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Outline
Outline
Hadrons Hadrons known in 1960
Isospin, Strangeness
Quark Model
3 Flavours u, d, s
Mesons
Pseudoscalar
and vector mesons
Baryons
Decuplet, octet
Hadron Masses
Spin-spin coupling
Heavy Quarks
Charm, bottom,
Heavy quark
Mesons
Top quark
Quark Model
Gives natural explanation for Isospin
I 3 = 12 (nu − nd + nd − nu ) ni number of i quarks
Isospin works well
Masses of u and d quark are almost equal
Nuclear and Particle Physics Franz Muheim 2
Isospin Conservation
Conservation Law
Isospin I is conserved in strong interactions
Allows to calculate ratios of cross sections and
branching fractions in strong interactions
Delta(1232) Resonance
Production
Mass 1232 MeV π + p → ∆+ + → π + p
Width 120 MeV π − p → ∆0 → π − p
π − p → ∆0 → π 0 n
Isospin addition
π+ p: 1,1 1
2 , 12 = 3
2 , 32
π−p: 1,−1 1
2 , 12 = 1 3
3 2 ,− 12 − 2 1
3 2 ,− 12
π 0n : 1,0 1
2 ,− 12 = 2 3
3 2 ,− 12 + 1 1
3 2 ,− 12
Matrix element M3 = 3
2 H3 3
2
depends on I, not I3 M1 = 1
2 H1 1
2
( )
M π + p → ∆+ + → π + p = M 3
M (π p → ∆ → π p ) = M + M
− 0 − 1
3 3
2
3 1
Cross sections M (π p → ∆ → π n ) = M − M
− 0 0
3
2
3 3
2
1
σ∝ M σ (π p → ∆ → π p ) ≈ 200 mb ≈ 9x
2
+ ++ +
Λ → π − p τ Λ = 2.63 × 10 −10 s
Associated Production
Strange particles produced in pairs Pais
Strangeness S
Additive quantum number Gell-Mann Nishijima
Conserved in strong and electromagnetic interactions
Violated in weak decays
Non-zero for Kaons S = 0 : π , p, n, ∆ , ... S = 1: K +, K0
and hyperons S = −1 : K − , K 0 , Λ , Σ , ... S = −2 : Ξ
Naturally explained in quark model S = ns − ns
Nuclear and Particle Physics Franz Muheim 4
Quark Model
33 Quark
Quark Flavours
Flavours u,
u, d,
d, ss
1964 - introduced by Gell-Mann & Zweig
Zweig
Kaons:
K+, K0, anti-K0, K-
Strangeness S
Isospin I3
Vector Mesons JP = 1-
Kstar:
K*+, K*0, anti-K*0, K*-
Strangeness S
Isospin I3
Isospin
Isospin
K − + p → .Ω − + K − + K 0
a Ξ 0 +π +
a Λ0 + π 0
aγ +γ
a e+e−
a e+e−
aπ−p
Nuclear and Particle Physics Franz Muheim 10
Hadron Masses
Quark Masses
u, d & s quark masses light at short distance
q2 > 1 GeV2 mu < md ~ 5 MeV ms ~ 100 MeV
Constituent mass is relevant for quark model
q2 < 1 GeV2 mu = md ~ 300 MeV ms ~ 500 MeV
Meson Masses
m(K) > m(π) due to ms > mu, md
m(ρ) > m(π) same quark content e.g. ρ+, π+: (u-dbar)
Mass difference is due to quark spins
Chromomagnetic Mass Splitting
Spin-spin coupling of quarks S1 = S2 = 1/2
analogous to hyperfine splitting in el. mag. interaction
r r
r r r Sr ⋅ S
∆E ∝ α S
S1 ⋅ S 2 m ( ) =
m (qq ) = m1 +
q q m + +
1 m +2 A A
m S 1 ⋅ S2
1 2
m1mm m2
2
m1 m 2 21
r r
2
(
1 r r2 r2 1
)
S1 ⋅ S 2 = S 2 − S1 − S 2 = ( S ( S + 1) − S1 ( S1 + 1) − S 2 ( S 2 + 1))
2
⎧ 3 1
⎪ 1− 4 = 4 S =1
=⎨
3
⎪ 0− = −
3 Mass [MeV]
S=0
⎩
Meson Prediction Experiment
4 4
Meson Masses
π 140 138
mu = md = 310 MeV
K 484 496
ms = 483 MeV
A = (2mu)2 · 160 MeV ρ 780 770
Excellent agreement ω 780 782
What about eta(‘)? K* 896 894
Nuclear and Particle Physics φFranz Muheim 1032 1019
11
Heavy Quarks
Charm and bottom quarks
Charmonium (c-cbar) --- see QCD lecture
1977 Discovery of Upsilon States
Interpretation is
Bottomonium (b-bar)
Spectroscopy
Charmonium
and Upsilon
mc ~ 1.1 … 1.4 GeV
mb ~ 4.1 … 4.5 GeV