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Unit 6
Converting Equipment,
Electric Cables
6.1. Transformers
Transformers may be of the dry type, encapsulated or liquid filled type.
The temperature rise of the winding of transformers above the ambient
temperatures when measured by resistance during continuous operation at the
maximum rating is not to exceed:
a For dry type transformers, air cooled:
insulation of Class A - 50°C
insulation of Class E - 60°C
insulation of Class B - 70°C
insulation of Class F - 90°C
insulation of Class H - 110°C
b For liquid filled transformers
50°C – where air provides cooling of the fluid
65°C – where water provides cooling of the fluid
When a transformer is connected to a supply system with harmonic
distortion, the rating of the transformer is to allow for the increased heating effect
of the harmonic loading. Special attention is to be given to transformers connected
for the purpose of reducing harmonic distortion.
Transformers, except those for motor starting, are double wound. Liquid
fillings for transformers are to be non-toxic and of a type which does not readily
support combustion. Liquid filled transformers are to have a pressure relief-device
with an alarm and there is to be a suitable means provided to contain any liquid
which may escape from the transformer due to the operation of the relief device or
damage to the tank.
All transformers are to be capable of withstanding for two seconds,
without damage, the thermal and mechanical effects of a short-circuit at the
terminals of any winding. When forced cooling is used, whether air or liquid,
there is to be monitoring of the cooling medium and transformer winding
temperatures with an alarm should these exceed present limits. There are to be
arrangements so that the load may be reduced to a level commensurate with the
cooling available. The following tests are to be carried out on all transformers at
the manufacturer’s works, and a certificate of tests issued by the manufacturer:
a. measurement of winding resistance, voltage ratio, impedance voltage,
short circuit impedance, insulation resistance, load loss, no load loss
and current;
b. dielectric tests;
c. temperature rise test on one transformer of each size and type.
58 English for Marine Electrical Engineering 3
6.3.1. Testing
Routine tests consist of at least:
a) measurement of electrical resistance of conductors;
b) high voltage test;
c) insulation resistance measurement;
d) for high voltage cables, partial discharge tests are to be made in accordance
with the requirements of the relevant publications. Particular, special and type
tests are to be made, when required, in accordance with the requirements of the
relevant publications.
Elastomeric or thermosettings:
- Based upon ethylene 85 250
propylene rubber or similar
60 English for Marine Electrical Engineering 3
Mineral: 95 To be submitted
6.3.4. Construction
Electric cables are to be at least of a flame-retard type. Where electric cables are
installed in locations exposed to the weather, in damp and in wet situations, in
machinery compartments, refrigerated spaces or exposed to harmful vapours
including oil vapour they are to have the conductor insulating materials enclosed
in an impervious sheath of material appropriate to the expected ambient
conditions.
Electric cables, where it is required that their construction includes
metallic sheaths, armouring or braids, are to be provided with overall impervious
sheath or other means to protect the metallic elements against corrosion. Where
single core electric cables are used in circuits rated in excess of 20 Amps and are
armoured the armour is to be of a non-magnetic material.
Electric cables are to be constructed such that they are capable of
withstanding the mechanical and thermal effects of the maximum short circuit
current which can flow in any part of the circuit in which they are installed, taking
into consideration not only the time/current characteristics of the circuit protective
device but also the peak value of the prospective short circuit current. Where
electric cables are to be used in circuits with a maximum short circuit current in
excess of 70 kA, evidence is to be submitted for consideration when required
demonstrating that the cable construction can withstand the effects of the short
circuit current. All high voltage electric cables are to be readily identified by
suitable marking.
in such a way that there is an absence of free air circulation around them, a
correction factor of 0,85 is to be applied. Signal cables may be exempted from this
requirement. The ratings are based on an ambient temperature of 45°C.
conductor temperature at the joint, under short circuit conditions, does not exceed
160°C.
High voltage cables of the radial field type, i.e. having a conducting layer
to control the electric field within the insulation, are to have terminations which
provide electrical stress control. Electric cables having hygroscopic insulation
(e.g. mineral insulated) are to have their ends sealed against ingress of moisture.
Cable sockets and connecting terminals are to be of such design and
dimensions that the maximum current likely to flow through them will not
produce heat which would damage the insulation. The temperatures produced are
not to exceed those permitted for the cables insulating material. The fixing of
conductors in terminals at joints and at tappings is to be capable of withstanding
the thermal and mechanical effects of short circuit currents.
- 60 130
Elastomeric or thermosettings:
- Based upon ethylene - 250
propylene rubber or similar
- Based upon chemically 85 -
crosslinked polyethylene
- 95 To be submitted
Mineral: 95 -
TASK 3 Scan the text Electric cables starting with 6.3.4. and find out the
meaning of the following digits:
70 kA
0,85
45°C
12 times
400mm
900mm
2m
250 A
50mm
75mm
160°C
4 mm²
6.4. Vocabulary
armour ~ înveliş metalic
braid ~ şnur, împletitură, a împleti cablu
busbar ~ bară colectoare
bushing ~ izolator de intrare
cable bunch ~ manşon de cablu
cable run ~ traseu de cablu
cable socket ~ papuc de cablu
capacitor ~ condensator
carrier plating ~ bordajul navei
clearance ~ joc, spaţiu
clip ~ colier, bridă
compression type socket ~ papuc/priză cu compresie
conduit ~ conductor, tub protector
connecting terminal ~ bornă de legătură
66 English for Marine Electrical Engineering 3
polyethylene ~ polietilenă
polyvinyl chloride (p.v.c.) ~ clorură de polivinil
preclude ~ a exclude, a înlătura, a preveni
pressure relief-device ~ dispozitiv de reducere a presiunii
protective casing ~ tubulatură/ carcasă protectoare
radial field type ~ de tip radial
rating ~ valoare nominală, putere nominală, dimensionare, regim nominal
reactor ~ reactor
relaxation ~ micşorare, slăbire
resistivity ~ rezistivitate
restrain ~ a opri, a restrânge
rounded edge ~ margine rotunjită
routed ~ desfăşurat pe traseu
saddle ~ support, garnitură
semiconductor ~ semiconductor
sheath ~ înveliş, husă,
sheath current ~ undă electromagnetică prin fir
sheathing material ~ material de protecţie
short length ~ desfăşurare redusă
silicon rubber ~ cauciuc de silicon
sine wave current ~ current sinusoidal
single core electric cable ~ cablu cu un singur conductor
soldered socket ~ papuc/priză sudată
strap ~ clemă
support bracket ~ colţar de sprijin
tapping ~ priză, legătură de racordare
thermal insulation ~ itolaţie termică
thermoplastic ~ termoizolator
thermosetting ~ plastifiabil prin încălzire
transformer ~ transformator
tray ~ placă, bază
trefoil formation ~ formaţiune trifilară
trunking ~ magistrală
voltage spike ~ tensiune tranzitorie
vynil acetate ~ acetate de vinil
vynil chloride ~ clorură de vinil
winding ~ bobinaj; înfăşurare
withstanding ~ care contracarează/ opune rezistenţă
68 English for Marine Electrical Engineering 3
Working tools
bench vice ~ menghină de banc
box spanner ~ cheie tubulară
center punch ~ punctuator
chain block ~ palanc cu lanţ
chipping hammer ~ marţagon
chisel ~ daltă
crow bar ~ rangă cu gheare
cutting punch ~ preducea
eyebolt ~ ochet
file (flat, round and half-round) ~ pilă (plată, rotundă şi semirotundă)
file (for white metal) ~ şabăr (pentru material antifricţiune)
file brush ~ perie pentru pile
file handle ~ mâner de pilă
flash light ~ lanternă de buzunar
hacksaw frame with hacksaw ~ fierăstrău pentru metale şi pânză
hand hammer ~ ciocan de mână
lead hammer ~ ciocan de plumb
leg vice ~ menghină de mână
monkey wrench ~ cheie reglabilă
packing knife ~ cuţit pentru garniture
packing tools (hook, screw and stick) ~ instrumente pentru garnituri (cârlig,
tirbuşon şi spatulă)
parallel vice ~ menghină paralelă
pipe wrench ~ cheie pentru tubulaturi
pliers ~ patent
portable electric drill with chuck ~ maşină electrică de găurit portabilă cu
mandrină
portable electric grinder ~ polizor electric portabil
scissors for metal ~ foarfecă pentru metal
scissors for packing ~ foarfecă pentru garniture
scraper ~ răzuitoare
screw driver (cross head type) ~ şurubelniţă cap cruce
screw driver ~ şurubelniţă
screwjack with ratchet ~ cric cu şurub şi crichet
shackle ~ cheie de tachelaj
sledge hammer ~ baros
spanner ~ cheie fixă
straight shank drill ~ burghiu cu coadă cilindrică
tap and round die with case ~ trusă de taroyi şi filiere
Unit 6 Converting Equipment 69
On Friday day
Wednesday morning day + morning/afternoon/evening/night
the sixteenth of March date
Christmas Day special day
In spring season
2003 year
August month
the morning parts of the day
since shows the moment in the past the action started, looking back to that point
I haven’t seen him since I left the port.
from shows the moment the action started
The shops are open from 10 o’clock.
70 English for Marine Electrical Engineering 3
TASK 4
Exercise 1 Complete the gaps using in, at or on.
1. ………………. July
2. ………………9.00
3. ……………….Fridays
4. ……………the afternoon
5. ………….the weekend
6. ……………2006
7. ………………the evening
8. ………………Christmas
9. ………………..the last day of the week
10. …………….December 25th
Exercise 2 Are the underlined words correct or not? If they are incorrect, change
them.
1. I’ll wait by he arrives, and then I’ll go.
2. Have you seen her since we last met?
3. I have known her during a very long time.
4. They remained calm throughout the negotiations.
5. We fixed the appointment during next Tuesday.
6. I’m seeing him for about a week’s time.
7. She met her uncle for the first time during the war.
8. I hope to get to your house by 7.00 at the latest.
thirty; (9)….. Sunday there is just one bus (10)….. two o’clock. And (11)….. the
winter, the service doesn’t run at all (12)….. Sundays.