LZ"LSZPZ[LTHJVU[YHPUJLUKPVZ`LSZPZ[LTHKL PLACED ON THE TEMPERATURE TO ENSURE MINIMAL EFFECTS
HN\H KL ZLY]PJPVZ KL SHZ ZHS]HN\HYKPHZ [LJUVS}NPJHZ ,S ZPZ[LTH KL HN\H O THE ENVIRONMENT 4HE COOLING WATER INLET COMPRISES
KL JPYJ\SHJP}U Z\TPUPZ[YH SH YLMYPNLYHJP}U ULJLZHYPH H SVZ JVUKLUZHKVYLZ TWO REINFORCED CONCRETE WATER BOXES 4HERE ARE BASI
CALLY FOUR SYSTEMS THAT USE THE RIVER WATER THE COOLING
WYPUJPWHSLZKLS[\YIVNLULYHKVYJVUSHMPUHSPKHKKLTHU[LULYLSMVJVMYxV
WATER SYSTEM THAT INCLUDES THE SUBSYSTEMS FOR COOLING
KLS JPJSV [tYTPJV LU SVZ ]HSVYLZ }W[PTVZ K\YHU[L SH L_WSV[HJP}U UVYTHS AND CIRCULATION WATER DISCHARGE AIR
EXTRACTION AND
KLSHJLU[YHSKLTHULYHX\LZLVW[PTPJLZ\YLUKPTPLU[V[tYTPJV,SZPZ CLEANING THE CONDENSER THE COMPONENT SERVICE SYS
[LTHKLHN\HKLZLY]PJPVZKLJVTWVULU[LZ[PLULSHM\UJP}UKLNLULYHYSH TEM THE FIRE
PROTECTION SYSTEM AND THE TECHNOLOGICAL
JHYNH KL JHSVY NLULYHKH LU LS WYVWPV ZPZ[LTH [YHUZMPYPtUKVSH HS ZPZ[LTH SAFEGUARDS SERVICE WATER SYSTEM 4HE CIRCULATION WATER
KLHN\HZKLJPYJ\SHJP}UHN\HZKLIHQVKLSVZJVUKLUZHKVYLZWYPUJPWHSLZ SYSTEM PROVIDES THE REQUIRED COOLING FOR THE MAIN
,SZPZ[LTHKLZHS]HN\HYKPHZ}SV\[PSPaHHN\HKLSYxVW\U[\HSTLU[L`[PLUL TURBO
GENERATOR CONDENSERS TO KEEP THE COLD POINT OF
JVTVM\UJP}ULSPTPUHYSHJHYNHKLJHSVYKLSVZZPZ[LTHZKLYLMYPNLYHJP}U THE THERMAL CYCLE AT AN OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE DURING
KL ZHS]HN\HYKPHZ [LJUVS}NPJHZ ` KL SVZ NLULYHKVYLZ KL M\LS KPZPWmUKVSHZ NORMAL PLANT OPERATION SO THAT THERMAL PERFORMANCE
IS OPTIMIZED 4HE JOB OF THE COMPONENT SERVICE WATER
HSHH[T}ZMLYHH[YH]tZKLSHZ[VYYLZKLYLMYPNLYHJP}U,SZPZ[LTHJVU[YHPU
SYSTEM IS TO GENERATE THE HEAT CHARGE GENERATED IN THE
JLUKPVZZ}SV\[PSPaHHN\HW\U[\HSTLU[L,SZPZ[LTH\[PSPaHLSHN\HKLSYxV SYSTEM ITSELF TRANSFERRING IT TO THE CIRCULATION WATER
K\YHU[LSHLQLJ\JP}UKLSWYVNYHTHKL]PNPSHUJPHWLYP}KPJVKLSHZIVTIHZ SYSTEM UNDER THE MAIN CONDENSERS 4HE SAFEGUARD
;VKVZLZ[VZZPZ[LTHZZVUJHUKPKH[VZHSJVU[YVSKLSHL]VS\JP}UKLS4* SYSTEM ONLY USES THE RIVER OCCASIONALLY TO ELIMINATE
THE HEAT IN THE TECHNOLOGICAL SAFEGUARDS COOLING SYS
:0;<(*0Ô5050*0(3 TEMS AND THE FUEL GENERATORS RELEASING IT INTO THE AIR
VIA THE COOLING TOWERS 4HE FIRE
PROTECTION SYSTEM ALSO
,U SH WYPTH]LYH KL ZL PUZWLJJPVUHYVU KVZ JHQHZ KL [VTH KL HN\H ONLY USES THE RIVER ON OCCASION 4HIS SYSTEM USES THE
LU SH JHZH KL IVTIHZ HWYLJPmUKVZL \UH WYLZLUJPH KLZPN\HS KLS IP]HS]V RIVER WATER WHILE THE PERIODIC PUMP MONITORING PRO
,U \UH KL SHZ JHQHZ KL HN\H SH MPQHJP}U LYH KL \UVZ J\HU[VZ Z\QL[VZ WVY GRAM IS BEING CARRIED OUT 4HE EVOLUTION OF PRESENCE
TTPLU[YHZX\LLUSHV[YHJHQHLYHTLUVY`SPTP[HKHH\UHZWVJHZaVUHZ THE :- MUST BE MONITORED AND CONTROLLED IN ALL THESE
,U SVZ TLZLZ KL HIYPS ` TH`V KL ZL VIZLY]} SH L_PZ[LUJPH KL 4* SYSTEMS
K\YHU[LLSWYVJLZVKLSPTWPLaHKLKVZJHTIPHKVYLZ3HWYLZLUJPHLYH[LZ
[PTVUPHS`ZLSVJHSPaHIHULUSH[HWHKLSJHTIPHKVY`LUSHWHY[LPUMLYPVYKL ).)4)!, 3)45!4)/.
SHZJHQHZKLHN\H(MPUHSLZKLTH`VZLJVTWYVI}SHVIZ[Y\JJP}UWHYJPHS )N THE SPRING OF TWO WATER INLET BOXES WERE
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HN\HKLSYxV ENCE OF THE BIVALVE WAS DISCOVERED )N ONE OF THE WATER
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LIMITED TO A FEW SPECIFIC AREAS )N !PRIL AND -AY
,UTH`VKLZLWYLZLU[HU`L]HSHUSVZKPMLYLU[LZTt[VKVZKLJVU THE EXISTENCE OF :- WAS OBSERVED DURING CLEANING OF
[YVSKLSHWVISHJP}UKLSTLQPSS}ULUZ\ZZPZ[LTHZLZ[Y\J[\YHZ`JVTWV THE TWO EXCHANGERS 4HE PRESENCE WAS INSIGNIFICANT
ULU[LZZ\HWSPJHIPSPKHKLUWSHU[H`SVZYHZNVZTmZPTWVY[HU[LZKLJHYH WITH THE MUSSELS BEING ATTACHED TO THE EXCHANGER LID
HS[YH[HTPLU[V<UH]LaL]HS\HKHZSHZKPMLYLU[LZVWJPVULZKLJVU[YVSKL AND ON THE LOWER PART OF THE WATER BOXES !T THE END
SHZPUZ[HSHJPVULZZLVW[HWVY\UHZVS\JP}UKLS[PWVWYL]LU[P]V:LKLJPKL OF -AY THE PARTIAL OBSTRUCTION BY ATTACHED MUSSELS
LMLJ[\HY [YH[HTPLU[V [tYTPJV ZPU KLZJHY[HY LU UPUNU TVTLU[V V[YV OF A FLEXIBLE TUBE FOR TAKING RIVER WATER SAMPLES WAS
Tt[VKV ` [LUPLUKV LU J\LU[H SVZ ZPN\PLU[LZ W\U[VZ! TxUPTV PTWHJ[V OBSERVED
HTIPLU[HS ZPLTWYL X\L ZL YLZWL[LU SVZ SxTP[LZ WLYTP[PKVZ" LS [YH[H
TPLU[V JVUZPZ[L LU YLJPYJ\SHY LS HN\H KL SH KLZJHYNH OHJLYSH YL[VYUHY #/.42/,,).' 4(% :%"2! -533%, ).
H SVZ JVUKLUZHKVYLZ KL SH \UPKHK PUJYLTLU[HUKV SH [LTWLYH[\YH X\L 4(% !3#» .5#,%!2 0/7%2 0,!.4
THU[LUPKH\U[PLTWVZ\MPJPLU[LHZLN\YLSHTVY[HSPKHKKLS S KLSVZ )N -AY DIFFERENT METHODS WERE PRESENTED AND
TLQPSSVULZ ` KL SHZ SHY]HZ ([LUKPLUKV HS JPJSV KL ]PKH KLS TLQPSS}U ZL EVALUATED FOR CONTROLLING THE MUSSEL POPULATION IN
[PLULLUJ\LU[HSH]HYPHISL[LTWLYH[\YHHKLTmZKLV[YHZ]HYPHISLZMxZPJV THE STRUCTURES SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS OF THE PLANT
X\xTPJHZKLSHN\H[HSLZJVTVLSW/`SHJVUJLU[YHJP}UKLJHSJPV 4HEIR APPLICABILITY FOR THE PLANT AND THEIR MOST IM
3H[LTWLYH[\YHKLSHN\HLZSHKL[LYTPUHU[LKLSPUPJPVKLSHNHTL[V PORTANT ASPECTS WITH REGARDS TO TREATMENT WERE ALSO
NtULZPZ7VYKLIHQVKL SV*LSKLZHYYVSSVKLSVZ]LSPNLYZLZ[mPUOPIPKV LOOKED AT /NCE THESE DIFFERENT OPTIONS FOR CONTROL
( WLZHY X\L SVZ HK\S[VZ W\LKLU ZVWVY[HY [LTWLYH[\YHZ KL V* SHZ WITHIN THE FACILITIES HAD BEEN EVALUATED A PREVENTIVE
HS[HZ [LTWLYH[\YHZ VMYLJLU \U SxTP[L KL Z\WLY]P]LUJPH 7VY LUJPTH KL SOLUTION WAS CHOSEN )T WAS DECIDED THAT A THERMAL
SVZ V* [PLULU KPMPJ\S[HK WHYH HSPTLU[HYZL ` UV ZVIYL]P]LU H SVZ TREATMENT WOULD BE USED ALTHOUGH WITHOUT REJECTING
V*,Z[VZOLJOVZLZ[HISLJLUSH[LTWLYH[\YHX\LZLOHKLHSJHUaHY OTHER POSSIBLE METHODS AND THE FOLLOWING WAS TAKEN
INTO ACCOUNT MINIMAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ALWAYS
WHYH VI[LULY \U [YH[HTPLU[V [tYTPJV LMPJHa 7HYH SH HWSPJHJP}U KL \U
RESPECTING PERMITTED LIMITS 4HE TREATMENT CONSISTS OF
[YH[HTPLU[V [tYTPJV LMPJHa ZL KLIL JVUZPKLYHY LS YLHSPaHYSV K\YHU[L SVZ RE
CIRCULATING THE DISCHARGE WATER SO THAT IT RETURNS TO
TLZLZX\LSH[LTWLYH[\YHKLSYxVZLHZ\WLYPVYHSVZ SSV*WHYHJVPUJP THE UNIT CONDENSERS THEREBY INCREASING THE TEMPERA
KPYJVUSVZWLYPVKVZKLW\LZ[H`YLWYVK\JJP}U*VUYLZWLJ[VHSHVUKH TURE WHICH WHEN MAINTAINED LONG ENOUGH ENSURES
[tYTPJHL_PZ[L\UHYLSHJP}ULU[YLLS[PLTWVKLL_WVZPJP}UHSHTm_PTH MORTALITY AMONG MUSSELS AND THEIR LARVAE )N
[LTWLYH[\YH`LS]HSVYKLLZ[H<U[YH[HTPLU[V[tYTPJVLMPJHaYLX\LYPYm ACCORDANCE WITH THE LIFECYCLE OF THE MUSSEL THE TEM
H V*\UHL_WVZPJP}UKLOVYHZ,UJHTIPVZVSHTLU[LULJLZP[HYm PERATURE VARIABLE IS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT AS WELL AS OTHER
TPU\[VZH\UH[LTWLYH[\YHKLV*,Z[VZ]HSVYLZZVUJVYYLJ[VZWHYH PHYSICOCHEMICAL VARIABLES OF THE WATER SUCH AS THE P(
\UHWVISHJP}UHJSPTH[HKHH V*+L[VKVSVL_W\LZ[VZLKLK\JLX\LSH AND THE CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM
VUKHKLJOVX\LHHWSPJHYWHYHVI[LULY\UVZYLZ\S[HKVZZH[PZMHJ[VYPVZZL 4HE TEMPERATURE OF THE WATER DETERMINES THE INITIA
KP]PKLLU[YLZ[YHTVZ! S[YHTVPUPJPHSKLOPUKLWLUKPLU[LKLSH[LTWL TION OF GAMETOGENESIS "ELOW O# THE DEVELOPMENT
YH[\YHHHSJHUaHY"[YHTVPU[LYTLKPVKVUKLZLHSJHUaHSH[LTWLYH[\YH OF THE VELIGERS IS INHIBITED 7HILE ADULTS CAN WITHSTAND
Tm_PTHKL[YH[HTPLU[V`ZLTHU[PLULK\YHU[L\U[PLTWVX\LKLWLUKL TEMPERATURES OF O# HIGH TEMPERATURES LIMIT THEIR
SURVIVAL !T TEMPERATURES OF ABOVE nO# THEY HAVE
Ym KL SH WYVWPH [LTWLYH[\YH" [YHTV MPUHS V KL LUMYPHTPLU[V OHZ[H SH
DIFFICULTY FEEDING AND THEY CANNOT SURVIVE AT TEMPERA
[LTWLYH[\YHPUPJPHSZLLZ[PTHLU SOKLK\YHJP}UJVUPUKLWLUKLUJPHKL TURES OF nO# 4HESE FACTS ESTABLISH THE TEMPERA
SH[LTWLYH[\YHTm_PTHHSJHUaHKH TURES NEEDED TO OBTAIN AN EFFECTIVE THERMAL TREATMENT
&OR THE THERMAL TREATMENT TO BE EFFECTIVE IT MUST BE
3Ð40;,:+,3(73(5;((3;9(;(40,5;6;i940*6 DONE DURING THE MONTHS WHERE THE RIVER TEMPERATURE
IS ABOVE nO# TO COINCIDE WITH THE PERIODS OF EGG
:L KLIL JVUZPKLYHY X\L SH [LTWLYH[\YH KLS HN\H KL YLMYPNLYHJP}U ]PL
LAYING AND REPRODUCTION 7ITH REGARDS TO THE THERMAL
UL KL[LYTPUHKH WVY SH [LTWLYH[\YH KLS HN\H KLS YxV HN\HZ HYYPIH WVY WAVE THERE IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MAXIMUM
LUJPTHKLSJHUHSKL[VTH`WVYLS]VS\TLUKLYLJPYJ\SHJP}ULULSJHUHS TEMPERATURE EXPOSURE TIME AND THE VALUE OF IT !N EF
KL KLZJHYNH 3H M\UJP}U WYPUJPWHS KLS JH\KHS KL HN\H KL JPYJ\SHJP}U FECTIVE THERMAL TREATMENT REQUIRES AN EXPOSURE OF O#
LZ JVUKLUZHY LS ]HWVY KL LZJHWL KL SHZ [\YIPUHZ KL IHQH THU[LUPLUKV FOR HOURS (OWEVER ONLY MINUTES ARE NEEDED FOR
LS MVJV MYxV KLS JPJSV [tYTPJV ,]PKLU[LTLU[L \U H\TLU[V KL SH [LT A TEMPERATURE OF O# 4HESE VALUES ARE CORRECT FOR A
WLYH[\YH KLS HN\H KL JPYJ\SHJP}U PUJYLTLU[HYm SH WYLZP}U HIZVS\[H KLS POPULATION ACCLIMATIZED TO O# *ENNER ET AL
JVUKLUZHKVY ` KPZTPU\PYm LS YLUKPTPLU[V KLS JPJSV X\L ZL THUPMLZ[HYm )T IS DEDUCED FROM THIS THAT FOR SATISFACTORY RESULTS
LU\UHKPZTPU\JP}UKLSHWV[LUJPHLStJ[YPJHNLULYHKH7VYV[YVSHKVSH TO BE ACHIEVED THE SHOCK WAVE THAT MUST BE APPLIED
WSHU[H [PLUL V[YHZ SPTP[HJPVULZ X\L ]PLULU YLNPKHZ WVY! SH [LTWLYH[\YH MUST COMPRISE THREE SECTIONS THE INITIAL SECTION
KLSYxVHN\HZKLIHQVKLSHKLZJHYNH"LSJH\KHSTxUPTVKLKLZJHYNH"SVZ LASTING FOR HOURS INDEPENDENTLY OF THE TEMPERATURE
SxTP[LZ PTW\LZ[VZ WVY LS JH\KHS Tm_PTV KL YLJPYJ\SHJP}U ,Z[H SPTP[H TO BE REACHED THE INTERMEDIATE SECTION WHERE
JP}UW\LKLPTWLKPYHSJHUaHYSH[LTWLYH[\YHKLJOVX\L[tYTPJVLULSJH THE MAXIMUM TREATMENT TEMPERATURE IS REACHED AND
MAINTAINED FOR A PERIOD OF TIME THAT WILL DEPEND ON
ZVKLIHQHZ[LTWLYH[\YHZKLSHN\HKLSYxV"`V[YHZSPTP[HJPVULZWYmJ[PJHZ
THE TARGET TEMPERATURE THE FINAL SECTION WHERE THE
KLIPKHZHSVZSxTP[LZVWLYH[P]VZ WATER IS COOLED AGAIN TO ITS INITIAL TEMPERATURE 4HIS IS
7VYSVX\LYLZWLJ[HHSVZLMLJ[VZKLS[YH[HTPLU[VWVYJOVX\L[tYTPJV ESTIMATED TO TAKE HOUR INDEPENDENTLY OF THE MAXI
LU LS ZPZ[LTH KL YLMYPNLYHJP}U WYPUJPWHS ZL THUPMPLZ[HU ImZPJHTLU[L MUM TEMPERATURE REACHED
LULSH\TLU[VKLSHWYLZP}UKLSJVUKLUZHKVY,S]HSVYKL[LTWLYH[\YH
HJLW[HISL WHYH LS [YH[HTPLU[V LMLJ[P]V JVU[YH LS 4* LZ KL V* 7VY ,IMITS OF THERMAL TREATMENT AT THE PLANT
V[YVSHKVZLJVUZPKLYHYLHSPaHYLS[YH[HTPLU[VK\YHU[LOVYHZKLTLUVZ
PTWHJ[VLJVU}TPJV3HK\YHJP}UJVTV`HZLOHJP[HKVHU[LYPVYTLU[L )T IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT THE TEMPERATURE OF
KLWLUKL KL SH [LTWLYH[\YH Tm_PTH HSJHUaHKH LZ[PTmUKVZL \UH K\YH THE COOLING WATER IS DETERMINED BY THE TEMPERATURE
OF THE RIVER WATER ABOVE THE INLET CHANNEL AND BY THE
JP}UHSVSHYNVKLSVZ[YLZ[YHTVZKL\UHZOHWYV_PTHKHTLU[L
RECIRCULATION VOLUME IN THE DISCHARGE CHANNEL 4HE
+LZKLLSPUPJPVKLSVZ[YH[HTPLU[VZKLJOVX\L[tYTPJVLULSH|V MAIN FUNCTION OF THE CIRCULATION WATER FLOW IS TO CON
LUSH*5(SVZYLZ\S[HKVZZLOHUTVZ[YHKVZH[PZMHJ[VYPVZJVUH\ZLUJPH DENSE THE EXHAUST STEAM FROM THE ,0 TURBINES WHILE
[V[HS KL JVSVUPaHJPVULZ L PUKP]PK\VZ MPQHKVZ :L JVUZ[H[H JVU LS [YH[H MAINTAINING THE COLD POINT OF THE THERMAL CYCLE )T IS
TPLU[VUVZ}SVSHH\ZLUJPHKLTLQPSSVULZHK\S[VZMPQHKVZHSHZZ\WLYMPJPLZ OBVIOUS THAT AN INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE IN THE CIRCULA
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TVQHKHZ KL SHZ JHQHZ KL HN\HZ ZPUV [HTIPtU SH H\ZLUJPH KL *LIYHZ Q} TION WATER WILL INCREASE THE ABSOLUTE PRESSURE OF THE
]LULZLULZ[HZZ\WLYMPJPLZ3HH\ZLUJPHKL4*ZLL_[PLUKLOHZ[HaVUHZ CONDENSER AND REDUCE THE PERFORMANCE OF THE CYCLE
KVUKLLSHN\HJPYJ\SHHIHQH]LSVJPKHK`LZ[Y\J[\YHZHUN\SHYLZKVUKLLZ THAT WILL BE SEEN AS A REDUCTION IN THE ELECTRICAL POWER
TmZMHJ[PISLSHWYLZLUJPHKLSTLQPSS}U GENERATED 4HE PLANT ALSO HAS OTHER LIMITATIONS RESULT
ING FROM THE TEMPERATURE OF THE RIVER DOWNSTREAM FROM
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+0:*<:0Ô5 AND THE LIMITS IMPOSED BY THE MAXIMUM RECIRCULATION
3HWYLZLUJPHKLZLYLZHS}J[VUVZMmJPSTLU[LHKHW[HISLZHSU\L]VTLKPV FLOW 4HIS LIMITATION CAN PREVENT THE THERMAL SHOCK
W\LKLU VJHZPVUHY ]LYKHKLYVZ LMLJ[VZ KL]HZ[HKVYLZ KLS LJVZPZ[LTH PUP TEMPERATURE BEING REACHED WHEN THE RIVER TEMPERATURE
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JPHS ,S 4* VYPNPUHYPV KLS 4HY 5LNYV OH PU]HKPKV \UH NYHU WHY[L KL
LIMITS ALSO EXIST
SVZYxVZL\YVWLVZUVY[LKLSVZ,Z[HKVZ<UPKVZ`MPUHSTLU[LOHSSLNH
7ITH REGARDS TO THE EFFECTS OF THE SHOCK TREATMENT
KVHSHZJ\LUJHZKLHSN\UVZYxVZKLSH7LUxUZ\SH0ItYPJH:\WYLZLUJPH ON THE MAIN COOLING SYSTEM THESE BASICALLY CONSIST OF
LZ WYLVJ\WHU[L KLZKL LS HZWLJ[V LJVS}NPJV HS[LYHUKV SHZ WYVWPLKHKLZ A PRESSURE INCREASE IN THE CONDENSER 4HE ACCEPTABLE
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WYVK\JJP}U V WHYH SVZ KPMLYLU[LZ ZPZ[LTHZ KL YLMYPNLYHJP}U HKLTmZ KLS TREATMENT AT TIMES WHEN IT WILL HAVE LESS OF AN ECO
PTWHJ[VX\LW\LKLWYV]VJHYZVIYLSHZYLKLZKLYPLNVHNYxJVSH`KLHN\H NOMIC IMPACT !S PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED THE DURATION
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YLZWL[VTm_PTVKLSHZHN\HZ`L]P[HY[VKV[PWVKL]LY[PKVZMY\[VKL\U TOTAL DURATION OF THE THREE SECTIONS BEING ESTIMATED AT
[YH[HTPLU[VKLZTLZ\YHKVVHNYLZP]VKLSHZPUZ[HSHJPVULZHMLJ[HKHZ APPROXIMATELY HOURS
<U Tt[VKV JVU JVUZLJ\LUJPHZ HZ\TPISLZ JVUZPZ[L LU WYV]VJHY \U 3INCE THE SHOCK TREATMENT WAS FIRST INTRODUCED IN
JOVX\L [tYTPJV LU SVZ ZPZ[LTHZ KL HN\H HMLJ[HKVZ KL THULYH X\L ZL #.! IN THE RESULTS HAVE BEEN SATISFACTORY WITH
L]P[LSHMPQHJP}U`ZLMHJPSP[LSHT\LY[LKLSVZHUPTHSLZMPQHKVZ A TOTAL ABSENCE OF COLONIZATION AND ATTACHED ADULTS
3VZLZ[\KPVZYLHSPaHKVZLUSH*5(YL]LSHUX\LLZ[HTVZLU\ULZ[H )T HAS BEEN OBSERVED THAT NOT ONLY IS THERE A TOTAL
KV PU]HZP]V KL TLQPSS}U ` X\L OLTVZ KL HJ[\HY LU LS JVUVJPTPLU[V KLS ABSENCE OF ADULT MUSSELS ATTACHED TO THE WET SURFACES
OF THE WATER BOXES BUT THERE ARE ALSO NO YOUNG :EBRA
JVTWVY[HTPLU[V ` LS JPJSV ]P[HS WHYH VI[LULY \UVZ YLZ\S[HKVZ }W[PTVZ
-USSELS ON THESE SURFACES 4HE ABSENCE OF :- EX
JVU[YH[HTPLU[VZUVPU]HZP]VZ3HL_WLYPLUJPHKLS[YH[HTPLU[V[tYTPJV
TENDS TO AREAS WHERE THE WATER FLOWS SLOWLY IN ANGULAR
ZVIYLSVZZPZ[LTHZKLYLMYPNLYHJP}UOHZPKVZH[PZMHJ[VYPHHWLZHYKLX\L STRUCTURES WHERE THE PRESENCE OF THE MUSSELS WOULD
ZL[LUKYmUX\LPYHKHW[HUKVHSHL]VS\JP}UKLS*LIYHHSU\L]VOmIP[H[ BE MORE LIKELY
`HSHVW[PTPaHJP}UKLS[YH[HTPLU[VJVUKH[VZOPZ[}YPJVZKLSYxVL]VS\
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MENT CHAIN WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE INVOLVED
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&
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TIVE MEASURE FOR IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE
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TO SAFETY RELIABILITY AND EFFICIENCY )T IS FOR
THIS REASON WE CONSIDER TRAINING ONE OF THE
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ING OF OUR MANY INTERESTING ACTIVITIES SO THAT A FULL
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/UR COMMUNICATION POLICY CHOOSES THEREFORE TO
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AND EXPERIENCES 7E BELIEVE THAT THIS IS A COMMIT
MENT THAT IS NOT ONLY COMPATIBLE WITH THE POLICY BUT
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TO TRANSPARENT COMMUNICATION ABOUT THE OPERATION
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