WHAT IS S-PARAMETER MAGNITUDE GRAPH?

S-parameters are the reflection and transmission coefficients between the incident and reflected
waves (i.e. the voltage ratios of the waves) fully describing the behaviour of a device (in this
example, a transmission line) under linear conditions at radio frequencies. S-parameters are
complex (i.e. comprising both magnitude and angle) because both the magnitude and phase of
the signal are changed by the network.

S-parameters can be graphed in several ways; one option is to use two graphs (magnitude v
frequency and phase v frequency) to represent one s-parameter.

Another popular method, described briefly here, is via the use of Smith Charts.

What are S-parameters?

The reflection and transimission coefficients based on incident and reflection waves, as
opposed to voltages and currents, are called scattering parameters or S-parameters. At
microwave frequencies, it is difficult to measure total voltages and currents at the ports of
a network. S-parameter is the most accurate representation of broadband frequency
behavior.

Axial ratio, for any structure or shape with two or more axes, is the ratio of the length (or
magnitude) of those axes to each other - the longer axis divided by the shorter.

In chemistry or materials science, the axial ratio (symbol P) is used to describe rigid rod-
like molecules. It is defined as the length of the rod divided by the rod diameter.

In physics, the axial ratio describes electromagnetic radiation with elliptical polarization.
The axial ratio is the ratio of the magnitudes of the major and minor axis defined by the
electric field vector.

elliptical polarization is the polarization of electromagnetic radiation such that the tip of
the electric field vector describes an ellipse in any fixed plane intersecting, and normal to,
the direction of propagation. An elliptically polarized wave may be resolved into two
linearly polarized waves in phase quadrature, with their polarization planes at right angles
to each other. Since the electric field can rotate clockwise or counterclockwise as it
propagates, elliptically polarized waves exhibit chirality.

Other forms of polarization, such as circular and linear polarization, can be considered to
be special cases of elliptical polarization.
[edit] Mathematical description of elliptical polarizatio