DEFINITIONS

Employee Statistic
Scope

 Hazard
 Safety Hazard
 Health Hazard
 Danger
 Safe

Hazard
Source, situation, or act with a potential for harm in terms
of human injury or ill health, or a combination of these
(OHSAS 18001:2007)

Source, situation, or act with a potential for harm in terms

of human injury or ill health and damage to property.
(MS1722:2011)
Overall work process
Source or a situation with a potential for harm in terms of
human injury or ill health, damage to property, damage to
the environment or a combination of these. (HIRARC
Guideline 2008)

Safety Hazard Specific work process – Welding process

A safety hazard is any force strong enough to cause injury,
or damage to property. An injury caused by a safety hazard
is usually obvious

Health Hazard
A health hazard is any agent that can cause illness to an
individual. A health hazard may produce serious and
immediate (acute) affects or may cause long-term
(chronic) problems.

Danger
Relative exposure to Hazards

Safe Work environment

Free from injury or disease

Scope TEMPERATURE - A comfortable temperature must be

 Activities
 Employee Statistic
 Overall work process
 Specific work process
 Work environment
Activities
Whole work place or, a separate section of a workplace:
• Geographical areas within or outside the premises
• Stages in a production process
• Stages in provision of a service
• Defined tasks (e.g., driving, window cleaning)
• Identified working groups (plumbers)
• Land use, previous property use, current property
uses and future property use
maintained. Most people work comfortably at
temperature between 20 - 26-degree Celsius
HUMIDITY -Refers to the amount of water vapor in the air.
The optimum comfort range for relative humidity is 40-60
per cent.
• Low humidity can cause dryness of the eyes,
nose and throat and may also increase the
frequency of static electricity shocks.
• High humidity, above 80% can be associated
with fatigue.
VENTILATION - Refers to the movement of the air and rate
of fresh air input. Air movement of less than 0.1 meters
per second can lead to stuffy rooms whereas above 0.2
meters per second, draughts can be felt.
OFFICE FLOOR SPACE - Workstations should be
comfortable with safe and suitable chairs and sufficient
space.
A good rule of thumb for personal space is to allocate 6.25
square meters per individual workstation, including
furniture and fitting, but excluding passageways and
amenities.
LIGHTING
• General background 200 Lux
• Routine Office work 400 Lux
• Work with poor contrast (Proof reading) 600 Lux
NOISE
a) What is the difference between sound and noise? •
sound vs. noise
• Sound: is any change in pressure that can be
detected by the ear.
• Noise: is unwanted sound.
b) At what level is it necessary to begin using some type
of personal protective equipment?
• 85dB
c) What is the purpose of noise monitoring and what is
the commonly used unit to measure sound? How
would your conduct a noise monitoring program at
your workplace?
Purposes of noise monitoring is to:
• to identify areas or equipment in the
workplace that are noisy
• to identify workers with exposures above the
action level or PEL
The identification time frame: for example, the
identification of hazards for
• workshop A must be completed in December,
• for workshop B in April and
• for workshop C in November.
Method used to identify hazard
Document Review - Hazard identification carry out based
on
• report of incident,
• Incident investigation report
• audit.
• Safety and health committee minutes
• work instruction
• Process diagram
Inspection
Inspection carried out at the workplace for hazard
identification. Picture were taken for record keeping and
evidence for reference. Checklist of inspection was used as
standards approach so that all findings recorded.
Hazard Analysis
There are several methods of hazards analysis for hazard
identification such as a Job Safety Analysis(JSA), Hazard
Operability Study(HAZOP) and Fault Tree Analysis. JSA was
used to identify hazards as it is the most suitable and
commonly used. JSA conducted by describing job task in
less than ten (10) steps. For each step, action verb use to
describe the task and list things than can go wrong and
hazards.

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Risk Assessment

Scope Qualitative and semi quantitative method uses as an
• Method used to identify hazard example.
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Control Measure • Risk is the determination of likelihood and severity
• HIRARC form of the credible accident or event sequences for
• Hazard identification exercise identified hazards. Risk assessment is the process
of evaluating the risk to safety and health arising
Method used to identify hazard from hazards at work.
Who will be responsible for the identification: for example,
it may be • Semi quantitative risk assessment used for risk
• the work place health and safety committee, assessment for its good visualisation and ease of
• or an individual or understanding. Number are used to quantify risk
• individuals appointed by the committee by multiply level of likelihood and severity.

The way in which the identification reports are processed:

for example,
• they may be compiled and processed by the
committee,
• or by individuals,
• appointed by the committee
Risk Assessment
Likelihood is level of hazardous event or situation will
occur. Likelihood rating definition is in the table. High
rating represent high probability of hazardous event will
occurs.
1. Hazards should be controlled at their source (where the
problem is created). The closer a control to the source of
the hazard is the better. This method is often referred to as
applying engineering controls.
2. If this does not work, hazards can often be controlled
along the path to the worker, between the source and the
worker. This method can be referred to as applying
administrative controls.

3. If this is not possible, hazards must be controlled at the

level of the worker through the use of personal protective
equipment (PPE), although this is the least desirable
Severity is the level of impact of a hazardous event or
control.
situation. Severity rating definition is as in the Table.

Risk is rated according to its seriousness based on

likelihood and severity rating of each hazardous event or
situation. Risk Matrix is used to quantify the risk according
to its seriousness and decided action need to be taken.
Risk matrix is as in the table.
Hazard identification exercise

• Objek licin di lantai

• Lantai licin di pejabat
• Bucu meja yang tajam di office
• Bucu C channel yang tajam di tempat kerja
• Kotak menghalang kaki penguna meja
The relative risk value can be used to prioritize necessary • Low head room
actions to effectively manage work place hazards. The • Low work station
Table determines priority based on the following ranges: • Wayar yang menghalang laluan
• Aras meja melebihi siku
• Kotak menghalang laluan di pejabat
• Cerek di tepi meja
• Kerusi yang tidak stabil
• Objek tergantung di stesen kerja
• Platform kerja yang tidak kukuh
• Jentera di laluan pejalan kaki
• Beban yang berat
• Platform kerja yang tidak rata
• Beban menghalang pandangan
• Jentera pengangkat yang tidak stabil
• Platform kerja yang sempit
Risk Control Measure • Jack yang tidak kukuh
Definition: Control is the elimination or inactivation of a • Platform yang tidak kukuh
hazard in a manner such that the hazard does not pose a • Platform yang tak ada rail
risk to workers who have to enter into an area or work on • Platform yang tak ada rail
equipment in the course of scheduled work. • Platform kerja yang sempit
• Tangga yang tidak di ikat
 • Platform kerja yang sempit
• Material yang tidak di ikat semasa grinding Hazard in work activity
• Jack yang tidak kukuh Safety Hazard
• Debu di kawasan pernafasan • Fragile cutting disk
• Gas tosik di kawasan kerja • Sharp object on the floor
• Buaya di tepi pekerja • Pinch Point
• Makanan yang terdedah • Heavy Object
• Boss yang garang • Exposed electric cable
• Kawasan kerja yang kekurangan oxygen • Hot surface
• Kawasan pemotongan yang tidak berpenghadang
• Penebat elektrik yang terdedah ( penebat yang Health Hazard
terdedah sangat mudah terkoyak dan • Fume in welding area
menyebabkan renjatan elektrik. Sepatutnya • Static work
pelindung(warna putih) hendaklah melindungi • Bright light
penebat hingga ke dalam sambungan) • Noise
• Frayed wire • Dust
• Konduktor elektrik yang terdedah
• Ruang(GAP) antara platform dan kawasan kerja Hazards based on risk rating
• Tapak kerja yang sempit
• Objek yang longgar di seiling
• Wasap di kawasan pernafasan pekerja
• Permukaan plate yang tajam di stesen kerja
• Lurang yang sempit
• Lubang lantai yang tidak ada penghadang yang
kukuh
• Bahan binaan yang tidak di ikat/susun
• Jalan tidak rata
• Longkang yang tidak ditutup
• Objek tajam yang terpacak di tempat kerja
Rationalization of Hazards
• Pulley yang terdedah/tidak berpenghadang
• Pinch point , Exposed pulley
• Frayed cable
• Bahan kimia yang tidak dikelasifikasi
• Sling yang koyak
• Bahan mudah terbakar bersebelahan dengan api
• Hose gas yang retak/bocor
• Hose minyak yang retak/reput
• Fragile disk or wheel
• Loose work rest position
• Bunyi bising dari mesin
• Pencahayaan yang malap
• Bucu yang tajam Safety and Health risk effect to the organisation.
• Pinch point Susunan material yang tidak seimbang Safety, Health and Environment
• Platform kerja yang rendah • Persons in the affected area
• Kawasan kerja yang sempit • Personnel responding to the incident
• Kabel pneumatic yang mehalang laluan • Pollution to the environment
Legal
RESULT AND DISCUSSION • Regulatory and contractual obligations
Scope Business
• Hazard in work activity • Continuity of operations and delivery of services
• Hazards based on risk rating • Property, facilities, and infrastructure loss
• Rationalization of Hazards • Reputation of the organization
• Safety and Health risk effect to the organisation. • Economic and financial condition
PROPOSAL
Scope
• Safety Hazard Control Measure
• Health Hazard Control Measure
• Review recommended control measure
• Benefits of recommended control measure to the
organization
Safety Hazard Control Measure-Fragile cutting disk
Health Hazard Control Measure- Fume in welding area
Review recommended control measure
The effectiveness of the recommended control measure
must be checked regularly. Evaluate and monitor hazard
controls via:
• Inspections
• Routine maintenance
• Audit
• Control measure register
• OSH risk register
• Health surveillance
Ask the following questions –
• have the controls solved the problem?
• is any risk to workers posed by the controls
contained?
• are all new hazards being identified?
• are significant, new hazards appropriately
controlled?
• are accident reports being analyzed?
• are any other measures required?
When to review risk assessment?
There are two types of review that are initial review and
periodic review.
• Initial review-to obtain baseline
• Periodic review-for continual improvement
Internal changes
Before modification of plants, changes in organizations
such as mergers.
Introduction of new material, machinery or processes,
working procedure.
External
Sometimes changes occur externally beyond the control
and influence of the organization. These externally changes
can have an effect on the organization. Examples of such
changes are:
• Amendments of national laws and regulations
which require new assessments in organizations.
An example of this change is and the introduction
of Occupational Safety and Health (Use and
Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to
Health) Regulations 2000.
• Developments in OSH knowledge and technology.
An example of this was new knowledge about
drugs used in chicken farming
Benefits of recommended control measure to the
organization
• Compliance to legal requirement
• Change to the suitable OSH program
• Change to the required working procedure
• Change to the desired equipment design
• Improve OSH achievement
• Safer workplace
• Batter organisation image
• Higher productivity
• Higher workers morale
PROPOSAL
Scope
• Safety Hazard Control Measure
• Health Hazard Control Measure
• Review recommended control measure
• Benefits of recommended control measure to the
organization
Safety Hazard Control Measure-Fragile cutting When to review risk assessment?
Disk Internal changes
• Before modification of plants, changes in
organizations such as mergers.
• Introduction of new material, machinery or
processes, working procedure.

External
• Sometimes changes occur externally beyond the
control and influence of the organization. These
externally changes can influence the organization.
Examples of such changes are:
• Amendments of national laws and regulations
which require new assessments in organizations.
An example of this change is and the introduction
of Occupational Safety and Health (Use and
Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to
Health Hazard Control Measure- Fume in welding area Health) Regulations 2000.
• Developments in OSH knowledge and technology.
An example of this was new knowledge about
drugs used in chicken farming.

Benefits of recommended control measure to the

organization
• Compliance to legal requirement
• Change to the suitable OSH program
• Change to the required working procedure
• Change to the desired equipment design
Review recommended control measure • Improve OSH achievement
The effectiveness of the recommended control measure • Safer workplace
must be checked regularly. Evaluate and monitor hazard • Batter organisation image
controls via: • Higher productivity
• Inspections, • Higher workers morale
• Routine maintenance,
• Audit,
• Control measure register
• OSH risk register
• Health surveillance

Ask the following questions –

• have the controls solved the problem?
• is any risk to workers posed by the controls
contained?
• are all new hazards being identified?
• are significant, new hazards appropriately
controlled?
• are accident reports being analyzed?
• are any other measures required?

When to review risk assessment?

There are two types of review that are initial review and
periodic review.
• Initial review-to obtain baseline
• Periodic review-for continual improvement