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INSTITUTE of CHEMISTRY
COLLEGE of SCIENCE
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City
COURSE SYLLABUS
Chem 28: Quantitative Inorganic Chemistry

A. Course Catalogue Description

1. Course Number: Chem 28

2. Course Title: Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry.
3. Course Description: Principles and techniques of absolute methods of analysis and selected
comparative methods.
4. Prerequisite: Chem 17
5. Semester Offered: 1st Semester, 2nd Semester, Midyear Term.
6. Course Credit: 3 units
7. Number of Hours: 48 hours (16 weeks)
8. Meeting Type: lecture
9. Course Stipulation: N/A
10. Course Goals: To develop sufficient understanding of the key concepts and skills to solve
analytical chemistry problems

1. Course Content (at least 2 levels)

Course Topics No. of Hours

Part I. Introduction to Analytical Chemistry 333

A. Role of Analytical Chemistry

B. Classification of types of analysis

Part II. Review of Basic Concepts in Analytical Chemistry 3

A. Stoichiometric Concepts

B. Ionic Equilibria Calculations

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Part III: Steps in a Typical Quantitative Analysis 3

A. Sampling

B. Selecting the Method

Part IV: Gravimetric method 3

A. Introduction

B. The Precipitation Process

C. Gravimetric Calculations

Part V: Volumetric Analysis

9

A. Theory of titrimetry

B. Acid-base titrations

C. Titration Curves

Part VI: Precipitation Titrations 3

A. Argentometric Titration Curves

B. Precipitation titration methods based on chemical indicators

C. Problem solving
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Part VII: Complexometric Titrations 3

A. Review of complexes and complex formation constants

B. Types of complexometric titration

C. EDTA titration curves

Part VIII: Oxidation-Reduction Titrations. 6

A. Review of basic concepts in electrochemistry

B. The Nernst equation

C. Redox equilibrium constants

D. Redox titration curve

E. Simple: Applications of oxidation/reduction titrations

F. Redox titration calculations

Part IX: Multi-method classical analyses 3

Part X: Potentiometric methods 6

A. General Principles

B. Indicator Electrodes

C. Gas – sensing Probes

D. Reference Electrodes
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E. Direct Potentiometric Methods

F. Quantitation Methods in Direct Potentiometry

G. Potentiometric Titration Methods

H. Types of potentiometric titration methods

I. End point detection

J. Calculation of Ksp, Ka, Kb by potentiometric titration methods

XI: Introduction to UV-VIS methods 3

A. Electromagnetic radiation

B. Absorption UV-VIS radiation

C. Beer’s Law: limitations of Beer’s law

D. Instrumentation

E. Photometric/ Spectrophotometric Titration

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3. Course Coverage

Week Learning Outcome Course Topic Essential or Key

questions
• Differnentiate the terms: “analyte”, I. Introduction to Analytical What is the importance of
1 “analysis” and “determination” Chemistry analytical chemistry?
• Differentiate between classical and
instrumental methods of analysis A. Role of Analytical Chemistry How are methods of
• Categorize the different types of methods B. Classification of types of analysis classified?
of analysis as a function of the purpose analysis
of analytical determination, amount of
sample, extent of analysis and level of
analyte

• Apply the mole concept for quantitative II. Review of Basic Concepts in How does one apply the
1-2 calculations Analytical Chemistry knowledge of
• Compute concentrations of substances in stoichiometry for
various ways and units A. Stoichiometric Concepts quantifying amounts of
• Apply the concept of dilution in solutions 1. Mole concept substances?
• Distinguish the different chemical 2. Concentrations
equilibria and equilibrium expressions 3. Dilution and aliquot How are chemical
• Explain the effects of various factors on 4. Stoichiometric equilibria calculations
equilibrium states calculations carried out?
• Explain the significance of
thermodynamic equilibrium constants B. Ionic Equilibria Calculations
1. Equilibrium states
• Explain the concept of mass balance and
charge balance equations 2. Equilibrium calculations
using systematic
• Solve problems involving multiple
approach
equilibria

• Diagram the different steps in a typical III. Steps in a Typical Quantitative What is the significance of
3 quantitative analysis Analysis each step in the analytical
• Define representative sample process?
• Distinguish sampling techniques for A. Sampling
different samples 1. Sampling techniques Why is it important to
• Differentiate between as-received and dry 2. Sampling plan know the different
weight of a sample 3. Sampling uncertainty sampling techniques?
• Determine moisture content in samples
using physical and chemical means B. Selecting the method How is a suitable
1. Purpose of analysis analytical method
• Dompute % of analyte based on as-
2. Sources of methods selected?
received and dry samples
• Determine the appropriate sample
How is the quality of
dissolution procedure for solid samples
analytical data assessed?
using different types of solvents and/or
acids
• Evaluate the quality of analytical data in
terms of accuracy and precision
• Explain the theoretical basis of gravimetric IV. Gravimetric Analysis What is principle behind
3-4 analysis gravimetric analysis?
• Describe the general steps in gravimetric A. Introduction
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analysis 1. Precipitation How do the steps of a
• Differentiate between colloidal and 2. Volatilization precipitation process
crystalline precipitates affect gravimetric
• Predict particle size of a precipitate using B. The precipitation process analyses?
the von Weimarn equation 1. von Weimarn ratio:
• Explain the basis of the stability of colloids 2. mechanism of precipitate How does one use the
• Describe the proper handling of colloidal formation gravimetric factor for
precipitates 3. experimental control of gravimetric calculations?
• Distinguish the different coprecipitation particle size
errors encountered in precipitation 4. coprecipitation errors
• Distinguish the appropriate experimental 5. post-precipitation
techniques used to minimize 6. minimization of
coprecipitation errors precipitation errors
• Explain how precipitates are prepared 7. drying and ignition of
prior to final weighing precipitates
• Determine the correct gravimetric factors
C. Gravimetric calculations
(GF)
• Use GF in gravimetric calculations
• Solve gravimetric problems

• Explain the theoretical basis of titrimetric V. Volumetric Analysis What are the terms
5 analysis commonly encountered in
• Describe the characteristics of a primary A. Theory of titrimetry titration?
standards 1. Standard reagents
2.General types of titration What are the different
• Distinguish between primary and
3. Different types of titration types of titration
secondary standards
techniques: techniques?
• Enumerate the general types of titration
4. Stoichiometric point
• Compare the different titration techniques
5. Titration error How can the quantity of
• Outline the general steps in titrimetric 6. Visual indicators analyte be determined
analysis 7. Stoichiometric calculations from volumetric titration
• Differentiate between endpoint and data?
equivalence point
• Define titration error
• Describe the function of indicators
• Describe the properties of an indicator
• Calculate quantities and/or concentrations
of substances from stoichiometric
calculations
• Recall the concept of acids and bases B. Acid-Base Titrations How do you calculate pH
5-6 • Recall the Bronsted-Lowry acid/base of aqueous solutions of
concept (conjugate acid/base pairs) 1. Review of basic concepts of strong and weak
• Distinguish between strong and weak acids and bases electrolytes?
acids and bases
• Recall equilibrium expressions for 2. Buffer solutions How do you determine
acid/base dissociation reactions mass balance
• Derive pH and pOH from the 3. Acid-base indicators expressions and charge
autoprotolysis of water, Kw balance equation?
• Write mass balance expressions and
What information do we
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charge balance equation get from α values of weak
• Calculate the pH and pOH of solutions of polyproptic acids?
strong and weak acids and bases
• Calculate α values for polyprotic acids What are buffer solutions?
• Explain the preparation of buffer solutions
• Apply the Henderson-Hasselbalch How are buffer solutions
equation in calculating the pH of buffer prepared?
solutions
• Explain buffer action and buffer capacity What are the common
• Calculate the pH of buffers containing acid-base indicators?
polyprotic acids and amphiprotic salts.
• Explain the principles behind the behavior
of acid-base indicators
• Identify the appropriate acid/base indicator
for an acid/base titration

• Identify the important regions of the
6-7 titration curve (pre-equivalence,
equivalence and post-equivalence points)
• Calculate pH/pOH as a function of added
titrant in the different regions of the
titration curve
• Construct a titration curve using pH or
pOH calculations
• Examine the effect of analyte and titrant
concentrations on the titration curve
• Determine the effect of the dissociation
constant of the analyte on the titration
• Explain the basis for the proper choice of
indicator in acid/base titration
• Predict the feasibility of a given titration
• Differentiate the titration curve of
phosphoric acid from that of carbonate
mixtures
• Solve titration problems involving the
double indicator titration for carbonates
• Calculate quantities/concentrations of
substances in acid-base titration
problems
C. Titration curves How do you construct an
acid-base titration curve?
1. Strong acids with strong base
2. Strong bases with strong acid What information can be
3. Weak acid with strong base derived from a titration
4. Weak base with strong acid curve for different acid-
5. Mixtures of strong and weak base systems?
acids or strong and weak bases
6. Polyfunctional acids/bases: What titration method can
phosphoric acid and carbonic acid be used to determine the
mixtures composition of alkali
7. Buffer solutions involving mixtures?
polyprotic acids
8. Composition of solutions of
polyprotic acids as a function of
pH
9. Applications of acid/base
titrations

• Explain the principle behind precipitation VI. Precipitation Titrations What is the basis of
8 titrations precipitation titration?
• Identify the important regions in the A. Argentometric Titration Curves
titration curve ( pre-equivalence, 1. Ksp and shape of titration How does one construct
equivalence, and post-equivalence points) curve precipitation titration
• Calculate pAg/pX as a function of added 2. Single anion titration curves?
titrant 3. Titration of mixture of anions
• Construct argentometric titration curves
• Evaluate the feasibility of titration based
on Ksp
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• Differentiate the titration curve for a single
anion from that of a mixture of anions
• Use pAg/pX calculations in the titration of
a mixture of anions

• Recall the concept of complex formation VII. Complexometric Titrations • How are metal
9-10 • Describe a ligand and its characteristics complexes formed?
• Infer the stability of complexes from A. Review of Complexes and • What indicates the
formation constants Complex Formation Reactions stability of
• Write the chemical equation for 1. Ligand complexes?
complexation reactions 2. Coordination number
• Describe the complexation reaction of 3. Chelates
cyanide with silver ion 4. Formation/Instability
Constants
• Describe the properties of EDTA as a
complexing agent B. Types of Complexometric How is stoichiometry
Titrations utilized in the quantitation
• Relate pH to the concentration of the
different EDTA species in equilibrium using Liebig and EDTA
1. Liebig titration titrations?
• Identify the predominant EDTA species as
2. Ethylenendiamine tetraacetic
a function of pH value
acid (EDTA) Titrations

• Recall the basic terms in electrochemistry VIII. Oxidation-Reduction How to derive or construct
11-12 • Explain the importance and function of the Titrations titration profiles for redox
SHE and the measurement of electrode titration?
potential A. Review of basic concepts in
• Apply the IUPAC convention to electrode electrochemistry
potential 1. Electrode potentials
• Differentiate the two types of 2. Reducing and oxidizing
electrochemical cells agents
• Convert electrochemical cell diagrams or 3. Oxidation – reduction
reactions to cell notations and vice versa reactions
• Compare relative strengths of reducing
B. The Nernst equation
agents and oxidizing agent
1. Basic Nernst equation
• Identify common oxidation-reduction
2. Formal potential vs. standard
reactions
electrode potential
• Recall the Nernst equation 3. Thermodynamic potential of
• Explain the significance of the Nernst electrochemical cells (Ecell)
equation for different redox systems
• Differentiate between formal potential and C. Redox equilibrium constants
standard electrode potential
D. Redox titration curves
• Solve problems involving Ecell calculations 1. Concept of Ecell and Esystem
• Calculate equilibrium constants from 2. Redox titration curves
standard electrode potentials
• Explain the principles of redox titration E. Simple: Applications of
• Calculate Ecell as a function of added oxidation/reduction titrations
titrant
• Construct redox titration curves based on F. Redox titration calculations
electrode potential calculations
• Differentiate a complex from a simple
titration system
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• Explain the function of the reagents in a
redox titration solve redox problems

• Integrate various types of classical IX. Multi – method classical

13 methods in analytical problems analyses
• Solve problems involving combinations
of classical methods of analysis

● Explain the principle behind X. Potentiometric Methods What are the basic
14-15 potentiometry   principles of
● Differentiate the components of a A. General Principles potentiometry?
potentiometric cell   1. Definition of potentiometry
● Construct the the schematic 2. Components of a What are the different
representation of an electrochemical potentiometric cell assembly: components of a
cell used for potentiometry   3. T 3. Types of potentiometric potentiometric cell?
● Explain the function of the salt bridge   methods
● Differentiate between direct What are the different
potentiometric method and B. Indicator Electrodes types of electrodes used
potentiometric titration   in potentiometry?
● Differentiate the different types of C. Gas – sensing Probes
indicator electrodes   How do the different types
● Classify the different kinds of metallic D. Reference Electrodes of electrodes respond in
indicator electrodes   E. Direct Potentiometric potentiometric methods of
● Explain how metallic electrodes respond Methods analysis?
based on the Nernst equation   1. Equations for direct
● Describe the construction or potentiometry How are potentiometric
configuration of membrane electrodes   2. Potentiometric pH measurements used in
● Express the membrane indicator measurements (glass electrode) chemical analysis?
electrode potential using the Nernst 3. Selectivity coefficients
equation   How do selectivity
● Discuss qualitatively the general F. Quantitation Methods in Direct coefficients affect
configuration and response of gas Potentiometry potentiometric
sensing probes   measurements?
● Identify various reference electrodes G. Potentiometric Titration
used in potentiometry   Methods How can potentiometric
● Apply the Nernst equation on the titration results be used to
quantitative aspects of direct H. Types of potentiometric obtain other information
potentiometry   titration methods (e.g. Ksp, Ka, Kb)?
● Construct the Nernst equation for ion
selective electrodes   I. End point detection
● Apply the operational definition of pH to
potentiometric analysis   J. Calculation of Ksp, Ka, Kb by
● Discuss the different types of error potentiometric titration methods
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affecting pH measurements using the
glass membrane electrode  
● Recognize when to use external
standard and standard addition
methods in direct potentiometry  
● Explain the significance of selectivity
coefficients  
● Solve problems in potentiometry  
● Explain the different types of
potentiometric titration curves  
● Explain how the end point is obtained in
potentiometric titrations using different
graphical methods  
calculate different equilibrium constants
from potentiometric titration data

● Explain the dual nature of XI. Introduction to UV-VIS What are the basic
16 electromagnetic radiation   Methods principles of
● Distinguish the different regions of the A. Electromagnetic Radiation spectrophotometry?
electromagnetic spectrum   1. Dual property
● Discuss the theory behind molecular 2. Electromagnetic radiation What is Beer’s law and its
absorption spectrophotometry   spectrum limitations?
● Relate the mathematical relationship
between absorbance and transmittance   B. Absorption UV-vis Radiation What are the basic
● Differentiate between atomic and components of a
molecular absorption   C. Beer’s Law: limitations of spectrophotometer?
● Explain the basis of electronic Beer’s law
transitions   How are spectroscopic
● Explain the significance of lmax   D. Instrumentation measurements used in
● Apply Beer’s law in quantitative analysis   1. Components of a chemical analysis?
● Differentiate real, chemical, and spectrophotometer
instrumental deviations from Beer’s law   2. Types of spectrophotometer What are the various
● Distinguish the various components of a applications of
spectrophotometer   E. Qualitative and Quantitative spectrophotometry?
● Distinguish a single-beam from a Applications
double-beam spectrophotometer   1. Direct calibration method How are photometric
● Discuss important qualitative 2. Standard addition method titration curves used in
applications of spectrophotometry   3. Analysis of mixtures chemical analysis?
● Calculate the concentration of analyte
using direct calibration and standard F. Photometric/
addition methods   Spectrophotometric Titration
● Apply Beer’s law in the analysis of
multicomponent systems  
● Apply the principles of
spectrophotometry in photometric
analyses  
● Interpret various photometric titration
curves  
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4. Course Requirements

Grade Equivalent (%)

Short Quizzes 100 points 90 – 100 1.00

Long Examination I 150 points 85 – 89 1.25

Long Examination II 150 points 80 – 84 1.50

Final Examination 200 points 76 – 79 1.75

Exemption Grade Pre-final grade of 2.5 72 – 75 2.00

Passing 330 points (55%) 68 – 71 2.25

64 – 67 2.50

60 – 63 2.75

55 – 59 3.00

49 – 54 4.00

≤ 48 5.00

Class Policies:

1. Examinations

No make up for missed examinations except for excused absence (illness supported by a medical certificate issued
by UP Health Service), force of nature, official university activity, death of immediate family member (supported by
death certificate) and other reasons that the Analytical Chemistry Group deems compelling.

2. Absences

University rule on attendance, no more than 6 absences. Beyond this, a grade of 5.0 shall be given to the student.

3. Cheating and Plagiarism

Any student found to violate University rules on cheating and plagiarism shall be subject to the investigation process
as prescribed by existing University guidelines.

D. References

1. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, F. J. Holler and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 9th ed. California:
Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2014.

2. D. C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 8th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 2010.
3. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, F. J. Holler S. R. Crouch, and S.C. Chen, Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th ed.
Singapore: Cengage Learning Aisa Pte. Ltd, 2012.
4. G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 6th ed. Wiley India PVT Ltd., Inc., 2007.
5. R. A. Day, Jr. and A. L. Underwood, Quantitative Analysis, 6th ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall PTR, 1991.