PAKISTAN

STUDIES CHAPTER#12

2059/1

FIELD MARSHALL MOHAMMAD AYUB KHAN (1958-69)

• Announced that he hoped that military rule will settle PK.
• So much changes in government since Quaid’s & LAK’s death, so no development could take place.
• After settling the country, a constitution with ‘combine democracy with discipline’ would be made.

• 1959 BASIC DEMOCRACIES

❖ Introduction of Basic democracies order - 26 October 1959.
❖ A four-tier system.
❖ Ordinary people elected union council members.
❖ UC members elected district & divisional members. (Refer to the diagram)
❖ 1962 constitution-80,000 elected basic democrats would form electoral college for electing president & central &
provincial legislatures.
❖ End of 1959-Ayub asked BD’s for a vote of confidence, 95% accepted.
❖ 17th Feb 1960-Ayub made president, created a constitution commission.

• 1962 CONSTITUTION
❖ 1st March 1962.
❖ Despite Ayub said that ‘democracy with discipline’ would take place, it set up a presidential form of
government.
❖ Terms of the constitution (pg.130).
❖ Martial law ended.
❖ New assembly met on 8th June 1962.
❖ Removed ban on political parties.
❖ PK improved in democracy.
❖ Ayub’s reforms(constitution) gave more power to ruling elite. (Because major landlords dominated the elections
& basic democracies influenced the results with bribery).
❖ Constitution upset Bengalis. (thought that they had little part in government, rule was in hands of military and
official from West PK).
❖ Various steps taken to console them. (pg.130).
❖ Despite these, they were not contented.
❖ 1965-presidency elections held, Ayub nominated by a party-Convention Muslim League.
❖ All opposing parties supported Fatima Jinnah.
❖ Ayub won 64% votes, Fatima Jinnah won 36% votes.
❖ Opposition claimed of vote rigging.
❖ Riots in Karachi and East PK, 20 people killed.
❖ Ayub khan re-elected.
 PAKISTAN
STUDIES CHAPTER#12

2059/1

The Decade of Development

• AGRICULTURAL REFORMS
❖ Believed many small, subsistence could never be efficient.
❖ Law passed saying no farm < 12.5acres & > 500acres(IRRIGATED) / 1000acres(UNIRRIGATED).
❖ Resulting larger farms produced more output.
❖ Landowners forced to find tenants. (smaller farms more efficient than poorly-run large ones).
❖ 3 major dams built.
❖ Farmers loaned money to build wells.
❖ Reforms revitalized agriculture, crops yield all time in record.
❖ Green revolution.
❖ Mainly the improvement was due to mechanization, only affordable by big landowners.

• INDUSTRIAL REFORMS
❖ Loans from USA, Germany & UK (Industrialized countries).
❖ 1962-Oil refinery established at Karachi.
❖ Mineral Development Corporation set up for mineral exploration.
❖ 1966-An economic union formed with Iran & Turkey-Regional Corporation for Development(RCD)-
countries agreed to develop ties in trade, industry, etc.
❖ Export Bonus Scheme set up-to give incentives to exporters.
❖ Economic growth rose sharply.
❖ Avg. annual economic growth rate in 1960’s – 7% (3 times of that of India).
❖ Production rose sharply, economy grew.
❖ Didn’t benefit poor people.
❖ 22 families controlled 66% industrial assets & 80% banking assets.
❖ Also noticed in East PK.
❖ More Industrialization, more dependency on foreign aid.

• SOCIAL & EDUCATIONAL REFORMS

❖ New curricula for schools, new books should be published.
❖ Extensive literacy programme-building new schools & colleges.
❖ Dealt with shelterless people (e.g. Ayub appointed General Azam Khan to accommodate the refugees in
dwellings near Karachi).
❖ Factory owners to give accommodation to their workers.
❖ Controlling population growth-Family Planning programme set up by taking American loans, government used
newspaper, radio, cinema, etc. to persuade people to limit their family sizes-programme was not successful.
❖ Medical facilities improved-medical & nursing training schools set up to increase doctors & nurses.

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 PAKISTAN
STUDIES CHAPTER#12

2059/1

• A NEW CAPITAL
❖ 1959 – Islamabad chosen to replace Karachi as new capital of PK.
❖ Work started in 1961, city came into life in 1966, Islamabad officially made capital in 1967.
❖ Development of roads, transport, buildings, etc. completed by the mid 1970’s.
❖ Learn the reasons from your register.