Carbon

Nanostructures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yRjYiw_H_s
 Graphene

Nobel Prize:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujmJtkKmzkA
Processing:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rphiCdR68TE
Application:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=munIqrfGMZg&feature=fvw
Graphite – Van der Waals Bonds

www.scifun.ed.ac.uk/card/flakes.html
Graphite

http://www.soes.soton.ac.uk/resources/collection/minerals/minerals/pages/M01-Graphite.htm
Graphite

www.webelements.com
 Graphite
Soft and slippery Many strong covalent bonds holding the structure
together but only in 2 dimensions. The layers are free to
slide easily over one another. Graphite powder is used as
a lubricant.
Brittle All of the bonds are directional within a layer and stress
across a layer will tend to break them. Graphite rods
used for electrolysis easily break when dropped.
Electrical conductor Only three of the valence (outer shell) electrons are used
in sigma bonding. The other electron is in a 'p' orbital
which can overlap laterally with neighbouring 'p' orbitals
making giant molecular pi orbitals that extend over the
whole of each layer. Electrons are free to move within
these delocalised pi orbitals.

Very high melting point Many strong covalent bonds holding the layers together -
it requires massive amounts of energy to pull it apart
Diamond

www.mythinglinks.org/ct~landscape~minerals~diamonds.html
Diamond

www.webelements.com
 Diamond
Hard Many strong covalent bonds holding the structure
together.

Brittle All of the bonds are directional and stress will tend to
break the structure (In a malleable substance, such as
for example a metal, the bonding is non-directional and
can still act if the particles are displaced with respect to
one another).
Insulator All of the valence (outer shell) electrons are used in
bonding. The bonds are sigma and the electrons are
located between the two carbon nuclei being bonded
together. None of the electrons are free to move

Very high melting point Many strong covalent bonds holding the structure
together - it requires massive amounts of energy to pull
it apart
Diamond

www.webelements.com
 Nanocarbon
Properties &
Applications
• Electrical
• Mechanical
• Thermal
• Storage

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yRjYiw_H_s
 Fullerenes

Discovered in 1985
Nobel prize Chemistry 1996
Curl, Kroto, and Smalley
 Fullerenes

Epcot center, Paris

Architect: R. Buckminster Fuller
 Buckyballs

C60
32 facets
(12 pentagons and 20
hexagons)

C70, C76, and C84

 Buckyballs

C60
32 facets
(12 pentagons and 20
hexagons)
 Bucky Balls

• Symmetric shape
→ lubricant
• Large surface area
→ catalyst
• High temperature (~750oC)
• High pressure
• Hollow
→ caging particles
 Buckyballs
• Forms a crystal by weak van der
Waals force
• Superconductivity
- K3C60: 19.2 K
- RbCs2C60: 33 K

Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7the ed. 1996.

 Buckyballs
• Forms a crystal by weak van der
Waals force
• Superconductivity
- K3C60: 19.2 K
- RbCs2C60: 33 K

http://invsee.asu.edu/nmodules/Carbonmod/crystalline.html
 Buckyballs
Soft and slippery Few covalent bonds holding the molecules together but
only weak Vander Waals forces between molecules.

Brittle Soft weak crystals typical of covalent substances

Electrical Insulator No movement of electrons available from one molecule

to the next. The exception could be the formation of
nano-tubes that are capable of conducting electricity
along their length. These are the subject of some
experiments in micro electronics

Low Melting Point Solids Typical of covalent crystals where only Van der Waal's
interactions have to be broken for melting.
 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)

• Like graphite but all coiled up

• Typically 10 Angstroms in diameter
• Can be electrically conductive or semiconducting
• SWNT and MWNT
– Composites, transistors, hydrogen storage
Courtesy of and ©Copyright Professor Charles M. Lieber Group
Nanotube
 Armchair

Zigzag

Spiral

The "armchair" type has the characteristics of a metal

The "zigzag" type has properties that change depending on the tube diameter

The "spiral" type has the characteristics of a semiconductor

 Nanotube
High aspect ratio:
Length: length
µm to cm
> 1000
diameter
→ quasi 1D solid

Diameter:
as low as 1 nm SWCNT – 1.9 nm
Zheng et al. Nature Materials 3 (2004) 673.
 Nanotube Intro Video
• Stanford Nanofabrication Facility
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ikYhyjPjKBs&feature=related

• The Mactini
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17DPJHNVx2Q&feature=related

• Earth and sky: Properties of Nanotubes

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQAK4xxPGfM&mode=related&search=Nanotube
 Nanotube Stats
• Current capacity
Carbon nanotube 1 GAmps / cm2
Copper wire 1 MAmps / cm2

• Thermal conductivity
Comparable to pure diamond (3320 W / m.K)

• Temperature stability
Carbon nanotube 750 oC (in air)
Metal wires in microchips 600 – 1000 oC
Nanotech Skin CNT
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwQVpZFfP18
 Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are the strongest known material.
• Young Modulus (stiffness):
Carbon nanotubes 1250 GPa
Carbon fibers 425 GPa (max.)
High strength steel 200 GPa

• Tensile strength (breaking strength)

Carbon nanotubes 11- 63 GPa
Carbon fibers 3.5 - 6 GPa
High strength steel ~ 2 GPa

• Elongation to failure : ~ 20-30 %

• Density: σ = Eε
Carbon nanotube (SW) 1.33 – 1.40 gram / cm3
Aluminium 2.7 gram / cm3
 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
• IFW-Dresden Carbon Nanotubes
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgToxaOqF10&mode=related&search=Nanotube

• Synthesis of Carbon nanotube

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8N79nlhwcgM&mode=related&search=C60%20Ful
lerene%20Fullereno%20Buckyball

• Growth of Carbon nanotube

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1p8vFdCJRZE&NR=1&feature=fvwp
 Stain, static, and liquid-resistant
fabrics

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9UENE6JMLI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lbf6uKcT1l8
 Water Resistant Coatings

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIGMB_R3pgI&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTbz8w1SB1U&feature=fvw
 Carbon Fiber
A 6 µm diameter carbon filament
(running from bottom left to top
right) compared to a human hair.
Sports Equipment
CNT Carbon Nanotube Opti-Flex composite handle technology,
provids maximum handle flex-three times greater than aluminum

Sports Equipment
 Carbon Nanotube/Cement
Composite Systems

In concrete, they increase the tensile strength, and halt crack propagation.
 The Space Elevator

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lVV0S9cNLKI&feature=related
www.nanooze.org
www.enterprisemission.com
 Space Elevator

• NOVA space elevator intro

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnwZmWoymeI&
mode=related&search
• 2 minute space elevator intro
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2UZDHHDhog
• Space Elevator Competition: USST's
First Place Climb
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkdfuQdoW_Q&mode=related&sear
ch=space-elevator%20turbo%20crawler
 CNT light bulb filament:
alternative to tungsten filaments in
incandescent lamps

The average efficiency is 40% higher than that of a tungsten filament at the
same temperature (1400–2300 K).
Nano Radio

•http://nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=110566
When a radio wave of a specific frequency impinges on the
nanotube, it begins to vibrate vigorously.
An electric field applied to the nanotube forces electrons to be
emitted from its tip.
This electrical current may be used to detect the mechanical
vibrations of the nanotube, and thus listen to the radio waves.

•http://nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=110566
 Nanotube Radio
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gkQkzvnstkg
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQz9C7yE1kc
&feature=related
 Carbon Nanotube
Electronics
• Carbon nanotube in microchip
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74YkJYT7Uj4&mod
e=related&search=Nanotube

• Customized Y-Shaped Nanotubes

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGWHBQQKmOs

Transistors – the active component of virtually all electronic devices, are what we
refer to as electronic switching devices. In a transistor, a small electric current can
be used to control the on/off of a larger current.
Semiconducting CNTs have been used to fabricate field effect transistors (CNTFETs).
The electron mean free path in SWCNTs can exceed 1 micron (this is very large)
therefore it is projected that CNT devices will operate in the frequency range of
hundreds of GHz.
Kavli Institute Delft
SEM image of superconducting transistors
 CNT-FED

Professor George Lisensky

http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/cineplex/nanoquest/applications.html
 CNT-FED

Carbon nanotubes can be electrically conductive and due to their small diameter of
several nanometers, they can be used as field emitters with extremely high efficiency
for field emission displays (FED). The principle of operation resembles that of the
cathode ray tube, but on a much smaller length scale.
 Bucky Paper

A thin sheet made from nanotubes that are 250 times stronger than steel and 10
times lighter that could be used as a heat sink for chipboards, a backlight for LCD
screens or as a faraday cage to protect electrical devices
Warwick ICAST
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4Ax8sY2U4A&mode=related&search=Nanotube
 Hydrogen Storage
Carbon nanotubes covered in titanium atoms provide a very efficient method for
storing hydrogen.
 'Artificial muscles' made from
nanotubes

"Artificial muscles" have been made from millions of carbon nanotubes. Like natural
muscles, providing an electrical charge causes the individual fibers to expand and
the whole structure to move.
 Bone cells grown on
carbon nanotubes
Researchers at the University of California, Riverside have published findings
that show, for the first time, that bone cells can grow and proliferate on a scaffold
of carbon nanotubes. Scientists found that the nanotubes, 100,000 times finer
than a human hair, are an excellent scaffold for bone cells to grow on.

http://biosingularity.wordpress.com/2006/03/21/researchers-grow-bone-cells-on-
carbon-nanotubes/
http://neurophilosophy.wordpress.com/2006/03/17/123/
 Nano SQUID

A SQUID is a superconducting interferometer device. SQUID devices can be used to

monitor infinitesimally small magnetic fields or currents. The originality of this work, is
to use gate-tunable carbon-nanotubes (CNT) for the Josephson junctions. The device
combines features of single electron transistors with typical properties of a SQUID
interferometer. The gate tunability of the CNT junctions enhance the sensitivity of the
device which can in principle detect the spin of a single molecule.