Eliana Jara Morante

Mayo, 23 de 2018
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 Contenido
• Tablas de vapor de agua:
– Lectura de propiedades termodinámicas del agua.
• Ejemplos de cálculo del Balance de Energía a procesos en
estado estacionario.

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 Problem 12
• A food company is making a liquid baby formula in aluminum cans. In
order to ensure sterility the product and the container are autoclaved.
There are 500 cans, at 100 grams each, each containing 0.75 kg of
formula. The specific heat capacities for the can and formula,
assumed to be the around the same as milk, are 0.91 kJ/kg -ºC and
3.77 kJ/kg-ºC respectively. Steam enters the autoclave at
atmospheric pressure and 100ºC. From the steam, the cans and
formula were heated to 120ºC, and then cooled to 35ºC.
– What does the pressure need to be set to in the autoclave, in order
to raise the steam temperature to 120ºC? Assume ideal gas
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 ….Problema 12
• How much cold water is required to cool down these products if it is
entering at 12ºC and leaving at 33ºC. Assume no heat loss in the
walls of the autoclave and a reference temperature of 35ºC.
• Which Is the controlling factor, the metal can or the formula? If you
were to neglect the can, how would that affect the water needed?
• How would the water mass be affected if the can was made out of
plastic? (Cp = 1.6 kJ/kg-C)

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 Problema 1
• Calcule la cantidad de calor que se proporciona en una caldera para producir
1500 kg/h de vapor saturado a 10 atm a partir de agua a 15°C. Suponiendo
que la caldera tiene una eficiencia del 90%.
• Calcule los HP de la caldera

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 Problema 2
• Para calentar un reactor se usa vapor saturado a 250°C el cual entra a la
chaqueta que rodea el reactor y sale condensador. La reacción absorbe 1000
kcal/kg de material en el reactor. Las pérdidas del calor son de 5000 kcal/h.
• Los reactivos se colocan en el reactor a 20°C y salen a 100°C. Si la carga está
constituida por 325 kg de material y tanto productos como reactivos tienen una
capacidad calorífica media de 0.78 kcal/kg-°C.
• ¿Cuántos kg de vapor de agua se requerirán por kg de carga? Supóngase que la
carga permanece en el reactor durante 1 hora.

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 Evaporation
• Evaporation and crystallization are
the main processes used in the
recovery of disolved solid from
dissolution
• Evaporation is the removal of a solid
that are not volatile
• To produce a concentrated liquid
• A priori of cristallization
• Designed for specific applications
– Single effect
– Multiple effect
– Steam recovery
– Boiling point elevation
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 Evaporators

Rising film Falling film

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 Problema 3
• Estimate the heat exchange área required for an evaporator that concentrates
4000 kg/h of Apple juice by removing 40% of the wáter content. Low pressure
steam at 120ºC is available as a heat source.
• The evaporator is run under a slight vacuum, such that the temperatura of the
boiling Apple jucie concentrate is maintained at 100ºC

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 Problema 4
• We need to concentrate a sugar solution from 5 to 20% solids in a
single effect evaporator. Steam is available at atmospheric pressure
(100ºC). A vacuum of 12 kPa is to be maintaned in the vapor space
and this pressure corresponds to steam at 50ºC. The feed of the
evaporator is 5000 kg/h. The condensate leaves the evaporator at
75ºC and the solution has a negligible elevation in boiling point.
• Calculate the steam requirements adn steam economy if the
temperatura of the feed is (a) 20ºC, (b) 80ºC
– Cp,sugar=4.187(1-xs×(0.57-0.0018×(T-20))

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Evaporator

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