THEORY AND PRACTICE TERMINOLOGIES

TERMS

2 Angle from Boat

2 Angles from Shore

Aberration

Accidental Errors

Accuracy

Adit

Aerial Camera

Aerial Photogrammetry

Aerial Photographs

Aerial Survey
Agonic Line
Aidman

Albert Cinical Equal – area Map Projection

Alidades
 Altimeter

Altimeter Barometer

Anaglyph

Analemma

Analytic Aerotriangulation

Analytical Method

Aneroid Barometer

Angle of Coverage of a Photograph Lens/ Angular field of

View
Angle of Current
Angles to the Right
Angles to the Right of Traverse
Angular Field of View / Angle of Coverage

Annual Variation

Apex

Aphylatic Projection

Approximate Contour

Arbitrary Method

Archeological Survey

Area Symbols

Assistant Chief of Party (Field Survey)

Assumed Meridian
Assumed North
 Astrolabe

Astronomical Azimuth

Atlas

Automatic Level

Automatic or Self – registering Gages

Axe man / Lineman (Field Survey)

Azimuth

Azimuth Traverse

Azimuthal Projection

Back Azimuth
Back of Roof

Backsight (BS)

Backsight Distance (BSD)

Backward Bearing

Ballistic Camera

Bank

Bar

Barometer

Barometric Leveling

Base Line

Base Maps

Basin

Bathemetric Map
Bathymetry

Beaman Stadia Arc

Bearing

Bedded Deposit

Bedrock Maps

Bench Mark (BM)

Bilby Tower
 Binocular Vision

Blunder

Bonne Projection

Bony
buoy
Bore – Hole

Borrow – pit

Borrow – pit Cross – Section

Borrow-pit Leveling

Brown Color on Maps

Brunton Compass

Builder’s Level

Builder’s Tape

Buoy

Cable length

Cadastral Land Survey

Cage
 Cahill Butterfly projection

Camera Axis

Camera Body

Camera Mount

Camera Obscura

Cartogram

Cartography

Cassini Projection

Chain of Polygons

Chain of Quadrilaterals

Chain of Triangles

Chain Survey

Chaining Pins

Chart

Check Base

Chicago Rod

Chief of Party (Field Survey)

Chief of Party (Hydrographic Survey)

Chorobates

Chronographic Projection

Chute
 City Survey

Clinometer

Closed Compass Traverse

Coast Survey Table

Coincidence Bubble

Collar

Compass

Compass Box

Compass Box (Parts of Engineer’s Transit)

Compass Rule

Compass Surveying

Compilation

Composite aerial photograph

Composite Photographs

Computer (Field Survey)

Computer Generated Maps

Conformal Map Projection

 Conic Projection

Conical Projection

Connection

Consol

Constant Multiplier

Construction Survey

Continental shelf

Contour

Contour Interval

Contour Lines

Contours

Control

Control by Traversing

Control by Triangulation

Control by Trilateration

Control Survey
 Control Surveying

Controlled Mosaic

Controlling – Point Method

Coordinate Method

Coordinatograph

Cox Stadia Computer

Coxswain (Hydrographic Survey)

Crab

Crandall Method

Cross – Cut

Cross – section
Cross – section Leveling

Cross Hairs

Cross-profile Method

Cross-section Leveling

Cumulative Error

Current Meters
 Cylindrical Projection

Daily Variation

Datum

Deep
Defence Survey
Deflection Angles
Deflection Angles Traverse

Degrees

Departure

Depression Contours

Descriptive Photogrammetry
Developing Solution

Diaphragm

Diapositive
Difference in Elevation

Differential Leveling

Diopter

Dioptra

Dip

Direct Contact Negatives

Direct Contact Positives

Direct Measurement
 Direct Methods

Direct or Spirit Leveling

Direct Vernier

Direction and Vertical Angle

Direction of a Line

Directional Theodolite

Disappearing Stadia Hairs

Discharge

Distance along a Cross Rope or Wire

Distributional Maps

Diurnal Inequality

Diurnal Tides

DMD
Double Parallel Distance

Double Vernier

Doubled-rodded Leveling

DPD

Drafting Errors

Drags and Sweeps

 Dredging Operation

Drift

Dual Strip Photographs

Dumpy Level

EBB Current
EBB Tide
Echo Sounder

Echo Sounding

Eckert Projection

Economic Maps

Electro Optical Instrument

Electronic Position Indicator

Electronic Positioning System

Elevation

Emulsion

End Lap

Engineer’s Transit

Engineering Survey
 Entry

Equal Area Projection

Equivalence Scale

Error

Error in Departure
Error in Latitude

Errors in Stadia Measurements

Estimation Method

Estimation Method

External Focusing Telescope

Extra Terrestrial Photographs

Eyepiece

Face
Fathom

Fathometer

Fathometer Attendant (Hydrographic Survey)

Fault

Fiberglass Tape

Fiducial Marks

Figure Adjustment
 Film Magazine

Film Photograph Process

Filters

Fix

Fixed Stadia Hair

Fixing Solution

Flagman (Field Survey)

Flight Lines
Flight Plan

Flight Planning

Float
Flood Current

Flood Tide

Floor
Flying Height

Focal Length

Focal Plane

Folded Vernier

Foot Wall

Foresight (FS)

Foresight Distance (FSD)

Foresters Compass

Forestry Survey

Form Lines

Forward Azimuth
Forward Bearing
Forward Lap

Full Station

Fuller projection

Gaging Section

Gaging Station

Gall Projection

Gangue
Gangway

Gas Pipe Tower

Gelatin

Gentle Slope
Geodetic Azimuth

Geodetic Control

Geodetic Level

Geodetic Rod

Geodetic Survey
 Geodetic Surveying

Geodimeter

Geographical Survey

Geological Maps

Geological Survey
Geostenography
Globe

Globe Gore

Gnomonic Chart

Gnomonic Projection

Goode Interrupted Homolosine Projection

Gothic

Gothic Letters

Gradient

Grads

Graphic Scale

Graticule (or grid)

Gray Color on Maps

Great Circle

Green Color on Maps

Grid Grticule

Grid Meridian

Grid North

Ground Camera
 Ground Nadir

Guide Copy

Gunter’s Chain

Gyro System

Hachure

Hachuring

Hammer Aitoff Projection

Hand Level

Hanging Wall

Haskel Meter

Head Tapeman (Field Survey)

Headframe

Heading

Heave

Height of Instrument
 Heterohedral Projection

High oblique aerial photograph

High Water

Hoff Meter

Holiday

Horizontal Control Surveys

Horizontal Line

Horizontal Surface

Horizontal Vertical Controls

Hydrographic Chart

Hydrographic Map

Hydrographic Survey

Hydrographic Surveying

Hydrography

Hydrologic radius
Hypsography

Hypsometric map

Incline

Index Contours

Index Error

Indirect Measurement
 Indirect Methods

Industrial Survey

In-Range

Instrument Man (Field Survey)

Instrument Man (Hydrographic Survey)

Instrumental Errors

Interior Angel Traverse

Interior Angle

Intermediate Contours

Intermediate Foresight

Internal Focusing Telescope

Interpretative Photogrammetry

Intersection

Intervalometer

Invar Tape

Irregular Variation

Isoclinic Line
Isoclinic Line

Isogonic Chart

Isogonic Line
 Isolated Land Survey

Isopach Maps

Isopleths

Isostasy

Johnson Type Table

Kiloparsec

Laborde Map Projection

Lambert Projection

Land Survey

Land Use maps

Land Utilization Map

Laplace Station

Large-scale Maps

Laser Level

Latitude

Layer Tinting
 Leadline

Leadsman (Hydrographic Survey)

Least Square Method

Leather Thongs

Ledge
Legend

Lens

Lens Cone Assembly

Lens Distortion

Lensatic Compass

Lettering

Level Circuit (or loop)

Level Line

Level Surface

Level Vial

Leveling

Leveling Head assembly

Leveling Rod

Leveling Screws

Levels
 Libella

Line of Collimation

Line of Sight

Line Symbols

Linear Error of Closure (LEC)

Lithofacies Maps

Lithography

Local Attraction

Location Survey
Lode
Log

Long Focal Length

Longitude

Lookout (Hydrographic Survey)

Loran / Long Range Navigation

Lovar Tape

Low oblique aerial photograph

Low Water

Lower Clamp
Lower Plate (Parts of Engineer’s Transit)
Lower Tangent Screw
Loxodrome

Lumitidal Interval

Lunar Variation
 Magazine
Magnetic Bearings

Magnetic Declination

Magnetic Dip

Magnetic Meridian

Magnetic Meridian Arrow

Magnetic Needle

Magnetic North

Magnification

Manhole

Map

Map Projections

Map Scales

Map Symbols

Map Titles

Marker Buoy

Mean Ground Elevation

Mean Low Water

Mean Low water Spring

Mean Lower Low Water

Mean Sea Level

Measurement

Measuring Wheel

Medium-scale Maps

Mercator Projection

Merchet

Mercurial Barometer

Meridian Arrow

Meridians

Metallic Tape

Meteorological Maps

Meter
 Metrical Photogrammetry

Micrographics

Microwave Instrument

Mill hole

Miller Projections

Mils

Mine Survey

Mistakes

Mixed Tides

Mollweide Homolographic Projection

Monocular
Monocular Photogrammetry

Mosaic

Most Probable Value

 Multi – lens Camera

Natural Errors

Neatline

Nodal Points

Non – Metallic Tape

Non – recoding Gages

Non-Portable Fathometers

Normal Projection

Nylon-Coated Steel Tape

Objective Lens

Oblique Photographs

Oblique Projection

Odometer

Old English Lettering

Old Growth Dipterocarf Forest

Open Compass Traverse

Optical Plummet (Parts of Engineer’s Transit)

 Optical Rangefinder

Optics

Ore
Ore Shoot

Orientation

Orthodrome

Orthographic Projection

Orthophotograph

OTT Meter

Outcrop

Overlap

Pace

Pace Factor
Pacer (Field Survey)
Pacing

Paleogeologic Maps

Panoramic Camera

Parallel Distance

Parallel Geodetic

Parallels

Passageway

Passometer
 Patent

Pedometer

Pedometer
Peep-sight Alidades

Percent or Grade

Personal Errors

Perspective Center

Philadelphia Rod

Philippine Transverse Mercator

Phosphor-Bronze Tape

Photocopy Process

Photogrammetric Method

Photogrammetry

Photograph

Photograph Nadir

Photomaps

Phototheodolite

Phototriangulation
 Pillar

Pink Color on Maps

Placer

Plain Pocket Compass

Plane Surveying

Plane Table

Plane Table Leveling

Plane Table Rods

Plane Table Sheet

Plane Table Surveys

Planimeter

Planimetric Map

Plate Level Vial (Parts of Engineer’s Transit)

Plate Verniers (Parts of Engineer’s Transit)
Plateau

Plumb Bob

Plumb Bob Chain

Plumb Line

Plus Station

Point of View

Point Symbols

Polar Chart
 Polyconic Projection

Portable Fathometers

Portolan Charts

Position Fixing

Power Supply

Precise Rod

Precision

Preliminary Survey

Price Meter

Principal Cause of Tide

Principal Point

Principal Station

Prismatic Compass

Probability

Probable Error

Profile
 Profile Leveling

Profile Paper

Projection

Prop

Pseudoscopic Effect

Pygmy Meter

Quadrant

Race

Radar

Radar Direction Finder

Radian

Radiation

Radio Acoustic Ranging

Raise

Range

Range Finder
Range Lights

Range Lines
 Range Pole

Rear Tapeman (Field Survey)

Reciprocal Leveling

Reconnaissance

Reconnaissance Survey

Recorder (Field Survey)

Recorder (Hydrographic Survey)

Rectangular Weir

Rectification

Red
Red Color on Maps
Reef

Register mark

Registering Scheme
Reinhardt

Reinhardt Letters

Relative Error of Closure

Relative Precision / Error

Relative Relief
Reliable Error
Relief

Relief Displacement

Relief map
 Relief Model

Relief or Terrain Model

Repeating Theodolite

Representative Fraction

Resection

Residual

Retrograde Vernier

Rhumbline or Loxodrome
Rib

Ridge and Stream Linings

Right of Symbols

Rise and Fall Method of Leveling

Roadway Cross – section

Rod Floats

Rod Level

Rod Ribbon

Rodman (Field Survey)

Roelef’s Solar Prism

 Rolling Rules

Roman Groma

Roman Letters
Roof

Room

Route Survey

Rubber Band Method

Run-off
Rutter

Scale

Scale Ratio

Scribing

Seam
Secondary Cause of Tide

Secular Variation

Seculiar Variation

Self reducing Stadia Instruments

Self-indexing Alidade

Self-Reading Rod

Semi Controlled Mosaic

Semicircumferentor
 Semidiurnal Tides

Semotics
Series maps

Serif

Set

Sextant

Shades
Shadient Relief

Shading

Shaft

Shoal

Shoran / Short Range navigation

Short Focal Length

Shutter

Sidelap

Signalman (Hydrographic Survey)

Sill
Simple Curve

Single – base Method

Single – lens Camera

Single Vernier
 Single-lens Camera

Sinusoidal Projection

Skyhook

Slack Water

Slope

Small-scale Maps

Smooth Sheet

Soil Maps

Solar Prism Attachment

Sounding

Sounding Craft

Sounding Lead

Sounding Machine

Sounding Pole

Sounding Vessel

Spad

Spatial Model

Speedometer

Spherical Coordinate System

 Spherical Excess

Spheroid

Spiral Curve

Spline

Spot Heights

Spread between end distance of respective area

Squeeze

Stadia

Stadia Constant

Stadia Diagrams

Stadia Hair

Stadia Interval Factor

Stadia Leveling

Stadia Reduction Table

Stadia Rod

Stadia Slide Rule

Stadia Traverse

Stand

Stand

Standard
 Star Projection

Star Projection

Station

Station Adjustment

Stationing

Statistical Maps

Stay Line

Steel Tape

Steep Slope

Stenciling

Stepping Method

Steradian

Stereographic Projection

Stereometric Maps

Stereopair

Stereophotogrammetry

Stereoplotter
 Stereoplotting

Stereoscope

Stereoscopic vision

Stereoscopy

Stereotriangulation

Stereovision

Stopes

Stratum
Stream
Stream Gaging

Stream Gaging

Strength of Figure

Stride

Strike

Strip Camera

Stull

Subaqueous Contours

Substance Bar

Subsurface Floats

Subsurface Floats

Sump
Sunflower Machine
Super Wide Angle Lenses

Supplemental Contours
 Surface Floats

Surface Floats

Survey Buoys

Surveying

Surveyor’s Compass

Sweep Bar

Symbols

Systematic Error

Table Instability

Tables

Tacheometry

Tachymetry

Tag Line

Tape Clamping Handles

Tape Rod

Tape Thermometer

Target

Target Rod
 Technician (Field Survey)

Tectonic Maps

Telemeter

Telescope

Telescope Clamp (Parts of Engineer’s Transit)

Telescope Tangent Scrow (Parts of Engineer’s Transit)

Telescopic Alidade

Tellurometer

Template Method

Tension Handle

Terrestrial Photogrammetry

Terrestrial Photographs

Theatrum Orbis Terrarum

Thematic Map

Three-arm Protractor

Three-color process
Three-point Resection

Three-wire Leveling

Throw

Tick

Tidal Bore

Tidal Currents

Tidal Datum’s

Tidal Day

Tidal Day

Tidal Gauge

Tidal Waves

Tide

Tide Gage

Tide Range

Tilt

Tints

Tip (dip?)
 Titling levels

Tone
Topocartography

Topographic Maps

Topographic Survey

Topography

Trace – Contour Method

Trachographic Relief Drawing

Transform Plate boundary

Transit

Transit as a Level

Transit Compass

Transit Rule

Transverse Mercator Projection

Trapezoidal Weir

Traverse

Traverse Lines
 Traverse Station

Traverse Survey

Traverse Table

Traversing

Triangle and Scale Method

Triangular Weir

Triangulation

Triangulation Stations

Triangulation System

Trigonometric Leveling

Trilateration

Trimetrogon Photographs

Triple Strip Photographs

 Tripod Shoes

Tripod Spur

True Meridian

True Meridian Arrow

True North

Tunnel

Turning Point (TP)

Two – base Method

Two-point Method

Two-point Resection

Uncontrolled Mosaic

Underground Survey

Universal Transverse Mercator

Upper Clamp (Parts of Engineer’s Transit)

Upper Plate (Parts of Engineer’s Transit)

Upper Tangent Screw

Utilitymen (Field Survey)

Vacuum Line

Vane Meter

Vanishing Point
Vein

Venture meter
 Vernier

Vertical Aerial Photograph

Vertical Circle (Parts of Engineer’s Transit)

Vertical Control

Vertical Control Surveys

Vertical Exaggeration

Vertical Photographs

Vertical Velocity Curve Method

Viewfinder

Vinylite

Wall

Waste
Weir

Wide Angle Lens

Winze

Wire Drag

Wire Sweep

Wires

Wooden Stake or Hub

Wooden Tower
 Wye Level

Xerography

Zeiss Stereoponigraph & The Balplex

Zoological & Botanical Maps
Y AND PRACTICE TERMINOLOGIES

DEFINITION
Application of 2-point problem. The position of a boat in sounding could be located and
plotted on a map, 2 angles need to be simultaneously observed from the boat to 3 fixed
points on shore.
Common method of locating soundings is to observe directions to the boat
simultaneously from two instrument stations.
A defect in an optical image caused by the effect of the fact that essentially no lens
system can form a perfect image.

These errors are purely accidental in character. The occurrence of such errors are
matters of chance as they are likely to be positive or negative, and may tend in part to
compensate or average out according to laws of probability. Likely to be positive or
negative, and may tend in part to compensate or average according to laws of
probability. An error, sometimes designated as an irregular error, produced by irregular
causes whose effects upon an individual no fixed law connecting them governs
observations and it can never be subjected to a prior computation.

Indicates how close a given measurement is the absolute or true value of the quantity
measured. It implies the closeness between related measurements and their expectations.

An approximately horizontal underground passageway for drainage or ventilation.

Is used to obtain photographs from which required data can be extracted. It is similar in
function to a surveying instrument since it is used to gather data about particular objects
in the field.
Type of photogrammetry used when single photographs are taken from an aircraft

These are photographs of the terrain taken by a precision camera mounted in an

airplane, balloon or spacecraft flying over the area. Art, science or process of taking
aerial photographs. These are photographs of the terrain taken by a precision camera
mounted in an airplane, balloon or spacecraft flying over the area.

Carried out by taking photographs w/ camera fitted in an airplane.

Lines w/ zero (0) declination.
Renders first aid treatment to members of the survey party.

An equal area ma projection of conical type, on w/c the meridians are straight lines that
meet in a common point beyond the limits of the map, and the parallels are concentric
circle whose center is at the midpoint of intersection of the meridians.

Instrument used on the plane table for taking sights and drawing lines when locating
points on the map.
Precise aneroid barometers designed specifically for surveying applications

This instrument is usually employed in exploratory and reconnaissance surveys, in

establishing vertical control fro-photogrammetric surveys, and in topographic surveys
for the production of small-scale maps. Determining elevations, which require degrees
of precision commonly acceptable for most of the engineering constructions. The
instrument allows leveling work to be performed over a large area in just a short period
of time since they are lightweight and very portable.

A picture printed or projected in complimentary colors combining the two images of a

stereoscopic pair and giving a stereoscopic image, when the viewed through spectacles
having filters of corresponding complementary colors.
8- shaped figure used to show where the sun is directly overhead for each day of the
year when the local mean time is 12 noon on the meridian upon w/c the analemma is
centered.
Involves the solution of the spatial problem by computational routines.
Arithmetical computations are employed where high accuracy is desired in locating
contour lines.

It was invented by Lucien Vidie of France in 1843. It basic element is a partially

evacuated box with flexible metal which diaphragm consists of two cupped discs thin
chamber from which air is removed. The instrument function by using a airtight metal
box which responds to changes of pressure. It functions by using an airtight metal box,
which responds to changes in air pressure.

The apex angle of the core of rays passing through the front nodal point of the lens.

The difference in angle direction between two currents of any bodies of water.
Measured clockwise from the preceding line to the succeeding line.
Employed when numerous details are to be located from the traverse stations.
Angle measured at the apex of the usable cone of rays entering the camera lens.
It is another form of periodic swing taken by the magnetic meridian with respect to the
true meridian.
A portion of the surface of the undistributed rock formation which is included between
the walls or sides of the mineral deposit
A projection w/c is neither an equal area or conformal projection.

Portray a reasonable idea of relative elevations. When the area to be map is inaccessible.

Adjustment is employed in discretionary manner according to the surveyor’s assessment

of the conditions surrounding the survey.
Done to unearth the relies of antiquity civilizations, kingdoms, towns buried due to
earthquakes and are located, marked and identified.
It is employed to portray different types of cartographic details such as bodies of water,
vegetations, and various ground features.
Conducts ground reconnaissance and investigates sites of a proposed project to gather
necessary data prior to the start of the survey work.
Arbitrary chosen fixed line of reference w/c is taken for convenience.
Used to portray the location of any arbitrarily chosen north point,
Hipparchus, 140 BC, improved by Ptolemy had a metal circle w/ a pointer hinged at its
center and held by a ring at the top and a cross staff a wooden rod about 1.25 m long w/
an adjustable cross arm at the right angles to it. Determines distances and angles by
proportion. Originally designed for measuring the altitude of the stars.

One obtained from direct astronomical observations dependent upon the plumb line.

A book of maps.
Self-leveling features are incorporated in automatic levels. This type of level has
become popular for conventional leveling work because of the ease and speed of their
operation. It does not use a level vial and its ability to level itself depends upon the
action of a complex pendulum-and-prism device.
Provide a continuous record of the variation of tide with the passage of time and which
will operate unattended for a number of days.
Clears the line of sight of trees, etc. He is also responsible also for the security and
safety of the members of the survey party on the site.
Common method used in designating the direction of a line. The azimuth of a line is its
direction as given by the angle between the meridian and the line measured in a
clockwise direction from either the north or the south branch of the meridian.
Quickest and most satisfactory method where at one set – up of the transit or theodolite
several angles or directions can be determined.

Is one on which the direction of all lines radiating from the center of the map have the
same directions as the corresponding lines on the surface of the earth. Constructed by
projecting a portion of the earth onto a plane from some eye point. The projection of a
part of the globe upon a plane from a given eye point. Great circles passing through the
center of projection appear as radiating straight lines of true directions and points that
are equally distant from the center of projection on the distortion is equal for all places
that are equally distant from the center are common to all azimuthal projections.
Usefully employed when preparing maps of the polar regions. Orthographic projection,
Stereographic projection, Gnomonic projection, Azimuthal equidistant, Polar
stereographic, Azimuthal equal area projection.

The exact reverse of the forward azimuth. These direction differ by 180 degrees.
The top pf passageway.

A reading taken on a rod held on a point of known or assumed elevation. It is measured

vertical distance from the established line of sight to the point sighted, and always the
first rod reading taken after the instrument has been set up and leveled. It is referred to
as plus (+S) sights since they are added to the elevation of the points being sighted to
determine the height of the instrument. A procedure wherein a sight is taken from the
position of the plane table at a known and plotted point to another known and plotted
point.

It is measured from the center if the instrument to the rod which is backsight is taken.
It is the bearing of the same line observed in forward bearing but in the opposite
direction.
A large camera w/c is set up at a selected ground station and used to obtain photographs
of orbiting artificial satellites against a dark background.

The ground bordering a lake, river or sea of forming the edge of a cut or a narrow.

A ridge or succession of ridges of sand or other substance extending across the mouth of
a river or harbor and which may obstruct navigation.

Is an instrument use for measuring variations in atmospheric pressure. It can also be

used to determine the relative elevations of points on the earth’s surface since
atmospheric pressure varies with the altitude above or below sea level. The first
barometer was devised by the Italian mathematician Evangelista Torricelli in 1643.

Involves the determination of differences in elevation between points by measuring the

variation in atmospheric pressure at each point by means of a barometer. This leveling
method depends on the basis principle that differences in elevation are proportional to
the differences in atmospheric pressure. The determination of difference in elevation
between two points by measuring the variation in atmospheric pressure at each point by
means of a barometer.

Is one of the lines in a triangulation system whose length is precisely measured and its
true direction determined by astronomical observations.
A map or chart showing certain fundamentals in formation used as a base upon which
additional data of specialized are compiled
Sheltered body of water available for port operations connecting either with the sea or
with an outer port.
Shows land or submarine bottom relief represented as contours, ocean.
Relating to the measurements of oceans or other water depths.
Convenient method of directly reading the horizontal and vertical stadia distance. Also
called the Stadia Circle.
The direction of a line may be described by giving its bearing. A quadrantal system is used to
specify bearings such that a line may fall under one of the following quadrants: NE, SE, NW, and
SW.
An ore deposit of tabular from that lies horizontally or slightly inclined and is common
to the stratification of the enclosing rocks.
Show the geological formation that is either exposed at the surface or overlain by
surface deposits. Such maps are essential for construction projects and mineral
exploration.

Is a fixed point of reference whose elevation is either known or assumed. They maybe
permanent or temporary. They serve as points of reference for levels in a given locality
and their elevations are determined by precise leveling methods. Permanent bench
marks (PBM) are those which are established at intervals throughout the country by the
Philippine Coast Guard and Geodetic Surveys (PCGS) or the Bureau of Lands.

Made of steel and similar in construction to those used for windmills. Made in sections
so that any ht. In multiples of 7 ft. can be obtained up to 126 ft.
Seeing the same object with both eyes at the same time.

A large mistake is referred to as blunder. Mistakes and blunders are not classified as
errors because they usually are so large in magnitude when compared to errors.

Named after Rigobert Bonne. Useful when an easily constructed equal – area projection
is desired for an area where tables needed to construct it are not available. The
meridians are all curved except the central meridian and they intersect the parallels at
nearly right angles. It is an equal – area projection and shapes of geographical features
near the central meridian are accurately portrayed. Distortion increases progressively
towards the left and right.

A floating object moose to the bottom in a particular place, as an aide to navigation or

for other specified purposes.
A hole, sometimes a great depth, drilled for exploration or to facilitate operations.
An open area w/c is actually adjacent to a construction project where suitable fill
material is excavated.
Cross – section are also employed in the construction of structures and buildings, and in
the excavation of barrow – pits.
Is a method of determining the relative elevations of points in borrow-pit excavations
for the purpose of calculating volumes of earthwork. This type of work is usually
encountered in the construction of roads and railroads.

Used to show relief or height features, and the configuration of the ground surface such
as those portrayed by contours, contour numbers, hachure, cuts and fills.

It is one of the most versatile and widely used compass. It combines the features of a
prismatic compass, sighting compass, hand level, and clinometers.
This instrument is used primarily in the different phases of building construction where
a high degree of precision is not a primary requisite. Engineers, architects, and builders
use it in the setting of concrete forms, batter roads, and in establishing grades for
earthwork.

Have smaller cross sections and are lighter in weight than surveyor’s tapes. Since most
building plans prepared by engineers and architects carry dimensions in feet and inches,
it is graduated in those units. Tapes having smaller cross-sections and are lighter in
weight than the engineer’s tape.

Is a floating object anchored in place in a body of water by a heavy weight to which the
buoy is attached by a rope or chain. It may be made of wood, plastic, metal, or other
suitable material, which floats in water.
A unit of distance originally equal to the length of a ship anchor cables, but now
generally considered being about 500 ft.
A survey relating to land boundaries and subdivisions, made to create units suitable for
transfer or to define transfer of title Extensive urban and rural surveys made to plot the
details such as boundaries of fields, houses and property lines.
Elevators for workers and materials in mineshaft.
Has 4 lines w/c are cut in half to form 8 curvilinear triangles. Equal – area provides
sufficiently accurate scales. Each octants portrays up to 90♀ of latitude and 90♀ of
longitude.
Is the line passing through the center of the camera axis worth either the picture plane or
camera plate.
Is a one-piece casting which houses the drive mechanism for the shutter assembly and
the magazine.
A device, which is used to attach the camera to the aircraft. It is secured over an
opening in the bottom of the mount.
A dark box or room which has a small hole in the center of one wall to admit light from
the outside.
A highly abstracted on map in which actual outlines or locations are distorted to express
geographic concept.
the art and science of making maps and charts, globes and relief models.
Projection constructed by calculating the arc along a geographic meridian and along a
great circle w/c is orthogonal to meridian and is plotted as rectangular coordinates on
the plane.
This triangulation system is composed of a group of triangles having within it as a
station which is at vertex common to all the triangles.
It is the most commonly used triangulation system. It is best adopted to long and narrow
surveys where a high degree of precision is required.
It is the simplest form of triangulation system since it involves a minimum of angular
measurements and calculations for the amount of area covered.
Used of survey of very small open field. Consist of linear measurement only.
Also known as surveyor’s arrow or taping pins. They are stuck on the ground to mark
the ends of measured tape lengths or partial tape lengths, and may also used in place of
wooden hubs or stakes.
Map used for navigation in air or in water, and it is a large special purpose map or
diagram.
One of the lines in a triangulation system whose length is also precisely measured and
may be located at regular intervals or at the end of triangulation system. It serves as a
check for triangulation computations involving lengths of lines.
Comes in 3 sliding sections and usually extends to either 3 or 4 meters.
He is responsible of the overall direction, supervision, and operational control of the
survey party, also he is responsible for its logistical and technical requirements and
problems of the field survey operation.
The person who directs all survey operations of the party. He is responsible for the
accurate gathering of the required survey data, which will be needed in the preparation,
and compilation of hydrographic chart.
Designated for leveling work. Consists of a horizontal straight – edge about 6 m long w/
supporting legs and a groove 2.5 cm deep and 1.5 m long on top.
Any map representing large countries or continents on a small scale.
A channel or through underground or inclined through above ground, through which ore
falls or is shot by gravity from a higher to lower level.
Extensive survey of the area in and around the city for fixing reference monuments,
locating and improving property lines, and determining the configuration and features of
the land.

Adapted for measuring vertical angles. It is usually 15 cm long device, which consists
of a metal sighting tube with a level bubble. It is used to keep the tape ends equal
elevations when measuring over rugged terrain, in approximately determining
differences in elevation of points, and in other field operations where it is required to
produce a level sight.

It is consists of series of lines of known lengths and magnetic bearings which forms a
closed loop, or begin and end at the points whose positions have been fixed by other
surveys of higher precision.
This type of table is the most stable and has a 24” by 31” inches drawing surface.

This type of bubble is used on most modern and precise instruments such as the tilting
and automatic levels. It employs an optical device, which splits the bubble
longitudinally, then turns one end around to make it appear adjacent to the other end.

Term applied to the timber structure mounted around the entrance and mouth of the
tunnel.
Is a hand held instrument for determining horizontal direction of a line with reference to
the magnetic meridian. 13th century.
It is an instrument that has a horizontal circle, which is graduated from 0 to 90 degrees
in each quadrant. Used for the establishing the magnetic meridian and allow rough
checks on measured angle.
Used for the establishing the magnetic meridian and allow rough checks on measured
angle.

Bowditch Rule (Nathaniel Bowditch. The correction to be applied to the latitude or

departure of any course is equal to the total closure in latitude or departure multiplied by
the ratio of the length of the course to the perimeter of the traverse.

One of the most basic and widely practiced methods of determining the relative location
of points where a high degree of precision is not required.
Production of a new or improved map or chart from existing maps or charts, aerial
photographs, surveys, new data, and other sources
Two or more aerial photographs taken at the same time by a multi lens camera.
Is made by joining several photographs taken at a single camera station usually by a
multi-lens camera.
Performs all computations of survey data and works at necessary computational checks
required in a fieldwork computation.
Used to store cartographic information in digital form that can be processed and
retrieved in graphic form using automated graphics systems.
A projection in which the shape of any small area remains unchanged.
A group of projections which are divided from the concept of projecting the parallels
and meridians of a globe upon a tangent or a secant, cone and developing the cone.

Are derived fro ma tangent or secant cone that can be developed. The globe is projected
upon a cone w/c is opened up along of its elements and laid out flat. A constant scale is
maintained w/ distortions increasing away from the standard parallel (parallels of
tangency and secancy). The meridians are shown at straight lines radiating from a point
representing the pole. Suitable fro mapping geographical features w/c are located in the
middle latitudes. Perspective conic projection, Boone projection, Polyconic projection,
Lambert Conformal projection, Albers equal area.

A passageway driven from one part of underground workings to another.

A long–range electronic navigational aid, with each station transmitting a rotating

pattern of electronic signals consisting of a series of dots and dashes in alternate sectors

Interior focusing telescope, the horizontal distances from the instrument to the pole =
CS; where C is called the Constant multiplier and is made 100.
Undertaken at a construction site to provide data regarding grades, reference lines,
dimensions, and the location and elevation of structures.

A zone adjacent to a continent for ground or island extending from the low water line to
the depth at which there is usually a marked increase of slope to greater depth.

An imaginary line on the ground, all points of which are at the same elevation above a
specified datum surface.

Constant vertical distance between two adjacent contour lines. the vertical distance
between contours. It is the constant vertical distance between two adjacent contour lines.

The most widely used method of quantitatively representing hills, mountains,

depression, and ground surface undulations on a two dimensional sheet of paper is by
contour lines or isohypses.
Traces which result from passing parallel, equally spaced, horizontal surfaces through
the three–dimensional land surface and projecting these traces orthogonally to the map
surface.
Framework or a skeleton of a survey consisting of established stations whose relative
positions have been established accurately and from which the details of the map are
determined.
A series of horizontal distances and directions are observed to connect points whose
positions are to be determined.
Consist of networks of geometric with almost all of the angles measured directly in the
field and with relatively few sides measured.
The lengths of the sides of a series of triangulations are measured and the angles are
computed from the lengths. Most computed among the (3).
Consists of triangulation or traversing.
Is referred to as the determination of the precise position of a number of stations, which
are distributed over a large area. The established stations of the system serve as the basis
for originating or checking other subordinate surveys for engineering projects.

A mosaic oriented and scaled to horizontal ground control.

Method of obtaining contours is considered to be one of the most universal application.
It is applicable to practically every type of terrain and condition encountered in
topographic mapping. Obtaining contours is considered to be one with the most
universal applications. Locating and plotting contours of a given area is utilized a grid
or coordinate system.

One way of locating and plotting the contours of a given area is to utilize a grid or
coordinate system.
Instrument used to plot in plane coordinate.
A fast device used for reducing stadia observations. It use serves as an independent
method of checking computations previously made in the field.
The person who is responsible foe steering the boat on selected compass bearings or
ranges.
Defined as the angle of deviation from the flight plan is the selection of a flying height
from which the photographs are to be taken.
Prof. C.L. Crandall, suitable for use when the linear measurement made are less precise
than the angular measurement.
A horizontal opening driven from the shaft to a vein across the course of the vein in
order to reach the ore zone.
Short profiles taken perpendicular to the centerline of projects.
Representation of ground surface on either side of the centerline.
The cross hairs consist of a pair of lines, which are perpendicular to each other, and are
used to define the instrument’s line of sight. They are mounted on a reticule or cross-
hair ring near the eyepiece of the telescope and located at the principal focus of the
objective optimal system.
Principally used in locating contours along a route or other narrow area of terrain.

In highway or railroad constructions it is often necessary to obtain a representation of

the ground surface on either side of the centerline. Short profiles at right angles to the
line of work are usually plotted at regular intervals for this purpose. This type of data is
obtained in the field by a process referred to as cross-section leveling. Short profiles at
right angles to the line of work are plotted at regular intervals for obtaining a
representative of the ground surface on either side of a centerline in highway or railroad
construction.

Is the same as systematic error. This error will repeat itself in other measurements, still
maintaining the same sign, and thus will accumulate. Also called systematic error.

Is an instrument used for the indirect measurement of velocity in streams.

A group of projections with horizontal parallels and evenly set vertical meridians. Also
known as an equirectangular projection. Meridians are all equally spaced lines w/
spacing proportional to their true spacing on the equator. Scale is different along
different latitudes and scale along a meridian is not the same as the scale along a
parallel. Exaggerated toward the poles. No practical value for it is not conformal nor
equal area.

It is also called diurnal variation, is an oscillation of the compass needle through a cycle
from its mean position over 24-hour period.
Is any convenient level surface coincident or parallel with mean sea level to which
elevations of a particular area are referred. Any surface may be used as a datum when
relative elevations over a limited area needs to be established.
an absolute term which was generally restricted to depths greater than 600 m.
Provide strategic information that can decide the course of a war.
Angle between a line and the prolongation of the preceding line.
Used frequently for location survey of roads, etc.
The sexagesimal system is used in which the circumference of a circle is divided into
360 parts or degrees. Angle in degrees that a line makes with the horizontal.
Horizontal component of a traverse line wherein the multiplied by the sine of the
bearing angle of the line. Are east and west lines having westerly bearings.
Are drawn to show low spots such as excavations around which contours close. Show
low spots as excavations around the which contour close.
Determining the nature of objects imagined in photographs.
A chemical solution used to bring out the latent image at a negative or print
It is the physical opening of the lens system. This is positioned mid-way between the
lens elements.
A photographic positive print or glass or film
The vertical distance between the two level surfaces in which the points lie.
Is the process of determining the difference in elevation between two or more points
some distance apart. It requires a series of set-ups of the instrument along a general
route and, for each set-up, a rod reading back to the point of known elevation and
forward to a point of unknown elevation are taken.
Greeks sometime in 130 BC, used fro measuring horizontal and vertical angles,
leveling, laying off right angle.
Heron of Alexandra, used in leveling and for measuring horizontal and vertical
distances. Consists essentially of a copper tube supported on a standard and could be
rotated in either a horizontal or vertical plane.
The angle at which beds on strata are inclined from the horizontal plane.
A commonly employed form copying at the same scale as the original is the standard
blueprint process.
Original drawing to be copied have to be prepared in translucent materials. Diazo
reproduction process on a printing paper sensitized with light sensitized diazo
compounds and exposed to the sun or any UV light.
Comparison of the measured quantity w/ a standard measuring unit or units employed
for measuring a quantity of that kind.
The procedure involves the location and marking of a series of points on each contour
line. Are those in w/c the contours to be plotted are actually traced out in the field.

Is the commonly employed method of determining the elevation of points some distance
apart by a series of set ups of a leveling instrument along a selected route. The most
precise method of leveling.

In this type of vernier the main scale and the vernier scale are read in the same direction.
Direct verniers are widely used in surveying instruments such as the transit.

Convenient method of locating soundings when there is a cliff.

Defined as the horizontal angle by which the line makes with the line of reference.

The horizontal circle remains fixed during a series of observations. Reading on a

directional theodolite represents the mean of two diametrically opposed sides of the
circle.
The stadia hair are set in a separate diaphragm from vertical and horizontal cross – hair
of the telescope.

The volume of water flowing past a section of a stream, canal, flume, and other
waterways. It is usually expressed in cubic feet per second or cubic meters per second.

Locating soundings by stretching a graduated wire or cross rope across a narrow stream.
Suitable for surveying detailed cross – sections of rivers and channels.
Distributional, thematic, or statistical maps depict the spatial variation of any
phenomena on the earth’s surface.

the difference between the heights of two high tides or two low tides during a tidal day.

Are those, which, in the long run, display but one low water each day. Such types of
tides are found in the Gulf of Mexico, near Alaska, the Philippines, and the coast of
China.
Defined as the shortest from the midpoint of the line to the reference meridian.
It is twice its parallel distance.

It is consists of two parts; a vernier on the left and another identical vernier on the right.
Each one is graduated and runs in an opposite direction from the common index point.

Is a method of determining differences in elevation between points by employing two

level routes simultaneously. The advantage of this methods is it provides a continuous
check on the process of determining ground levels while the work is in progress.

Defined as the distance from the midpoint of the line to the reference parallel.
The precision with which the rays or lines are drawn largely affects the accuracy of the
plane table mapping.
The method of taking leadline soundings at certain intervals will usually give a
satisfactory representation of the shape of the bottom of a body of water, which is
uniform, and without abrupt changes.
Is the process of widening, enlarging, cleaning, or deepening of channels in harbors,
rivers, and canals. The process of scooping of sucking up mud, sand, rocks, and other
underwater for the purpose of enlarging, deepening or clearing channels, harbors, rivers,
and other bodies of water.

It is often caused by strong winds acting on the aircraft. It causes a loss in the
photographic side lap on the flight line. Refers to the speed of the current flow. Refers to
the speed of current flow.
Two cameras are mounted, one on each side of the aircraft with the axis at right angles
to the direction of flight. Exposures are taken simultaneously which result to this type of
photograph.

Is the most widely used direct leveling instrument. It has a long telescope, which is
rigidly attached to the level bar. The telescope, which can be rotated through 360
degrees, fixes the direction of the line of sight. Attached to the level bar is a level vial,
which always remain in the same vertical plane as the telescope.
The current of flow of tide back toward the sea.
The period within which the surface is falling and moving seaward.
Is the instrument used in echo sounding.

Is a method of measuring the depth of water by determining the time required for sound
waves to travel from a point near the surface of the water to the bottom and back.

Is similar to the sinusoidal and to the Mollweide, except that a line half the length of the
equator instead of represents the pole by a point. Best-known equal – area projection.
Atlases portraying statistical information.
The geographic distribution of specific economic activities such as mining,
manufacturing, and agriculture is found on economic maps. Rational location decisions
for economic pursuits can be made by using economic maps.
Types of instruments, which transmit wavelengths within or slightly beyond the visible
region of the spectrum.
Combines some of the principles and techniques used in Loran and Shoran.
Are designed to measure the time of transit or difference in transit times of
electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere.
Is the vertical distance above or below mean sea level or any other selected datum.
Points on or near the surface of the earth have either positive or negative elevations,
depending if the point is above or below mean sea level.
A suspension of light-sensitive silver salts in a colloidal medium which is used for
creating photographic films, plates, or papers
The amount of overlap of consecutive photographs along a flight strip is called the
forward lap or end lap. The overlap between aerial photograph in the same flight. 60% =
overlap.

Roemer 1690, a telescope and two large compasses in a horizontal and vertical plane.

Done to provide sufficient data for the design of engineering projects. Surveys of the
sites where engineering construction is to be undertaken; such as, giving grade and line,
topographic surveys for water supply or irrigation and routes surveys.
Man way, haulage way.
a group of projections upon which any area, large or small, is the same on the globe
corresponding scale.
Scales that may be expressed as equivalence or by words and figures.
Is defined as the difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity.
It is a deviation of an observation or a calculation from the true value and is often
beyond the control of the one performing the operation. The difference between the true
value and the measured value of a quantity.
Difference between the sum of the positive and negative departure.
Difference between the sum of the positives and negative latitude.
Natural errors such as wind, moisture, and temperature changes. Another considerately
error is the rod that always held by a plumb.
Contours lines may be located between points known elevations.
This method is suitable on small-scale maps where the ground form is not too irregular.
Contours lines may be located between points known elevations.
A telescope with an objective lens mounted on a sleeve which moves back and forth in
the telescope barrel as an object is brought into focus.

This is a rather new classification of photograph, which has emerged as a result of space
exploration. The camera used may be fixed on earth, taken from a spacecraft, contained
in an artificial satellite, or positioned on the moon and near planets.

The eyepiece is a form of microscope containing either two or four lenses and is used to
enlarge altogether the image and the cross hairs. It allows the instrument man to sight
and read accurately the graduations on a leveling rod.
End wall of drift or cross cut or of bedded deposits.
A unit used for measurement of water dept and is equivalent to six (6) feet.
Is a measuring device, which automatically records soundings taken on a moving vessel.
This device, which is suitable for use in coastal or deep waters, records the time
required for a sound wave to reach the bottom and for the echo wave to come back. An
echo-sounding instrument used for measuring depth of water.
In deep water surveys where a fathometer is employed, the attendant focuses full
attention on this instrument.
a fracture in the earth's crust along which is slipping or shearing occurred.
It is made by weaving fiberglass in a longitudinal and traverse pattern. It is best suites
for use in the vicinity of electrical equipment. It is strong and flexible and will not
shrink or stretch appreciably with changes in temperature and humidity.
sides of aerial photographs which are used to find the principal points. Index marks,
usually four in number, rigidly connected with the camera lens through the camera body
and forming images on the negative without usually defining the principal point of the
The adjustment is an approximate used in most low order triangulation system. In this
adjustment, the objective is to make the sum of the three angles in each triangle within a
triangulation system equal to 180 degrees.
Is a light-tight container, which holds the supply of exposed and unexposed film. It has a
supply spool and a take-up spool, a mechanism for advancing the film after each
exposure, and a device for holding the film flat in the focal plane at the instant the
exposure is made.

A camera is used to make an exposure of the original map or drawing on photographic

film. The exposed film is then developed in to a negative from w/c enlarge or reduced
prints can be made.
Are pieces of colored glass placed in front of the camera lens to prevent stray and
undesirable lights from entering the camera. The most common colors used are yellow,
orange and red.
The position on a map of a point of observation obtained by surveying.
The stadia hair and the vertical and horizontal cross – hair are set in one diaphragm. A
position determined from terrestrial, or astronomical data.
A chemical solution used to stop the action of the developer (dissolved out the used
grains harden the emulsion)
The person whose duty is to hold the range pole (or flagpole) at selected points. He also
helps the tapemen in making measurements and assists in clearing out obstruction along
the line to be measured.
Nominal line passing through the middle of successive photographs.
A map on w/c flight lines is drawn for guiding purposes.
The preparation of detailed instructions for the flight crew regarding the location of the
photograph.
Used to measure surface velocities.
The horizontal movement of water associated with the rising tide

The period within which the water surface is rising and moving in toward the shore.

The bottom of passageway for a seam or bed.

Used in connection with topographic mapping normally vary from 450m to 9150m.

Distance measured along the lens axis from the center of the lens to the focal plane.

The plane at the back of the camera where the image is brought into focus.
It avoids the use of a long vernier plate. It is used when there is enough space available
for the double vernier.
the wall or rock under a vein or under steeply inclined mineral formation.

A reading taken on a rod held on a point whose elevation is to be determined. It is

represented as a vertical distance from the line of sight of the instrument to the point
observed. Since the reading for a foresight is subtracted from the height of the
instrument to determine the elevation of the point on which the rod is held. It is referred
to as a (-S) sight. A procedure wherein a distant point is sighted with the altitude and a
line is drawn from the plotted point occupied by the table to the point sighted.

The horizontal distance from the center if the instrument to the rod on which a foresight
is taken is referred to as the foresight distance.
It is suited for forestry surveys as well as for geological and other similar exploratory
surveys.
Type pf survey executed in connection w/ forest management and mensuration and the
production and conservation of the forestland.
Drawn when not enough vertical control is available or when the surface is too irregular
or intricate to contour.
The exact reverse of the back azimuth. These directions differ by 180 degrees.
It is the bearing of a line observed in the direction in which the survey progresses.
Is the amount of overlap for two successive prints in the direction of the airplanes.

Are points, which are established along the profile level route at uniformly measured
distances. These points are usually made in multiples of 100, 50, 30, 20, or 10 meters.

Portrays the earth as a flat-sided solid, invented by R.B. fuller in 1930. In the shape of a
cube w/ the corners cut off so that it forms 6 squares and 8 equilateral triangles. Great
circles are shown as the diagonals and sides of the squares.
The cross section where the gage is located
Is a selected site on a stream, which is equipped and operated so as to furnish the basic
data which systematic records of discharge can be derived.

Derived from a cylinder cutting the sphere at the 45♀N and 45♀S of parallels. Devised
by James Gall an Edinburgh clergy man in 1855 while working on a atlas of the stars.
Shows parallel w/c are projected from the antipodal point on the equator to any
meridian. Neither equal area nor conformal, resulting scale is not constant. Useful for
showing the distribution of climatic, economic, and population data.

Undesired minerals associated with ore.

A main haulage road underground.
Another type of observation platform constructed entirely of gas pipes and also used in
triangulation work. Simple set – up and the component parts very portable.
Organic colloids, which swells in cold waters and dissolves in hot water used in
photographic emulsion.
Lines are fine and widely spaced.
One obtained and carried by triangulation or traversing.
Shall be made in accordance with general instruction contained in the special
publication of the Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey for 1 st, 2nd, and 3rd order control
network.

The geodetic level is basically their type of titling level. Most of its metal parts made of
invar to reduce the effects of temperature. Geodetic levels are employed in first-order
leveling work extreme precision is an important requirement.

This rod is similar to a precise rod except that a invar metal strip is used instead of
invar. Invar is an alloy of metal with a very low coefficient of linear expansion. The
graduation of geodetic rod are painted upside down for the use with inverting
telescopes, and are shown in meters, decimeters, and centimeters.
A survey takes into account the figure and size of the earth.
Art of surveying which deals with such great areas that is necessary to the effect of the
earth's curvature.

Is an acronym for geodetic distance meter. It is an electro optical device developed by

Erik Bergstrand a Swedish physicist, in 1948. It is used upon the velocity of the light.

Conducted to provide sufficient data for the preparation of geographical maps.

The areal distribution of any several geologic subject is to concern of geological maps.

Determine the location, extent and reserves of different minerals and rock types.
A method of rapid notations of geographic data in notebook or on maps.
A small sphere representing the earth. Tilt = 23.5♀

A lune-shaped map to be fitted to the surface of a globe w/ negligible of distortion.

A chart on gnomonic projection or the great circle chart

May be considered a perspective projection upon a plane tangent to the sphere at some
point. The eye point is at the center of the sphere from which projection lines are drawn.
Used for navigation by trans – polar or trans – oceanic routes.

It was the late Prof. J.P. Goode of the University of Chicago who popularized in 1923
the process of interrupting and re centering map projections. Interruption achieves a
better display of land areas of the earth on an equal-area world projection.

Composed of uniform width strokes (for hysographic names).

The lines of the letters are composed of uniform width strokes. It is classified as “sans
serif” (w/o serifs).
Determined by dividing the difference in elevation by the horizontal distance and
expressing the numerator as one unit.

Slope determined similar to that of slope in degrees with the value 63.7. unit of
measurement 1/400 of a circle. The grad is the unit of measure in the centesimal system.

A line subdivided into map distances corresponding to convenient units of length on the
ground.
Network of lines of latitude and longitude used on map or globe.
A color used sometimes in a place of brown.
The trace on the surface of the intersection of a plane passing through the center of the
sphere.

Used as a surface tint or cover overlay for wooded areas and other forms of vegetation.

Means network of lines of latitude and longitude used on a map or globe.

Fixed line of reference parallel to the central meridian of a system of plane rectangular
coordinates.
North point w/c is established by lines on a map w/c are parallel to a selected central
meridian.
Camera designed for the used of ground.
Point of intersection of vertical line through center of the lens and the ground surface.

A map which is sufficiently complete to be given to the engraver or scriber for the
printing plate.
Sir Edmund Gunter in 1620, used for taping distances. 66 ft long contains 100 links,
each link is .66 ft or 7.92 in.
Can be used for determining directions with respect to the true meridian or any other
desired meridian of reference. The system consists of a small theodolite, a gyrocompass,
an electronic control unit with battery, and a tripod. The instrument is also capable of
measuring horizontal and vertical angles.

Short linear symbols positioned in the direction of greatest slope. Systematized in 1799
by Austrian Johann George Lehmann, these used to represent terrain and provide an
illusion of viewing an illustrated three–dimensional surface. A series of short lines
drawn in the direction of the slopes.

A method of relief representation on maps by short lines parallel to the dip of the slope.

Is another portrayal of an elliptical projection of the earth, it is very similar to the

mollweide projection except for the curved parallels. The polar axis and the equator are
the only lines, which are drawn straight. Suited for portrayal world – wide physical
geography, varied physical and cultural distributions, and a host of statistical
information.

Adapted for measuring vertical angles. It is usually 15 cm long device, which consists
of a metal sighting tube with a level bubble. It is used to keep the tape ends equal
elevations when measuring over rugged terrain, in approximately determining
differences in elevation of points, and in other field operations where it is required to
produce a level sight.

The wall or rock on other side of the steeply inclined deposits. It is called a roof in
bedded deposits.
A conical-shaped screw wheel is fitted to allow it to react to the direct force of the
current.

The person responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear measurement with the
tape. Determines and directs the marking of stations to be occupied by the surveying
instruments and directs the cleaning out of obstructions along the line of sight.

Construction at top of a shaft, location of the hoisting equipment.

Any preliminary passageway driven to explore the mine or to facilitate future operations

The distance between two parts or the same vein which is divided by a fault, measured
along the stake of the fault

Is also known as Height of Collimination. Is the elevation of the line of sight of an

instrument above or below a selected reference datum. It is determined by adding the
rod reading on the backsight to the elevation of the point on which the sight is taken.
The earth is projected upon a system of geometric figures such as triangles, squares,
pentagons, hexagons, and cubes, example cahill butterfly, star and fuller projection.

One that has a relatively high angle of deviation from the vertical (greater than 45
degrees).
Refers to the maximum height to which the water surface rises above the standard
datum plane during a given period. It is also known as high tide. the highest level
reached at a place by the water surface in one direction.
This current meter is fitted with a lightweight hard-rubber propeller having 3 or 4
blades. This meter is suitable for velocity measurements in shallow streams.
Unsurveyed portion of bodies of water.
Are surveys made to establish geodetic latitudes and longitudes, and p[lane rectangular
coordinates of a fundamental network of reference stations.
A straight line in a horizontal plane, which is tangent to a level line at one point. This
line is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at the point of tangency.
Is a plane that is tangent to a level surface at a particular point. The horizontal surface is
also perpendicular to the plumb line at the same point.
Are surveys made to establish geodetic latitudes and longitudes, and plane rectangular
coordinates of a fundamental network of reference stations.
A map or chart used in navigation, it is basically similar to a topographic map except
that water depths, navigational makers, and the character of underwater surface are
indicated.
Similar to topographic maps but has its own particular symbols.
Deals with the survey of water bodies to acquire data to chart the share lines of those
water bodies.
Its forms are differential leveling, double-rodded leveling, and three-wire leveling. The
process employed in gathering information concerning any body of water and its
adjacent land areas.
The study, description, and mapping of oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers especially with
reference to their navigational and commercial or other uses.
Approximately equal to the mean depth.
Parts of a map showing relief.
A map showing land or submarine bottom relief in terms of height above or below a
datum.
A shaft, not vertical, usually along the dip of the vein.
Contours shown by a heavier line at regular intervals on a topographic map. Heavier
lines which are normally twice the gauge of the standard contours.

When a transit is used in reading a vertical angle is affected if the line of sight is not
parallel to the axis of the telescope level tube, there is an inclination of the vertical axis,
and the vertical circle does not read 0 when the telescope bubbled is centered.

The observed value is determined by its relationship to some other known value.
Comprise those in which the points located as regards position and elevation are not
necessarily situated on the contours top be shown, but serve, on being plotted, as a basis
for the interpolation of the required contours.
Optical tooling. Refers to the use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction
and assembly of aircraft, lay – out and installation of machinery.
Two or more objects in line
Person who is responsible to set – up, level, and operate surveying instrument such as
transit.
The person who responsible for setting up the different instruments to be used in the
hydrographic survey. He directly supervises the work of the recorder, and assists the
chief of party in overseeing the sounding operation.
These errors are due to imperfections in the instruments used, either from faults in their
construction or from improper adjustments between the different parts prior to their use.

Principally used in land surveying.

Angles between adjacent lines in a closed polygon.
The four lighter weight contours found between the index contours. The four lighters
found between the index contours. These are not usually labeled except where the
terrain is relatively flat and their elevations not readily obvious.

These sights, which is also known as ground rod readings, are taken along the centerline
of the proposed project to provide an accurate representation of the ground surface.
Intermediate foresights are observed at regular intervals and at points where sudden
changes in elevation occur.
A telescope having an additional auxiliary lens which moves back and forth between the
objective and the cross hairs as the focusing screw is turned.
This area involves recognizing and identifying objects on the photograph, as well as
judging their significance. The critical factors considered in identifying objects are the
shapes, sizes, patterns, shadows, tones, and texture of their images.
The process of locating a point by drawing intersecting rays or lines from two or more
plotted positions of the plane table.
This device can automatically trip the shutter at a specified time and also move the film
automatically. It is usually provided with a moving mark that can be regulated to follow
the apparent movement of the objects on the ground.

A special tape made of an alloy pf nickel (35%) and steel (65%) with a very low
coefficient of thermal expansion (1/30 to 1/60 that of a steel tape). It is used only for
precise measurements in geodetic work and for checking the length of other kinds of
tape.

It is an uncertain in character and cannot be predicted as to amount or occurrence.

Lines w/ same magnetic dip.

Lines connecting points having equal magnetic dip.
A chart or map which shows lines connecting points where the magnetic declination of
the compass needle is the same at a given time.
Lines w/ the same magnetic declination.
Survey of an isolated or detached parcel of land for the purpose of land registration.

Record the thickness of a specific straigraphic interval (such as a layer of oil shape) by
using isopachs thickness contour.
Lines drawn on maps connecting points of equal value. A contour
line (also isocline, isopleth, isarithm,  or equipotential curve)  Wikipedia  (: a  line  on  a  map  connecting 
points at which a given variable has a specified constant value) Merriam-Websters
The principle that the less dense, crust "floats" on top of the mantle.
1: general equilibrium in the earth's crust maintained by a yielding flow of rock material beneath the surface under
gravitative stress
2: the quality or state of being subjected to equal pressure from every side Merriam-Websters

W.D. Johnson of the US Geological Survey originally designed this type of table.
A distance equal to 1,000 parsecs
Definition of parsec

: a unit of measure for interstellar space that is equal to 3.26 light-years and is the distance to an object having a parallax
of one second as seen from points separated by one astronomical unit Merriam-Websters

Similar to the traverse mercator projection, except that the Laborde projects a spheroid
rather than a sphere unto a plane.

Invented in 1772 by J.H. Lambert, a native of Alsace. Graticules will show meridian as
straight lines that converge at the poles and parallels w/c intersect the meridians at right
angles are shown as equally spaced concentric circles. Commonly used in portraying
areas running predominantly in an east – west circles.

Consist of rerunning old lines to determine their lengths and directions, subdividing the
land into predetermined shapes and sizes and calculating their areas and setting
monuments and locating their monuments.

The variation activities w/ in a given area is shown on land – use map. Residential,
industrial, and agricultural can be differentiated to provide information useful to city
planners and road builders. Local government use such maps in establishing zoning
regulations.
Indicates various types of cultivation.
A triangulation or traverse station at which a Laplace azimuth is determined.
Maps having scales of 1:2,000 or larger and with contour intervals ranging from 0.10 to
2.0 meters.
A new innovation introduced to surveying operations is the use of lasers. A laser system
is a separate unit equipped with the portable power supply and may be helium-neon
laser or gas laser.

Referred to as northings (+) or southings (-). A line that it’s projection onto their
reference meridian or a north-south line. the distance north or south from the equator
measured in degrees. an arc distance from the equator measured in degrees. The vertical
component of traverse line wherein the distances is multiplied by the sine of the bearing
angle of the line.

Parts of a map lying between two particular contours may be colored in order that the
distribution of high and low land can be seen at a glance.
Is usually a length of sash or hemp cord, braided flax, or nylon cord, with a sounding
lead attached to one end. a line, length of sash or hemp word or nylon chord, with a
sounding lead attached to one end.
Handles the leadline or the sounding rod.
A method of adjustment used in triangulation systems and other types of traverse
surveys. It is based on the theory of probability and is used to simultaneously adjust the
angular and linear measurements to make the sum of the squares of the residuals a
minimum.
Attached to a ring located near the zero-meter mark of the tape to provide a comfortable
grip on the tape when measuring.
A flat projecting part, a shelf.
Explanation of symbols on a map.
It is the most important part of an aerial camera. Its function is to gather light rays for
each point on the terrain and bring them into focus within the focal plane behind the
lens.
This part contains the lens, filter, diaphragm, nodal points and the shutter.
Any shift in the position of an image one photograph which alters the perspective
characteristics of the photograph.
It is design for military use such as in reconnecting, determining directions, orienting
maps, artillery fire direction control, and other uses where magnetic azimuths are
required.
A fine art, and to attain real proficiency demands a long and patient training for most
cartographers and draftsmen.
Is a line of levels, which begins and ends at the same point or is run between points of
precisely known elevations.
Is a curved line in a level surface all points of which are normal to the direction of
gravity and equidistant from the center of the earth.
It is a curved surface, which is at any point perpendicular to the direction of gravity or
the plumb line.
Is attached to the camera aids in determining if the optical axis of the camera lens is
vertical in spite of any slight tip and tilt of the aircraft. Is a sealed graduated glass tube
containing some amount of liquid and a small air bubble. It is used to determine the
direction of the gravity.

The relative heights of the points are determined by employing a level and stadia rod.
The process of directly or indirectly measuring vertical distances to determine the
elevation of point or their differences in elevation.
Consists of a bottom horizontal floor plate, four leveling screw, and the plumb bob
chain,

Graduated rod w/c is used for measuring the vertical distance between the line of sight
through a leveling instrument and the point whose elevation is required or known.

Used for leveling the instrument by the plate levels.

horizontal passageway run at different levels along the deposits or adjacent to it for
working the mine.
Assyrians and Egyptians had an A – frame w/ a plumb line suspended from its apex and
was used to determine the horizontal.
An imaginary line connecting the true position of intersection of cross hair and the
optical center of the objective lens.
The line of sight is usually fixed along the index mark on the north graduation of the
circle.
Most versatile and widely used in cartography. Linear features are represented by lines
of different types such as solid, dashed, or dotted. The most common used is portraying
rivers, roads, or boundaries.
Is usually a short line unknown length and direction connecting the initial and final
stations of the traverse.
Show rock types in stratigraph unit.
The process of printing from plane surface on which the image to be printed is ink–
receptive while the blank area is ink–repellant. Printing from the surface of limestone in
which the features are drawn with greasy ink or crayon
Is any deviation of the magnetic needle of a compass from its normal pointing towards
magnetic north.
Consists of establishing the points, exactly on the ground.
A relatively thin deposit between boundaries
An instrument for measuring the speed or distance traveled by a vessel.
A camera lens with a focal length greater than 305mm.these lens require a higher flying
altitude in order to get the same scale and area can be obtained with a camera with short
focal length.
Distance east of west of the prime meridian expressed in degrees. An arc distance from a
prime meridian measured in degrees.
In waters where there are expected dangers to navigation, a lookout is employed.
A family of electronic navigation system by which hyperbolic lines of position are
determined by measuring the difference in time of reception of synchronized pulse
signals.
A newer tape of measuring tape, which has properties and costs somewhere between
those of conventional steel tapes, and invar tape.
One that has a relatively small or low angle of deviation from the vertical (less than 45
degrees)
Low water or low tide refers to the greatest depression of the water surface below the
standard datum plane during a given period. the lowest level reached at a place by the
water surface in one oscillation; also called a low tide.
Used to control the rotation of the horizontal circle.
Horizontal circle. Is the scale w/ w/c horizontal angles are measured.
Used to make precise settings after the lower clamp is tightened.
Line on a map, which crosses the successive meridians at constant angle.
The interval of time between the transit of the moon over the local or Greenwich
meridian and the next high water or low water at a place.
Due to the effect of magnetic attraction of the moon on the needle and effect is small
that sometimes it is neglected.
A light – tight container w/c holds the supply of exposed and unexposed film.
Measured from the local magnetic meridian.
Horizontal angle and direction by w/c the needle of a compass deflects from the true
meridian at any particular locality.
Is a characteristics phenomenon of the compass needle to be attracted downward from
the horizontal plane due to the earth’s magnetic lines of force.

A fixed line of reference w/c lies parallel w/ the magnetic lines of force of the earth.

A fixed line of reference, which lies parallel with the magnetic lines of the force of the
earth. A freely suspended needle of a compass held at the observer’s position defines its
direction. Half headed and half feathered arrow.
The compass needle is of magnetized tempered steel balanced at its center on a jeweled
pivot so that it swings freely in a horizontal position.
A north point that is established by means of a magnetized compass needle when there
are no local attraction affecting it. A half arrowhead or the letters MN usually
symbolizes the point.

The magnification of the telescope is the ratio of the apparent size of an object viewed
through a telescope to its size as seen by the unaided eye from the same distance.

A small passage one level into a next level done above or below or into slopes

A selective symbolized and generalized picture on a much-reduced scale of some spatial

distribution of large area, usually the earth surface. A small, flat surface representation
of a portion or the whole earth surface. A graphical representation of all or a portion of
the earth’s surface or other celestial body, by means of signs and symbols or
photographic imagery at some given scale or projection, to which lettering is added for
identification. Also known as “Mappa” means napkin, cloth or sheet

A systematic drawing to scale on a plane surface of lines representing the parallels and
meridians of the earth for the whole earth or for some portion of it.
Scale refers to the relationship, which the distance between any two points on the map
bears to corresponding distance on the ground. The proportion or ratio between map
dimensions and those of reality.
Main purpose of the map is to convey to the user accurate information concerning the
various terrain and planimetric features it represents. Drawings by which these features
are represented.
Title is positioned elsewhere on the sheet to give the drawing a more balanced
appearance. It must appear a readily catch eye.
Used to identify shoals, ranges, and range stations. Also used to control radiating lines
of soundings.
The average elevation of the terrain above the given datum
Is the mean of all waters as observed over long periods. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts (US),
Canal Zone, Puerto Rico, Coasts of Argentina, Sweden and Norway.
The mean of the low waters of the spring tides occurring a day or after new or full
moon. It is obtained by subtracting one-half of the range of the spring tides from the
main tide level. Defined as the mean of the low waters of the spring tides occurring a
day or two aster new or full moon. Pacific Coast of Panama Canal Zone, Coastal waters
of Great Britain, Germany, Denmark, Italy, Brazil and Chile.

Is the average of all heights of the lower of the 2 low waters that occur in each lunar
day. Pacific Coast of the VS, Alaska, Hawaii and the Philippines.

Is an imaginary surface of the sea, which is midway between high and low tides. It is
taken as a reference surface to which most ground elevations are referred. Is the datum
for 1st order level net of many countries and is increasingly used as the base for general
leveling operations. It is defined as the average height of the sea for all stages of the
tide.

Process of determining the extent size or dimensions of a particular quantity in

comparison to a given standard.
Is very similar in operation to an odometer except that it is a more portable and self-
contained measuring device. It basically consists of a small wheel, which is attached to
a rod and handle, and can be pushed by an operator.
Maps having scales ranging from 1:2,000 to 1:10,000 and with contour intervals ranging
fro 1.0 to 5.0 meters.
Most famous and widely used projection. Introduced in 1569 by Mercator a Dutch
cartographer as a world map designed for navigation. Has vertical meridians and
horizontal parallels. Not advisable to used beyond 70♀ because of great distortion.
Device for measuring time and meridian. Chaldeans about 4000 BC, consisted of a
slotted palm leaf through w/c to sight and a bracket from w/c a plumb bob was
suspended.
This type of barometer measures atmospheric pressure by the height of a column of
mercury supported by the atmosphere in the evacuated glass tube.
It is an orientation on a map that the direction of the reference meridian used in the map
is indicated by a needle or feathered arrow-pointing north.
Lies in vertical plane passing through a fixed point of reference and through the
observer’s position. It is called TRUE if the poles used are the geographic poles;
MAGNETIC if they are magnetic poles.

Also known as woven tape. They are made of waterproof linen fabric into which woven
longitudinally small brass, copper, or bronze wires to increase its strength and reduce
stretching. It is usually 30 or 50 meters long and 10 or 15 mm wide, and come in
enclosed reels. Used in measuring short distances in locating details for maps,
earthwork cross sectioning, and for other measurements where a light and flexible tape
is desirable.

The relationship between the atmosphere and weather conditions.

Is the international unit of linear measure. It is defined as 1/10, 000, 000 of the earth’s
meridional quadrant in May 20, 1875. October 1960, defined as a length equal to
1,650,763.73 wavelength of the orange – red light produced by burning the element
krypton at a specified energy level in the spectrum.
Obtaining dimensional measure from photograph and using these maps to determine
spatial dimensions of objects such as size, shape, volume, location, direction, length,
etc. This particular area refers to the use of measurements made on aerial photographs
to obtain quantitative data about the earth’s surface. It basically involves the precise
measurements and computations to determine shapes and sizes of objects.

Maps are kept in microfilm.

This type of EDM instrument transmits microwaves corresponding to wavelengths of
about 1.0 to 8.6 mm.

A passage between a stope conveyed and a level through which the ore conveyed.

Resembles the Mercator projection but shows less exaggeration of area in the higher
altitudes. O.M. Miller whom worked out this projection. Neither the intervals between
latitudes of the Mercator projection have been modified so as to have them increase less
rapidly w/ their continents and other land masses still reytaining their relative shapes
and natural sizes. Neither conformal nor equal area, widely used in atlases for climatic
maps to portray temperature and barometric pressure distributions, as well as, wind flow
direction and velocities.

The circumference is divided into 1/6400 parts called mils, or 1600 mils is equal to 90
degrees.
Consists of topographic survey of mine property and making a surface map, making
underground surveys to delineate fully the mine working and constructing the
underground plans etc.

Are inaccuracies in measurements, which occur because some aspect of a surveying

operation is performed by the surveyor with carelessness, inattention, poor judgment,
and improper execution. Mistakes are also caused by misunderstanding of the problem,
inexperience, or indifference of the surveyor.

A type of tide which has two high waters and low waters each day. Mixed tides occur
predominantly along the Pacific coast of the United States, and near the merging of the
Pacific and Indian Oceans.

Which is sometimes called the Babinet Equal-Area projection, is reputed to be the most
well known elliptical projection of the earth. The central meridian is drawn straight and
at half the length of the equator, all other meridians are curved. The parallels are equally
divided and the divisions are connected to form the elliptical meridians. Atlases and
books on economic geography.
Seeing in one eye.
Type of photogrammetry used when single photographs are taken at a time
Is an assembly of photographs of a given terrain forming a continuous photographic
representation of the given area.
From the theory of probability, a basic assumption is that the most probable value
(MPV) of a group of repeated measurements made under similar conditions is the
arithmetic mean or the average. Most probable value refers to a quantity which, based
on available data, has more chances of being correct than has any other.
Its basic characteristics are similar to single-lens camera except that it has two or more
lenses and expose one or more films simultaneously.
These errors are caused by variations in the phenomena of nature such as changes in
magnetic declination, temperature, humidity, wind, refraction, gravity and curvature of
the earth.
The inner border of a map.
Are the two points ( front and rear ) positioned between the lens elements and along the
optical axis of the camera.
Is a type of woven tape from selected synthetic materials with strong dimensional
stability. It is used when working around electrical installations or for any type of work
where a metallic tape would be suitable.
Require the presence of an attendant to observe and record the height of the tide at
periodic intervals.
Designed to measure soundings to depths of over 60 meters to an accuracy of about ½
centimeter. These fathometers are very sensitive and have the capability to record
reflections from layers different density.

When the axis of the surface of projection surface coincides w/ that of the sphere.

Is a flexible crack-resistant steel core tape with a coating to permanently bonded non-
conducting nylon. It is designed to be resistant to corrosion and is immune to rust.

It is a compound lens composed of crown and flint glass mounted in the objective end of
the telescope and has its optical axis concentric with the tube axis. The function of the
objective lens is to allow light rays to enter the telescope and form an image of the
object sighted within its field of view.

Are photographs exposed with the camera axis tilted intentionally away from the
vertical. They maybe either low oblique or high oblique ones. A high oblique
photograph includes the horizon, while a low a low oblique does not. 30♀ - 60♀ = Tilt.

Made when the axis of projection surface points to an arbitrary direction.

Is a simple device that can be attached to a wheel for purposes of roughly measuring
surface distances. An odometer only gives surface distances. There is a need to reduce
measured distances to equivalent horizontal distances especially when step slopes or
rugged terrain are involved.
Hard to draw and are not very legible, nor do they reduce well.
Tropical rain forest dominated by Dipterocarpaceae without traces of commercial
logging.
It is consists of series of lines of known lengths and magnetic bearings which are
continuous but do not return to the starting point or close upon the pint of known
position.
Small telescope through the vertical circle center of the transit used in containing the
instrument.
An optical rangefinder operates on the same principle as a rangefinder on single-lens
reflex camera. This device, which is usually hand-held or mounted on a small tripod,
can be used to determine distances approximately simply by focusing.
The field or science which treats of lights, its sources, its propagation and the effects,
which it suffers and produces
Mineral or rock containing enough of metals to make mining more profitable.
A rich aggregation of ore within a vein.
A process by which the plane table is set up and aligned so that the lines on the drawing
paper are parallel to the lines on the ground which they represent.
A great circle line on the earth’s surface. Shortest distance between points on the earth’s
surface w/c crosses successive meridians at different angles.
May be considered as the view of the sphere as it would appear from infinity. It is
projected upon a plane with parallel lines. Since it is an azimuthally projection all great
circles through the center are straight lines and all azimuths from the center is true. A
projection made by a line perpendicular to a plane.
A photograph copy, prepared from a perspective photograph in which the displacements
of images due to dip and tilt and relief have been removed.

Is a German-made precision instrument, which is very compact and sturdy to use. It is

equipped with a component propeller, which automatically registers only the velocity
component of current flow in the direction parallel to the axis of the meter.

The portion of the vein, which is exposed on the surface of the ground.
The amount by which one photograph covers the same area as covered by another,
customarily expressed in percentage.
Is defined as the length of a step in walking. It maybe measured from heel to heel or
from toe to toe.
Is the length of one’s pace, which is determined to pace a distance.
Checks all linear measurement made by the tapeman.
Consists pf-counting number of steps or paces in a required distance.

Including Paleolithic maps, show the areal geology present at some previous time. They
can also show the shape and size of continents and oceans have changed over time.
Photographs taken by a panoramic camera portray strips of terrain taken transverse to
the direction of flight. The camera scans laterally from one side of the flight path to the
other.
The distance from the midpoint of the line to the reference parallel or the east west line.

A line of the spheroid which has the same geodetic latitude at every point
Lines formed by passing a series of imaginary planes perpendicular to the axis of the
earth.
A way along which one can pass
Another recording device that is strapped to the leg of the paces. This device will register a pace by impact each time
either foot touches the ground.

: an instrument, shaped like a watch that is used to count the number of a person's steps — compare pedometer
The document, issued by governal authority, granting and conveying public land.
A mechanical counter device for recording the number of paces taken. It may be hand
carried to register the number of paces.
: an instrument usually in watch form that records the distance a person covers on foot by responding to the 
body motion at each step

This type consists of peep sight mounted on a ruler.

Most common method of expressing slope is in percent. The slope is calculated by the
dividing the difference in elevation by horizontal distances and multiplying by 100 to
get slope in percent.
These errors arise principally from limitations of the senses of sight, touch and hearing
of the human observer, which are likely to be erroneous or inaccurate.
the point of origin or termination of the respective rays

Combination of self – reading and target rod and is the commonly used type of rod.

Also called the Philippine Plane Coordinate System, it has been adopted as the official
coordinate system for surveying and mapping in the Philippines since 1961. With its X–
axis on the equator and Y–axis on a full degree of longitude, it is similar to the UTM
grid system.
A rust proof tape designed for use in the vicinity of salt water.
Process yields in negative form on sensitized paper, without the necessity of any
intermediate film step. Involves exposure of the original drawing on map through the
lens directly to the sensitized paper.
Contours may be plotted from aerial photographs of the terrain with a minimum of
ground survey fro control.

Obtaining information from photographs; obtaining reliable measurement by means of

photograph in order to obtain preliminary geometric characteristics by means of
photograph. Defined as the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable
information about physical objects and environment through processes of recording,
measuring, and interpreting photographic images and patterns of recorded radiant
electromagnetic energy. It is derived from three Greek words, “photos” meaning light,
“gramma” meaning that which is drawn or written, and “metron” meaning to measure.
The root word originally signified measuring graphically by means of light.

A picture or image produced on a sanitized material by the action of line.

Point of intersection of a vertical (plumb); line through the center of the lens (at the
instant of exposure) and the photograph.

A reproduction of an aerial photograph or a mosaic on which grid lines, contours,

boundaries, place names, and marginal information have been added or overprinted.

Combination of theodolite and camera mounted on a tripod. The theodolite is used to

align the camera along a desired or known direction.
Process for the extension of horizontal and vertical control wherein the measurements of
angles and distances on overlapping photographs are related into spatial solution using
the perspective principles of photographs. When it involves use of aerial photographs it
is called Aerotriangulation or aerial triangulation.
Natural rock, or ore supports, left in stopes to avoid or to decrease the roof subsidence
as mining progresses. Ore support to decrease the roof subsidence as excavation
progresses.
Used as a surface tint to portray built-up urban areas and the area coverage of large
cities.
An alluvial locustrine, murine, suline, or glacial deposits containing particles or other
valuable minerals.
It is used in reconnaissance and exploratory surveys. It is similarly to surveyor’s
compass, except that it has no sight vanes.

Type f surveying in w/c the earth is considered to be flat surface and where distances
and areas involved are of limited extent that exact shape of the earth is disregarded.

A field-mapping instrument, which consists of a board, attached tripod in such a way

that it can be leveled or rotated to any desired direction. It is one of the oldest types of
surveying instruments.
Obtaining rapid results of relatively low accuracy.
Although various designs may be used for plane table rods, the level rod is normally
used in a large scale mapping with the plane table.
A plane table sheet must be resistant to moisture and temperature changes since it will
be used the field for extended periods.
A plane table sheet firmly fastened on the board, the table is set up over any desired
point such as A and leveled.
Is a mechanical device used for determining the area of any shape of figure plotted to a
known scale.
Maps showing conventional symbols of the cultural and drainage features of land in
their proper relationship in orthographic projections. Representation of earth’s surface in
the two horizontal dimensions only.
Used to establish the upper and lower plates in a horizontal plane.
Used to measure horizontal angles.
An extent of elevated land.
Used for projecting the tape ends of the ground when the tape must be suspended above
the measured line.
Used for attaching a string and a plumb bob so that instrument may be set exactly over a
selected point on the ground.
Line directly towards the center of the earth due to gravitational force.
Any other intermediate point established along a profile level route, which is not
designated as a full station. These points are taken at breaks in the ground surface slope
and at critical, points such as the intended location of culverts, bridges, and other
structure.
Center of the camera lens.
Any kind of mark that by its graphic characteristics refers more to a place than it does to
a line or area.
A chart on a polar projection. The projection used for polar chart are gnomonic,
stereographic, azimuthal, tranverse meracator, and Lambert conformal.
Was derived in 1820 by Ferdinand Hassler. A series of cones w/ their apexes all on the
extension of the earth’s polar axis are placed over the sphere. The equator appears as a
horizontal line and the poles are points at their correct surface distance from the equator.
Neither conformal nor equal area, scale error is small near the central meridian but
increases tremendously away from it.

This type may be mounted on a small boat or suspended over the side. They are
operated by dry batteries and can be means shifted from one boat to another. Portable
fathometers are read by means of a meter or a scale.
Sets of sailing instructions created on parchment at around 1250 by a community of
Italian draftsmen.
The process of determining the horizontal position of a measured depth w/ respect to an
established system of horizontal control.
The generator of the aircraft is the source of the power supply for the drive mechanism
of the aerial camera and the intervalometer.
Form of rod ribbon w/c uses a graduated invar strip permanently fastened to a 4-meter
long wooden or metal frame.
Refers to the degree of refinement and consistency with which any physical
measurement is made. It is portrayed by the closeness to one another of a set of repeated
measurements of a quantity.
Topographical survey of the area in w/c the project is located.
Consist of a wheel made with 6 conical cup fastened to a vertical shaft. It is equipped
with a penta-count or a mechanism for indicating each 5th revolution of the wheel. This
provides for ease in counting and distinguishing the separate clicks for each revolution
when the meter is used for measuring in streams with velocities exceeding 2 meter per
second.

Difference in gravitational attraction exerted by the mean upon different parts of the
earth.
The foot of the perpendicular from the perspective center of photograph. Point of
intersection of the camera lens to either the picture plane (photograph) or the camera
plane (negative).

A station through which basic data are carried in the extension of a survey system.

It is a widely used compass by sailors for navigation at sea.

Is defined as the number of times something will probably occur over the range of
possible occurrences. It is very much involved in games of chance, such as throwing
dice, tossing a coin, or in various games using cards.
Is a quantity which, when added to and subtracted from the most probable value, defines
a range within which there is a 50 percent chance that the true value of a measured
quantity lies inside (or outside) the limits thus set.
Is a curved line which is graphically portrays the intersection of a vertical plane with the
surface of the earth. It depicts ground elevations of the selected critical points along a
surveyed line and the horizontal distances between these points.
The process of determining differences in elevation along a fixed line at designated
short measured intervals. A profile is necessary for the design and construction of roads,
railroads, canals, culverts, bridges, sewer lines, and etc.
A special heavy grade graphing paper used for plotting profiles. The paper has a
horizontal and vertical lines drawn in green, blue, or orange which are spaced
accordingly to represent certain distances to the horizontal and vertical scales
The transferring of a point from one surface to their corresponding points on another
surface by graphical or analytic method
A piece of timber, which prevents any rock in the roof from falling, sometimes called a
post.
One in which normal impression of relief is reversed due to an improper relation of one
photograph to another
This current meter is similar in construction to the PRICE METER except that it is
much smaller and scaled down in proportion. This meter is rod-suspended and not
adaptable to cable suspension since it is designed to be used only for wading
measurements.
when referring to a device, a navigational instrument similar to a sextant but with an arc
of 90(. This is a double–reflecting device used for angle measurement.
Swiftly flowing water in a narrow channel or river.

Acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging. Invented sometime before World War II,
this refers to a method or technique, which uses beamed, reflected and timed radio
waves to detect, track, or locate objects. These radio signals are reflected from an object
along their path and the return signals create an image on a screen, showing the
direction and distance of an object from the vessel. a method, system or technique of
using beamed time radio waves for detecting, locating or tracking objects

A device consisting of a radio receiver and a directional antenna, used to determine the
direction of radio transmitting stations.
The radian is another measure of angles used frequently for a host of calculations. One
radian is defined as the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc length exactly
equal to the radius of the circle.
A process by which a series of points are located in relation to the plotted position of the
plane table.
Calls for the measurement of two or more distances w/c are derived from the accurate
measurement of times required for a sub aqueous sound to reach 2 or more established
receiving stations.
A passage driven steeply upward from any portion of the mine.
In navigation, a predetermined line along which a ship moves while certain data are
recorded.
An optical device which measures the distance of a vessel to an object
Two lights placed some distance apart that can be seen in only one direction.
Well – defined lines on courses whose position are known and along w/ soundings are
taken.
Also known as flags or lining rods, used as temporarily signals to indicate the location
of a points or the direction of lines, and to mark alignment.
The person whose duty is to assist the head tapeman during a taping operation. He is the
one who holds the 30-m end or any intermediate meter mark of the tape during the
measurement.
Is a process of accurately determining the difference in elevation between two inter
visible points located at a considerable distance apart and between which points leveling
could not be performed in the usual manner.
Includes collection of existing maps of the area; tracing the relevant map portions over a
paper incorporating the details of the area.

Refers to the selection of a suitable pattern for the system and the triangulation stations
w/c would best fit the topography of the area and meet the requirements of the survey.

Keeps a record of all sketches, drawins, measurement and observation taken or needed
for a field work observation.
Keeps a record of all measurements, sketches, and observations taken during the process
of measurement. He also checks by pacing all measurements made by the tapemen for
possible errors, mistakes, and blunders. The person whose task is to record all the
survey data gathered.
Has a notch length about 3 times the head of water flowing over it.
The process of projecting a photograph from its plane onto another plane by translation,
rotation or scale so as to remove displacement due to dip and tilt
used to emphasize important roads, built up areas and public land subdivision lines.
Used to emphasize important roads and public land subdivisions lines.
A ridge of rock and sand at a near surface of water.
Pinpoint or crosses, or four sides of the map by which color separation drawings are
adjusted to each other.
A ground wheel in pulley with length indicator
Single stroke letters same as the width of pen lines.
Single stroke letters are most easily and rapidly made are standard practice for the field
noted and notations on maps and drawings.
An indication of reliability of the close loop traverse survey.
A convenient and more useful measure of precision is defined by the ratio of the linear
error of closure to the perimeter or total length of the traverse. Sometimes called relative
error, is expressed by a fraction having the magnitude of the error in the numerator and a
magnitude of a measured quantity in the denominator.
Height of hills and mountains over the adjacent valleys, basins or plains
It is an error that is able to relied on reliability
Configuration of earth’s surface.

The condition in which the image of a ground point on a photograph is moved from the
usual position it would have if the point were on the datum. This movement or shift in
position is due to the elevation of the ground point with respect to the datum.

Map containing lines which show the differences in height of various landforms.
A representation of the terrain done in three dimensions to suitable horizontal and
vertical scales to provide a striking and realistic expression of topography.
Provide the most striking and realistic expression of topography.
It is designed to measure a horizontal angle as many times as requires by adding them
successively on the graduated circle.
Map scale giving the ratio between any small distance on the ground as 1 : 62,500
corresponding distance on the ground.

The process of locating a plane table station on the map by slighting on two or more
previously plotted points whose positions are visible from the plane table station.

Which is sometimes referred to as the deviation, is defined as the difference between

any measured value of a quantity and its most probable value and the observed value.

It is not used in surveying instruments. In this type of vernier the length if n+1 divisions
on the main scale is divided into n divisions on the vernier scale.
A line which crosses the successive meridians at constant angle.
Wall in an entry, also simply wall.
Mainly used to emphasize the location of the low and high ground. This method is
especially useful in aerial photographs. Used to emphasize the location of low and high
ground.
The placing of names such as cities or buildings on small scale map.
Alternate method for profile and differential leveling may be used as a checking.
Principle: “2 consecutive readings from the same instrument position gives the
difference in elevation of the 2 points sighted”.
Required for most route projects. Taken at regular intervals, usually at full and some
plus station, and where are abrupt changes in a profile of a center line.

This type of float may be made out of a wooden rod or metal tube. It is weighted at the
bottom to allow it to float vertically upright with only a short length exposed above the
surface of the water. Made out of a wooden rod or a metal tube, weighted at the bottom
to allow it to float vertically upright w/ only short length exposed above the surface of
the water.

Is a device used for fast and correct plumbing of a leveling rod. It is a L shape in design
and consists of a small circular spirit level fastened to the rod or to small bracket held
against the side of the rod. When the bull’s eye bubble is centered, the rod plumb or
correctly held vertical.

This is an improvised type of rod used in leveling work. The graduations on this rod are
marked either on canvass or metal strips which are attached to a long piece of selected
lumber by staples. They are sufficiently handy and precise for ordinary leveling
operations.
Hold the stadia or leveling rod when sights are to be taken on it.
Another device used for making observations of the sun, it is fitted to the objective end
of the telescope to produce four overlapping images of the sun.
Invented in 1771, this instrument consists of a ruler attached to the axis of a cylinder in
such a way that the working edge remains parallel to the axis as the cylinder is rolled
across a chart. It is used in navigation for the same purpose as parallel rulers.

Used for aligning points. Consists of cross – arms fixed right angles and pivoted
eccentrically upon a vertical staff.
The letters have heavy strokes consisting of both heavy and light lines.
The top of passageway or of a seam or bed.
A place other than a passageway from which material has been extracted; the term
usually refers to bed deposits.
Undertaken to locate and set out the adopted line on the ground for a highway or railway
to obtain necessary data.
This method is suited for drawing large-scale maps. Distances between points of known
elevations are measured and the locations of contour points are determined by
proportion. A convenient method of interpolating contour lines.
The overflow of a fluid from a container.
A nautical manual.
The relationship between a distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the
ground. The ratio of a distance one photograph or map to its corresponding distance on
the ground.
A fraction indicating a scale is termed the representative fraction. The topographic
maps prepared by most mapping agencies are plotted to so-called “natural scales”
which are expressed as ratios.
Engraving lines, symbols, and windows in a scribe coating, usually for the preparation
of a negative for map reproduction
A bed of mineral or a small vein.
Similar difference in the attraction of the sun.
Slow, gradual, but unexplainable shift of position of the earth’s magnetic meridian over
a regular circle.
Extremely slow swing of the magnetic needle, periodic in nature, extending over a very
long period of time due to the shifting of the earth’s magnetic interior.
A European design in which the stadia hairs are replaced with the three curved stadia
lines which appear to move apart or closer together as the telescope is elevated or
depressed.
This type of alidade is equipped with a damped pendulum, which automatically brings
the index of the vertical arc to correct scale reading even if the plane table board is not
perfectly level.
This is the most commonly used type of leveling rod. It can be read directly by the
instrument man through the telescope by nothing the apparent intersection of the
horizontal hair on the rod.
Other mosaics between controlled and uncontrolled.
Used to measure and by off angles, and establish lines by employing peep sights.
Are those characterized by two high and two low waters each tidal day. This type of tide
is found along Atlantic coast of the United States, and the coasts of Europe.

General theory of signs and symbols.

A set of maps which are sections of a larger area, such as topographic sheets.
Lettering to be avoided, as being time – wasting and when they are over exaggerated
they make the distinctive forms of the letter themselves.
Refers to the direction of current flow.

A double–reflecting instrument for measuring altitude or the angular distance of a

celestial body above the horizon. It has an arc of 60 and a range of 120. Is a portable and
hand-held instrument used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. A measuring
device which automatically records sounding taken on a moving vessel.

Relative darkness of gray tones.

Plastic shading combined with gradient (altitude) tints.
An old method used to show relative elevations on maps. It is dependent upon shadows
cast by the elevated portions if the land.

A vertical or inclined excavation in mine extending downward from the surface or from
the same interior point as a principal opening through which the mine is exploited.

An offshore hazard to navigation on which there is depth of 10 fathoms or 20 meters or

less, composed of unconsolidated material except corals or rocks.
An electronic navigation system consisting of interrogator responses at the mobile
station and transponders at known fixed stations. Originally developed for blind
bombing by military aircraft and aerial photographic reconnaissance.
If the focal length of a camera lens is less than 305mm (12”). It provides wider ground
coverage at a given flying height than longer focal lengths.
It controls the length of time that light is permitted to pass through the lens. It is located
between the lens elements. Part of a camera, which controls the length of time, that light
is permitted to pass through the lens
The overlap between aerial photography in adjacent. 25% = overlaps. Amount of
overlap for two successive prints in the direction perpendicular to the line of flight of an
airplane.
The person who alerts the shore party that sounding is about to begin.
Floor.
Is a circular arc joining two tangents.
Two altimeters and two thermometers are employed. One altimeter remains at a
reference base whose elevation is known the other altimeter is a roving altimeter.

It is the simplest type of aerial camera and is the one commonly used in obtaining
photographs for mapping purposes. It provides the highest geometric picture quality.

It is usually employed in transits, which are used for the measurements of the angles
where a higher degree of precision is required such as in triangulation work.
It is the simplest type of aerial camera and is the one commonly used in obtaining
photographs for mapping purposes. It provides the highest geometric picture quality.

Sometimes referred to as the Janson-flamsteed projection. The central meridian is

shown as a vertical line while the ether meridians appear as sine curves. The parallels
are straight and horizontal and have the same length as it had on the globe from which it
was derived.
to reinforce by inserting bolts vertically to secure rock above

The instant at which the tidal current is changing direction and flows neither in nor out.

The rate of rise or fall of the ground surface. It can be described as steep or gentle but
the question arises as to how steep or how gentle. It is always measured relative to the
horizontal and depends on the relationship of vertical distance to horizontal distance
between any two points on the ground.
Maps having scales of 1:10,000 or smaller and with contour intervals ranging from 5 to
2,000 meters.
Are office plots of all field data gathered during the survey. These sheets represent the
data after all corrections have been applied.
Soil types present w/ in a map area can be shown using one of the several classification
systems. Such maps are useful in making land – use deicions.
A designed glass reticule which can be attached to the eyepiece of the telescope, it has a
dark filter which reduces the intensity of the sun’s brightness.
The process of measuring the depth of a body of water at a particular point. the
determination of ocean depths; the configuration of a seafloor as determined by profile
analysis of depth data.
Various types of vessels used for hydrographic surveys. These include rowboats, motor
launches, and small vessels.
Is a piece of weight usually solid metal used to fixed the sounding line in a vertical
position.
It is a simple device in which piano or stranded wire is used and wound on a reel
mounted on a stand.
A graduated and rounded piece of lumber, about 3 meters long, used for taking
soundings. It is suitable for use where the water depth does not exceed 2 and ½ meters.
At each end is a metal shoe which maybe weighted to make the pole sink through the
water more quickly.
A ship or craft containing an instrument for measuring depth of water.
Small nail or hook in the roof w/c marks a survey station and from w/c plumb – bob
maybe hung.
(3) dimensional image formed in the mind of the observer as a result of the stereoscopic
observation of two views of the same object.
It is an instrument that measures the instantaneous speed of a certain object.
Used to define the position of heavenly bodies and points of reference on the celestial
sphere.
The correction for the curvature at the earth has to be considered when the control
system contains triangles of sufficiently large sizes.
A mathematical figure closely approaching the geoids in form and size used as surface
reference for geodetic surveys and mapping.
Is a transition curve used to provide a gradual change in curvature from a straight to a
circular path.
A devise used as tools in projecting or plotting different curves.
The elevation of important features and critical points such as road junctions, peaks,
summits, sags, and highway crossings are indicated on the map. Also known as Spot
Elevation. A point whose elevation is noted on a map
The spreading of letters on the map such as countries, mountains, regions, seas, etc. will
depend on the skill of the cartographer
A T-shaped tool to squeeze out superfluous ink or any other liquid from a surface.
Greek word for a unit length originally applied in measuring distances for athletic
contests. Equal to 600 Greek units, 184 m., 93 cm., 606 ft., 9 in. In surveying it is
applied to the cross hairs and rod used in making instruments.

The stadia constant C is the distance from the center of the instrument to the principal
focus. Its value is usually equal to zero for internal focusing telescopes. It is the distance
“C”. It is the distance from the center of the instrument to the principal focus.

Use to determined the stadia distances more conveniently.

Two horizontal hairs on the telescope. Lines etched on the telescope glass in addition to
the central one equally spaced one above and one below the middle wire.

The ratio f/i and designated by the letter “K”.

Combines features of direct leveling with those of trigonometric leveling. This method
is in fact a form of trigonometric leveling. It can provide reasonable accuracy for
preliminary surveys, mapping and rough leveling where quick measurements are
needed. It is similar to those of differential leveling except that in stadia leveling the
line of sight may be inclined from the horizontal.
The most common tool used for stadia computation.
It is a graduated rod used in surveying.
Provides a rapid means of reduction for obtaining horizontal and vertical distances from
rod intercepts taken at any angle.
A traverse that is undertaken by a transit and a stadia.

The stand of the tide is the period around which the greatest peak or depression of the
tides is reached and during which any change in height of the tide is scarcely noticeable.

The period around which the greatest peak or depression of the tides is reached and
during w/c any change in height of the tide is surely noticeable.
Use to hold parts of the upper plate, used to hold into position the horizontal axle level
so that the telescope can be elevated or depressed by rotating on an axis perpendicular to
the line of sight.
The northern Hemisphere is shown in a polar projection w/ the southern continents
added to it.
Another type of heterohedral projection in w/c the northern hemisphere is shown in a
polar projection with the southern continents added to it.
Definite point on the earth surface whose geographic position has been determined for
purpose of control.
An approximate adjustment used in triangulation systems of lower orders of precision. It
is sometimes referred to as local adjustment. Its objective is to make the sum of the
angles about each triangulation station equal to 360 degrees.

A numerical designation given in terms of horizontal distance f any point along a profile
line is away from the starting point. Each stake used is marked with its station and plus.

Map usually represented by means of dots, isopleths or isorithins, chloropleth and

dasymetric system. Map showing the distribution of rainfall, acreage of wheat, religions
of people
Is a piece of wire or rope attached to the poles at the river banks and used to hold the
boat in place.
also known as surveyor’s or engineer’s tape, is made of a ribbon of steel 0.5 to 1.0 cm in
width, and weights 0.8 to 1.5 kg per 30 m. it is design for most conventional
measurements in surveying and engineering work.
Lines are heavy and closely spaced.
Expensive duplicating system. The map is drawn as appositive on a stencil sheet, which
is a porous, fibrous tissue with a wax coating on both sides. An inexpensive duplicating
system.
Used to determined differences in elevation when a slope of the ground is so small as to
make the horizontal distances practically equal to the inclined distance.
The supplementary unit of a solid angle cone w/c has its vertex in the center of a sphere
w/c cuts off an area of the surface equal to that of squares w/ sides of length equal to the
radius of the sphere.

Has a unique quality in which any circle drawn on the sphere will also show as a circle
on the map, excepting those which passes through the center which are simply straight
line diameters. Credited Hipparchus, who lived in Greece from about 160 BC ti 125 BC,
he is known to be the father of systematic astronomy as well as of mathematical
mapping. The plane projection may be positioned tangent to the sphere at any point.
Parallels and meridians are arcs of circles w/c makes the projection relatively easy to
draw.

Are maps made by stereoscopic means as seeing in (3) dimensions.

Two overlapping vertical photos, which are viewed stereoscopically or with an eye
simultaneously, focused on each photo.
Type of photogrammetry as observed and measured, or interpreted in a streoscopic
viewing development, which gives a 3-dimensional view and creates the illusion of a
relief model of the terrain
An instrument for plotting a map or obtaining spatial solutions by observation of
stereoscopic models formed by stereopairs of photographs.
a method which permits drawing contour lines and other detail by using two
overlapping air photos under a stereoscopic instrument
Any mechanical device use to facilitate seeing as in (3) dimensions.
A method by which permits drawing contour lines and other detail by using two
overlapping air photos under a stereoscopic instrument.
Art or science which deals with the use of binocular vision for observation of a pair of
overlapping photographs.
Involves the solution of spatial problems by means of a stereoscopic instrument.
The mental process which uses the images of the two eyes into a 3-dimensional
impression.
Room formed by excavation of ore above or below a level sometimes filled with broken
ore or rock. Underground working area.
Layer or bed of sedimentary rocks.
A current or steady flow of water running along the earth surface.
Is the art of making measurements of the flow of water in open channels.
The process of making measurements in streams and rivers for the purpose of predicting
the rate of discharge at various water levels or stages.
The effect of the proportions of a triangle on the accuracy with which r=the lengths of
the sides can be computed.
A stride is equivalent to two paces or a double step. Because of its many practical
applications, it is one of the most valuable things learned in surveying.
The direction (bearing) of a horizontal line in the plane of a deposit; always at right
angles to dip. Direction of vein.
This type of aerial camera is used to obtain a continuous photograph of a strip of terrain
beneath the flight line of the aircraft.
A piece of timber wedged in crosswise between the sidewalls of a passageway.

Using of depth curves does portrayal of relief of the ground underwater. An imaginary
line on the surface of the earth found underwater, all points of which are of the same
elevation. They are sometimes known as depth curves or bathymetric contours.

Is a convenient and practical device used for quick and accurate measurement of
distances. Precisely 2 m. long, consists of a rounded steel tube through which runs a thin
invar rod.
Is usually in the form of a double float. It may consist of an underwater device made of
wood or metal, which is attached to a surface float by a line or chain of adjustable
length.

Usually in the form of a double float, consists of an underwater device made of wood or
metal w/c is attached to a surface float by a line or chain of adjustable length.

An excavation made at the bottom of a shaft to collect water.

a kind of instrument used in amine survey by means of a sun's mirror or sunrays
Camera lenses which has an angular field of view more than 100.
It is drawn at ½ the specified contour interval of the map. To better depict the relief and
remedy if contours are too far apart to show properly important breaks.
Commonly used type of float. Intended to measure stream surface velocities and is
particularly suitable for rough determinations of velocity and for gagging stream
velocity in high flood.

It is intended to measure stream surface velocities and is particularly suitable for rough
determinations of velocity and for gaging streams in high flood, are usually made up of
lightweight or hollow material in assorted shapes which offer the least resistance to
floating debris, ripples, currents, and wind.
Used in the establishment of horizontal control used when the hydrographic survey
extend beyond the visibility of the shore.
Art of determining the position of points on near the earth’s surface by means of
measuring in three elements of space.
It is popularly used earlier for running limited plane surveys of reasonable accuracy. It is
now commonly used for forest surveys, in retracting old land surveys, and geological
explorations.

May be made up of a railroad rail, structural steel beam, or steel pipe, suspended at a
predetermined depth by two vertical cables. It is suspended from a boat, catamaran, or a
float, which may be towed or self-propelled, use in river channels and other constricted
areas to locate minor underwater obstructions.
Design on maps used to represent various features.
Is one, which will always have the same sign and magnitude as long as field conditions
remain constant and unchanged. Also called cumulative error.
The plane table, because of its size and construction, is not as stable as the transit or
theodolite.
The drawing board of a plane table, which is made of wood, should be resistant to
warping and other damage from weathering.
A procedure of obtaining horizontal distances and difference in elevation based on
optical geometry of the instrument employed.
Is another procedure of determining horizontal distances. It is based on the optical
geometry of the instruments employed and is an indirect method of measurement.
Is a wire or a rope across the river attached to the two poles at he riverbank mark with
numbers indicating its position from its initial point.
Used to apply tension with a quick grip on any part of a steel tape without causing
damage to the tape or hands of the tapeman.
This is seldom used rod is also known as the automatic rod. It is used advantageously
when numerous elevations are to be determined from a single set-up of the leveling
instrument.
In precision taping, thermometers are used to determine the temperature of the air and
the approximate temperature of the tape during measurement.
A target is a small device attached to the rod when extremely long sights make direct
reading of the rod difficult or impossible. Targets are made of metal and may be circular,
elliptical, or rectangular in shape.
This type of rod has a sliding target, which is set and read by a rodman at the position
selected by the instrument man.
Responsible for use and operation of all electronic instruments required in fieldwork
survey data.
Display actual or projected surface resulting from such structural element as fault and
fold axes. The degree w/c initially horizontal rock layers have been deformed is also
illustrated.
Term Used to denote stadia.
1607, Lippershey. 1609, Galileo constructed refracting telescope for astronomical
observations. A metal tube containing a system of lenses w/c are used to fix the direction
of the line of sight and in magnifying the apparent size of objects in its field of view. Jan
Lippershey 1608 invented the first telescope. Johannes Keepler employed it in
surveying.
Holds the telescope horizontal or at any desired inclination.
Vertical circle slow motion allows the telescope to be rotated slightly or in small
movements about the horizontal axis after the telescope clamp is tightened.
The base of alidade consists of a brass ruler usually 3” by 18” inches, beveled on the
edge.
In 1957, Dr. T.L. Wadley of South Africa, announced his invention would be the second
EDM instrument. It utilized high frequency microwave transmission and was capable of
measuring distances up to 80 km day or night.
It consists of a series of equally spaced parallel lines that are drawn on transparent film
or paper using specified scale.
Referred as a spring scale, used at one end of a tape for insuring the application of the
correct amount of pull on the tape during measurement.
Type of photogrammetry used when the photographs are taken from points on the
ground surface.

Are taken with ground base cameras from known positions or stations with the camera
axis horizontal are nearly. Photographs of this type are used for the preparation of
topographic maps of rather inaccessible areas such as mountains, high cliffs, and
crayons. Type of photographs taken with ground–based cameras from known positions
or stations with the camera axis horizontal or nearly so. These are taken with ground-
based cameras from known positions or stations with the camera axis horizontal or
nearly so. Photographs of this type are used for the preparation of topographic maps of
rather inaccessible areas such as mountains, high cliffs, and canyons.

a world atlas published in Antwerp in 1570 by Abraham Ortelius

a type of map which deals with a specific theme or subject usually against some skeletal
topographic background. A map that is made to deal with a specific theme or subject,
usually against some skeletal topographic background.

invented in 1801 by Captain Joseph Huddart, this instrument is used for plotting two
angles taken simultaneously. It consists of a circle graduated in degrees, upon which a
fixed arm and two movable arms are attached. The latter can be pivoted and set at any
angle relative to the fixed arm.
A method of color reproduction using filters and halftone screens.
Resection with a plane table and altitude is the most commonly used of method of
determining the plotted location of a station occupied by the instrument.
It is a method of determining differences in elevation wherein three horizontal hairs (or
threads) are read and recorded rather than from a single horizontal hair.

the vertical distance between the planes representing two parts of the same vein which is
divided by a fault; the term is used only in regard to deposit which is nearly horizontal

Short lines perpendicular to the neatline marking grid systems

Occurs halfway between low and high water in w/c the tide is usually rising at its
maximum speed, the resultant wall of water rushes up the river.
Horizontal movement of water to and from the shore accompanies the rise and fall of
the tides. The flow of water, known as tidal currents.
Are specific tide levels, which are used as surfaces of reference for depth measurements
in the sea as a base for the determination of level on land.
Consists of an idealized average period of 24 hours and 50 minutes between the
occurrences of 2 successive high tides of the same type at the same location.
Consists of an idealized average period of 24h 50m between the occurrence of two
successive high tides of the same type at the same location.
An instrument for measuring the height of tides.
Consists of a large head or front of water generated at the surface of the ocean by force
winds of hurricanes or typhoons, or by isostatic adjustment of the ocean floor
accompanying a submarine earthquake. Tidal waves are not of astronomical origin and
are thus actually misnamed.

Te half-daily cycle of rhythmic rise and fall of the surface of oceans, seas, lakes, bays,
rivers and bodies of water connected with them due to the gravitational attraction of the
sun and the moon acting upon the rotating earth.

Are instrument measuring heights of the tides. It may be classified in 2 general groups:
non-recording gages, which require the presence of an attendant to observe and record
the height of the tide at periodic intervals; and automatic or self-registering gages,
which provide a continuous record the variation of tide level with the passage of time
and which will operate unattended for a number of days.

The range of the tides is the difference between the high and low tide at a certain
location on a given date. It may vary both for different locations and for high and low
tides measured on different days at the same location.
The angular value by which the wings of the airplane deviate from the horizontal line
perpendicular to the direction of flight
Color gradiations on maps, like altitude tints, also patterns applied to a map, such as
cellotints or Ben-day tints
The angular value by which the nose of the airplane points above or below the
horizontal line of sight
This type of leveling instrument can be titled or rotated about its horizontal axis. A
bull’s eye level is employed for its quick and approximate leveling. The titling knob is
used to rotate the telescope into the correct horizontal position. Titling levels are
commonly employed for every precise leveling operations and in other general leveling
work. It is equipped with a horizontal circle, which makes it suitable for layout and
construction surveys.

The relative darkness of grays on air photos.

Involves surveying large scale topographic map.
Representation of the earth’s surface in three dimensions. Refers to all identifiable
features of the earth’s surface. A general map of large or small scale showing all
important features, including relief
Conducted to obtain data to make a map indicating inequalities of land surface by
measuring elevations and to locate natural and artificial features of the earth.
The configuration or shape and roughness of the ground. The identifiable features of the
earth surface, whether natural or artificial, which can be assigned a specific position.
Also known as Hysography.
One of the most accurate and direct procedures of locating contours is by the trace-
contour method. Consist of series of rod readings taken along the same contour line
from successive set – ups of instruments.
A method of using small, curve hill-shaped lines to indicate relief on small maps. The
height of the curves indicates relative relief; the width, the average slope

A place where plates are sliding past each other like the San Andreas fault in California.

Young and Draper, sometime in 1830. Put together in one instrument essential parts of
the universal instrument.

The engineer’s transit has always been of its variety to as the “universal surveying
instrument” because of its variety of uses. There is no doubt that it can also be used for
leveling work. It can provide results which are fairly precise although not as good as
those obtained with conventional levels. This is because the transit has a relatively
shorter telescope and level vial.

It is often used to check horizontal angles and directions measured or laid off during
transit surveys. It is used for orienting the transit with the magnetic meridian.

Corrections depend on the length of the latitude and departure of the course respectively
instead of both depending on the length of the course.
Map projections turned at right angles to their usual orientation perpendicular to the
sphere.
A combination of a rectangular weir and the ½ of a triangular weir.
Is a series of lines connecting successive points whose lengths and directions have been
determined from the field measurements.

Are lines connecting traverse stations and whose lengths and directions are determined.
Any temporary or permanent point of reference over which the instrument is set up. It is
usually marked with peg or a hub driven flush with the ground and identified by
consecutive letters or numbers as the survey progresses.
The linear directions are measured w/ chain and tape and the directions are measured w/
compass or transit.
Consists of a small drawing board which is usually 15” by 15” inches.

In this type of control, a series of horizontal distances and directions are observed to
connect points whose positions are to be determined. This control consists of closed
polygons with most of the sides and angles measured directly in the field. A procedure
in which the plane table is transferred successively from one traverse station to another.
The process of measuring the lengths and directions of the lines of a traverse for the
purpose of locating the position of certain points.

This method provides an accurate and rapid procedure for interpolating contour lines
which mathematical computations are eliminated. Method of interpolating points by
using an engineer’s scale and a triangle is an application of the geocentric method of
dividing a line into a convenient number of equal parts.
Commonly constructed w/ a central angle of either 90° or 120°.

A method used for extending horizontal control for topographic and similar surveys,
which require observations of triangular figures, whose angles are measured and whose
sides are determined by trigonometric computations. Consists of networks of geometric
figures with almost all of the angles measured directly in the field and with relatively
few of sides measured. The positions and elevations of widely separated points are
determined.

Point fixed in the ground usually marked by brass disc and signal whose geographical
position has been established for purpose of control. Are the vertices of the triangles in a
triangulation system.
Consist of a series of triangles in which one or more sides of each triangle are also sides
of adjacent triangle.
Is employed in determining by trigonometric computations the difference in elevation
between two points from measurements of its horizontal or slope distance and the
vertical angle between the points

Is another method used in extending the horizontal control. It is based on the

trigonometric proposition that if the three sides of a triangle are known, the three angles
can be computed. This is the most accurate of the three methods of establishing
horizontal control because distances are measured more accurately than angles. Just like
triangulation, it has the advantage that checks can be made in the calculations while
moving through the system by more than one possible route.

A type of photographs which has a photographic unit which consists of three wide
angles single–lens cameras
In this case three cameras are employed during photography, one in the center, which
points vertically downward, and the other two are tilted as in dual strip photography
except that the tilt ranges from 7º to 10º.
A pointed piece of metal attached at each end of tripod. The shoes of the tripod are into
the ground by stepping on it with one’s foot.
Usually a shoe has a spur, which facilitates pushing the point in. It is necessary to press
them deeply enough so that the tripod will not settle especially when setting over soft or
unstable ground.
Also known as astronomic or geographic meridian. It is generally adapted reference line
of surveying practice. This line passes thorough the geographic north and south poles of
the earth and the observer’s position.
Identified by a full headed and full-feathered arrow.

Is the north point of the true meridian. In maps and sketches, it is portrayed in the
direction of the actual location of the earth’s north geographic pole and is always shown
along a vertical line. It is symbolized as a star, as an asterisk, or the letters TN.

a horizontal working passageway open at both ends

Is an intervening point between two bench marks upon which point foresight and
backsight rod readings are taken to enable a leveling operation to continue from a new
instrument position. It is also sometimes referred to as a change point (CP), and
established far away as practical in the general direction of the line of levels.
Designed to eliminate the need to apply correctness for the effects of temperature and
humidity.
In this method the velocity of the stream is observed at two tenths and eight tenths of the
depth below the water surface in the vertical. Should not be used when the water depth
is less than 0.60m unless a coefficient is applied.
Method of orientation used when the table occupies a position not yet located on the
map.
A mosaic assembled with little no ground survey control.
Referred to as preparation of underground plans, fixing the positions of tunnels, shafts
and drifts.
the best-known grid or plane coordinate system of international scope based on the
Transverse Mercator projection. It extends around the world from 80° North to 80°
South, with 60 north–south zones used
Locking device w/c is attached to the upper plate and rotates w/ it.
Alidade. Consists of the entire top of the transit.
This allows small range of movements between the upper and lower plates even after
the upper clamp is tightened.
A person whose duties are render other forms of assistance needed by the survey party
as directed by the chief of party.
Is necessary for film flattening in aerial cameras.
This is a four-vane vertical-axis meter which is particularly useful for measuring under
ice cover or when measuring from a boat.
the point in perspective where parallel lines meet
A mineral body of flattened shaft (also lode, ledge, etc.). A mineral ore.
A short tube with a constructed throat that is used to determine fluid pressures and
velocities
Is a small graduated mechanical device attached and made to slide along linear or
circular scales in order to increase to higher degree of accuracy the readings obtained on
such scales.

One taken with the optical axis of the lens pointing vertically as a time of exposures is
pointing vertically downward and perpendicular to the earth’s mean surface.

Used in measuring vertical vertices.

Main objective is to establish a network of reference bench marks.
Are surveys usually run by barometric, trigonometric, or differential leveling to
establish elevations for a network of monuments called benchmarks.
Is a process of drawing the vertical scale for a profile much larger than the horizontal
scale in order to accentuate the differences in elevation. The apparent enlargement in the
vertical component of the stereomodes.
This is taken when the axis of the camera at the time of the exposure is pointing
vertically downwards and perpendicular to the earth’s mean surface.
The most precise method of determining mean velocity.
Enables the photographer to have a continuous view of the terrain below the aircraft and
to see the ground coverage of each photograph. A part of camera, which enables the
photographer to have a continuous view of the terrain below the aircraft and to see the
ground coverage of each photograph.
A synthetic resin of great dimensional stability, used in drawing maps.
The rock on each side of the mineral body, the upper wall is called hanging wall and the
lower wall is called footwall.
Mined rock that do not contain useful mineral.
Is an overflow structure built across an open channel or stream.
Camera lenses which has an angular field of view ranging from 75( to 100( are
classified as:
A subsidiary shaft not starting from the surface. A vertical or inclined opening driven
downward from a point inside a mine for the purpose of connecting with lower level or
of exploring the ground for a limited depth below a level.
This device consists of a horizontal bottom wire of suitable length, which may set, be at
any desire depth. It uses to locate underwater obstructions.
Is similar to a wire drag except for a few modifications. The lengths of the vertical
cables supporting the bottom wire cannot be adjusted, and these cables are positioned
much farther apart, no intermediate floats are fastened to the wire such that there is no
provision for preventing the sag of the wire between cables.
Before thin flat tapes were produced wires were utilized in measuring lengths. They are
still practical to use in special cases as in hydrographic surveys.

Made of 5 cm x 5 cm by 30 cm wood to mark points, corners, or stations on the ground.

Usually consist of an inner tripod to support the instrument and an outer stand for the
observers.
Is very identical to the dumpy level. The only distinct differences between these two
instruments is in the manner by which their telescopes are attached to the supporting
level bar. The wye-level has a detachable telescope, which rests in supports called wyes.
It can be removed from the Y-shaped supports and turned end for end during adjustment
by releasing the two clamping collars, which fit across the tops of the Y’s.

It is the process of copying an object, which does not involve a chemical solution. One
of the world’s successful duplication. It was developed by Xerox Corporation of
America.
Instruments used for plotting from oblique photographs.
The area distributions of animals and plants are shown.