International Journal of General

Engineering and Technology (IJGET)

ISSN(P): 2278-9928; ISSN(E): 2278-9936
Vol. 7, Issue 3, Apr - May 2018; 1 - 18
© IASET

SYNTHESIS ANDCHARACTERIZATIONOF NEWBINDERSFOR EMULSION COATING

APPLICATIONCONTAININGIN WATER BASED METHACRYLIC HYBRID RESINS

Mohamed Ali Mutar1& Farah Safi Khliwi2

1
Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of AL-Qadisiyah, Iraq
2
Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of AL-Qadisiyah, Iraq

ABSTRACT

Binder is an important ingredient in pigment coating as it is used to impart adhesion, gloss and flexibility to the
dried film as well as binding the pigment particles together. Series of emulsion methacrylic copolymers having different
composition ratios of methylacrylicacid (MAA) with butylacrylate (BuA), methylmethacrylate (MMA), styrene, poly vinyl
alcohol (P.V.A) were prepared and characterized. The preparation was carried out in industrial scale in batch reactor at
pH 7, using potassium persulphate(KPS) and Sodium metabisulfate (Na2S2O5) as an initiators, Dodecyl Benzene
Sulphonic acid SDBA as an emulsifier,and sodium dodecyl sulfonic acid SDBAS as co-emulsifier in presence of tri
metylchlorosilane(TMCS) at 70oC for 4 hours. The chemical structures of the prepared binders were characterized by
FTIR and 1HNMRspectra. The various physic-chemical properties ofemulsion methacrylic copolymers including density,
viscosity, chemical resistance and volatile matter were studied. The resultsshow thatemulsion acrylic copolymers are
readily soluble in aprotic polar solvents such as (Toluene, Acetone, Benzene, xylene, DMF, DMSO, Methanol,
and ethanol) without being in need for heating.The obtained emulsion copolymers had high solid content and were used in
emulsion paints as binder. The experimental results show that these polymers supply very useful properties such as high
anticorrosive. The binder film are evaluated by measuring their chemical resistance. Thermal analysis of emulsion
copolymers are conducted by using thermo Gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal differential calorimeter (DSC)
techniques, which reveals that theemulsion acrylic polymers possess thermal stability.

KEYWORDS: Binder, Coating, Emulsion Polymerization, Methylacrylicacid, Surfactants

Article History
Received: 24 Feb 2018 | Revised: 06 Mar 2018 | Accepted: 16 Mar 2018

INTRODUCTION

Acrylic resins, which have an important commercial application in paint industry, are prepared through the
polymerization of acrylic and methacrylic acids or their corresponding esters. The key attribute of acrylic coatings is their
resistance to hydrolysis during extended exterior exposure (weathering), high block resistance, hardness, gloss and high
alkali and oxidation resistance [1]. Coating mixture consists primarily of pigments dispersed in water, plus binders,
co-binders and other additives [2-4]. Binder is added to coating to bind pigment particles to each other and to fill voids
between pigment particles so that the coating layer will not be removed during the operation [5]. Binders are desired to
meet various requirements such as good binding power, mixed and dissolved easily in water, good chemical and

www.iaset.us editor@iaset.us
2 Mohamed Ali Mutar& Farah Safi Khliwi

mechanical properties and harmless to health [6]. There is no synthetic binder which could meet all requirements of good
binder so it is often need co-binder to adjust the rheology and water retention to the required level [7]. Acrylic binders have
found significant uses in the field of coating for clear grease-resistant coating, excellent mixture quality, resistance to oil
and solvent and permanent flexibility. Additionally, acrylate dispersions have an excellent brightness and ageing resistance
and are less odorous [8]. Emulsion polymerization is an important industrial method, because it produces high molecular
weight polymers, and because there is no or negligible content of volatile organic compounds (VOC). In a normal
emulsion polymerization technique, the oil is emulsified in water with a conventional surfactant using a mechanical
shearing device, to produce droplets of 1 to 10 min diameter. The polymerization is achieved with the assistance of a water
or oil soluble initiator or catalystThese emulsions are generally opaque, milky, and viscous; but they can also be
translucent emulsions with particle sizes ranging from about 8 to 80 m, when a very high surfactant concentration is
employed [9].In order to ensure an adequate reaction rate it is common to introduce an initiator to the reaction system.
The surfactant not only influences the nucleation of polymer particles, but the particle size distribution and the colloidal
stability of the latex as well as the film properties are also affected by this component[10].the film formation process is
arbitrary divided in three stages: 1) evaporation of water resulting in packing of latex particles, 2) their deformation, and
3) coalescence by inter diffusion of polymer chains between adjacent particles. The first stage is crucial because the
structure achieved by the particles will remain in the film affecting its properties [11]. The permeability and the water
uptake of the latex film affect its performance because they can promote the film degradation and/or the damage of the
substrate. When in contact with water, the coating tends to absorb water, swells and often the adhesion is lost or decreased
[9]. Besides, small hydrophilic molecules, as surfactants employed in the polymerization reaction, pigments or water
soluble oligomers, can be extracted from the film by water that increases the loss of film properties [12]. Also the
correlation between latex film morphology, void content and film surface characteristics is relevant in coating performance
[13]. This work aimed to prepare emulsion acrylic polymers based on styrene (St), poly vinyl alcohol (P.V.A),
butyl acrylate (BuA) and carboxylic acid monomers represented as meth acrylic acid (MAA) to be produced in industrial
scale for industrial applications. High solid content, low coagulation, the rheological properties as well as the physical
properties of the prepared emulsion acrylic polymers. The prepared emulsion acrylic polymers were characterized by using
FTIR, 1HNMR TGA, and DSC.

EXPERIMENTAL
Materials
Methyl Acrylic acid (MAA), Methyl Methacrylate (MMA), Butylacrylate (BuA), Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA),
Styrene, Epoxy, Dodecyl Benzene Sulphonic acid SDBA, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonic acid SDBAS, trimetylchlorosilane
(TMCS), EPOXY, Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO) Dimethylformaid (DMF), Chlorophorm, Dichloro methane, Benzene,
Sulfuric acid, Acetone, Hydrochloric acid, Ethylenetriamine, Potassium persulfate, sodium metabisulfate, NaCl.

Instruments

FTIR TENSOR 27, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope, BRUKER, Germany. (Oven, Trivp International
Crop. Italy),(Hot plate stir, BibbyStrlintd.UK) (Measurement of 1 HNMR Spectra : recorded NMR spectra using a type of
Bruker, Ultra shield 300 Mhz, Switzerl and using (DMSO-d6) as a solvent at the university’s Educational teacher-Tehran
Iran), (Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) were performed on a polymer laboratories co England, Model pL-TG at Iran
polymer & petrochemical institute, using a heating rate of 10ºC/min in Argon atmosphere within the temperature range of

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.7056 NAAS Rating 2.07

Synthesis and Characterization of New Binders for Emulsion Coating Application Containing in Water Based MethAcrylic Hybrid Resins 3

25-800ºC) (differential thermal analysis (DSC) measurement using apparatus (DSC) type (DSC 131 Evo, SETARAM) is
the origin (France) in the Department of Chemical Engineering / Faculty of Engineering / University of Qadisiyah),
(viscosity device The use of viscosity measurement device for measuring the viscosity of the alkyd resin models record in
the Department of Chemistry / Faculty of Education / University of Qadisiyah / by a device from a company (Brookfield)
type (RVDV- II + P 8500), (230 V~) and frequency (50/60 Hz) and strongly (30 VA). The machine is manufactured in
(U.S.A).

Synthesis ofEmulsion Methacrylic Copolymers

Methacrylic resin was synthesized by emulsion polymerization using batch process. Emulsion polymerization
processes consist of two parts: (i) preemulsion, and (ii) reactor charge .Preemulsion was prepared with two different
solutions. For solution (1) water (25.gm.), (3 gm.) of dodecyl Benzene Sulphonic acid SDBA with (1 gm.) Sodium
Dodecyl Sulfonic acid SDBAS were mixed in a 100 mL beaker. For solution (2), (MAA, BuA, MMA, styrene, Epoxy,
and P.V.A )with different ratios as show in table (1)and TMCS (0.5g.) were put in a separate 100 mL beaker and mixed
for 5 minutes after the addition of each substance. Then, the two separate solutions were mixed and stirred for 40 minutes.
After obtaining a homogeneous preemulsion, the second part-reactor charge, was started. The reaction was performed in a
250 ml three-neck glass flask. Apparatus consisted of mechanical stirrer, condenser, thermometer, a feed inlet and another
inlet of nitrogen gas. The reactor was heated in an water bath. (0.45gm of KSP in 30ml distilled water) and (0.23 Sodium
met bisulfate in 20ml distilled water) were fed to the reactor at (2min.) at 70oC. After the completion of the addition
process, the temperature was 70°C in about 30 minutes and held at 70°C for about 4 hours to complete polymerization.
After obtaining the polymer, triethylamine was added to neutralize the carboxylic groups and the mixture was stirred for
another 30 minutes while maintaining the temperature at 50°C.

Table 1: Show the Percentage of Monomers

Emulsion Polymers Monomer Percentage
MAA BuA
%80 %20
Di monomer PMAA1
%50 %50
%20 %80
MAA BuA STYRENE
Tri monomer PMA2
%20 %30 %50
PMA3 MAA BuA MMA Epoxy
Tetra monomer
%10 %50 %20 %20
Penta monomer PMA4 MAA BuA MMA Styrene PVA

Figure 1: Structure of PMA1 Figure 2: Structure of PMA2

www.iaset.us editor@iaset.us
4 Mohamed Ali Mutar& Farah Safi Khliwi

Figure 3: of Structure PMA3 Figure 4: Structure of PMA4

Physico – Chemical Tests

Drying Test

Aluminum plates were cleaned by ethanol to make sure that there are no contaminants present to affect the result.

A hand coater with different fixed thickness was used to evenly coat the resin on the surface of the testing plates [14].

Density Test

The density was determined according to NF EN 1097-6 using analytical scale and pycnometer S9611826,
(100 ccs) [15].

Viscosity Test

Brookfield rotary Viscometer Ku-2 model RVDV-II+ P8500 was used to measure the viscosity at 25 ºC,
and using different spindle and speed [16].

Volatile Matter Test

Three specimens were placed in the oven within (30) min after preparation of methacrylic emulsion copolymers in
previously weighed watch glass and heated for (2 h) at (135-140) ºC. The Nonvolatile matter was calculated from the
difference in initial and final weights of the watch glass. The mean value of the three results was reported as the percentage
nonvolatile matter.

Corrosion Resistance Test

Salt spray test (ASTM D 1654) was performed to study the corrosion resistance of emulsion acrylic copolymers
on coatings. 5% NaCl salt water solution was used as corrosive environment; test was performed in a period of 144 hours.
Coated panels were examined periodically after (24 hours=one day, 72 hours =3day, 144 hours =6day) for blistering or
sign of corrosion [17].

Abrasion Resistance Test

This test was performed to measure the resistance of coating films against abrasion caused by an abrasive falling
from a specified height through a guide tube onto a coated metal (ASTM D968). Silica sand was used as the abrasive
agent. It was poured onto the coated metal until some scratching was detected. The volume of sand which changes the

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.7056 NAAS Rating 2.07

Synthesis and Characterization of New Binders for Emulsion Coating Application Containing in Water Based MethAcrylic Hybrid Resins 5

thickness of the film by certain extent determines the abrasion resistance. The abrasion is given in terms of „ℓ per
micrometer‟.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Synthesis and Characterization of Polymers Prepared
Synthesis and Characterization of (PMA1)
This polymer was synthesized by the emulsion polymerization of MAA with BA in the presence of Dodecyl
Benzene Sulphonic acid SDBA as an emulsifier, sodium dodecyl sulfonic acid SDBAS as co-emulsifier and
trimetylchlorosilane (TMCS). At (70ᴼC) for (4 hours) according to the equation in the reaction scheme (1).

Scheme (1) Synthesis of PMA1

Characterization of (PMA1)
FTIR Spectra
The FTIR spectra of (PMA1) shows in Figure (5) which indicated absorption band of (OH Carboxylic) at (3400
cm ), (C = O ester) at (1730 cm-1), (CH3)at (1375, 1450cm-1), (C=O carboxylic) at (1725 cm-1), (C-O ester) at (1100cm-1),
-1

(C-Haliphatic) at (2895 cm-1).

Figure 5: FTIR of PMA1

1
HNMR Spectra

Figure (6) showed signals at (δ=0.778-1.004 ppm) for (CH3), as well as signals at (δ= 1.135-1.823) ppm) for
(CH2). The appearance of several signals at the (δ =3.25-3.068ppm) returns to the (OCH2) protons. A single at
(δ =2.468ppm) to the DMSO. A signal at (δ= 12,224 ppm) for H in carboxylic group (OH).

www.iaset.us editor@iaset.us
6 Mohamed Ali Mutar& Farah Safi Khliwi

Figure 6: 1HNMR of PMA1

Synthesis and Characterization of (PMA2)

This polymer was synthesized by the emulsion polymerization of MAA with BA and styrene in the presence of
Dodecyl Benzene Sulphonic acid SDBA as an emulsifier , sodium dodecyl sulfonic acid SDBAS as co-emulsifier and
trimetylchlorosilane (TMCS). at (70 ᴼC) for (4 hours) according to the equation in the reaction scheme (2).

Scheme (2) synthesis of PMA2

Characterization of (PMA2)
FTIR Spectra
The FTIR spectra of (PMA2) shows in Figure (7) which indicated absorptions band of (OH Carboxylic) for
(3400 cm-1), (C = O ester)for1725cm-1), (1375, 1450 cm-1) for (CH3), (C=O Carboxyl) for 1700 cm-1), 1090 cm-1) for
(C-O ester), (2890 cm-1) for (C-H) aliphatic, (C-H aromatic) at (3020 cm-1), (1615 cm-1) for aromatic (C=C).

Figure 7: FTIR of PMA2

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.7056 NAAS Rating 2.07

Synthesis and Characterization of New Binders for Emulsion Coating Application Containing in Water Based MethAcrylic Hybrid Resins 7

1
HNMR Spectra

Figure (8) showed signals at (δ= 0.6723-0.9015ppm) to (CH3), as well as signals at (δ= 1.0110-1.0896ppm) to
(CH2). Showed signals at (δ= 1.4482-1.5461 ppm) to (CH), The appearance of several signals at (δ =2.5070-3.0512ppm)
returns to the (OCH2) protons to (ester). A single show at (δ =2.5 ppm) to the DMSO. A signal at (δ= 10.12ppm) for Hin
carboxylic group (OH). A Signal show at (δ=7.4939-7.5101ppm) to proton of aromatic ring.

Figure8:1HNMR of PMA2

Synthesis and Characterization of (PMA3)

This polymer was synthesized by the emulsion polymerization of MAA with BA and MMA, and epoxy in the
presence of Dodecyl Benzene Sulphonic acid SDBA as an emulsifier, sodium dodecyl sulfonic acid SDBAS as
co-emulsifier and trimetylchlorosilane (TMCS). At (70 ᴼC) for (4 hours) according to the equation in the reaction in the
scheme (3).

Scheme (3) Synthesis of PMA3

Characterization of (PMA3)
FTIR Spectra
The FTIR spectra of (PMA3) shows in Figure (9) which indicated absorption band of (OH carboxylic) at (3400
cm-1), (C = O ester) at(1770cm-1), (CH3) for (1350, 1420 cm-1), (C=O carboxylic) at (1725 cm-1),(C-O)ester at(1110 cm-1),
(CH aromatic) at (3010 cm-1), aromatic (C = C) at (1650 cm -1), (C-H) aliphatic at (2900 cm-1).

www.iaset.us editor@iaset.us
8 Mohamed Ali Mutar& Farah Safi Khliwi

Figure 9: FTIR of PMA3

Synthesis and Characterization of (PMA4)

This polymer was synthesized by the emulsion polymerization of MAA with BA, MMA, P.V.A and styrene in the
presence of Dodecyl Benzene Sulphonic acid SDBA as an emulsifier, sodium dodecyl sulfonic acid SDBAS as
co-emulsifier and trimetylchlorosilane(TMCS). at (70 ᴼC) for (4 hours) according to the equation in the reaction in scheme
(4)

Scheme (4) Synthesis of PMA4

Characterization of (PMA4)
FTIR Spectra
The FTIR spectra of (PMA4) shows in Figure (11) which indicated absorption band of (OH carboxylic) at
(3390 cm-1), (C = O) carboxylic at (1745cm-1), (C=O) ester at (1730cm-1 ), (C-H) aliphatic at (1370, 1420 cm-1), (C-O)
ester at (1100cm- 1), (C-H) for (CH3) at (2899 cm-1), aromatic (C-H)at (3010 cm-1), aromatic (C = C) at (1600 cm-1).

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.7056 NAAS Rating 2.07

Synthesis and Characterization of New Binders for Emulsion Coating Application Containing in Water Based MethAcrylic Hybrid Resins 9

Figure 10: FTIR of PMA4

1
HNMR Spectra

Figure (12) showed signals at (δ= 0.77-0.84) ppm) to (CH3), as well as signals at (δ= 1.06-1.15) ppm) to (CH2).
Showed signals at (δ= 1.12-1.56) ppm) to (CH), the appearance of several signals at (δ =2.5002-3.0343) ppm) returns to
the (OCH2) protons for (ester). A single at (δ =2.49) ppm) to the DMSO. Signal at (δ=7.5140-7.0802) ppm) to proton of
aromatic ring, Signal at (δ=3.99 ppm) ppm) to (OH).

Figure11: 1HNMR of PMA4

Physico - Chemical Test

Density Test
A substance density and the volumetric mass density is its mass per unit volume. Mostly used symbol for density
is ρ. and depends on temperature and pressure. The results were observed for the emulsion copolymers prepared in the
(table 2), The density of emulsion methacrylic copolymers (PMA1PMA2, PMA3, PMA4) increases, when the percentage
of butyl acrylate increasing.

Table2: Density of Polymer

Emulsion copolymers Sample 1 Sample2 Sample3
PMA1 0.9830g/cm3 1.1003 g/cm3 1.0883 g/cm3
PMA2 1.0348 g/cm3
PMA3 0.9867 g/cm3
PMA4 1.0659 g/cm3

www.iaset.us editor@iaset.us
10 Mohamed Ali Mutar& Farah Safi Khliwi

Viscosity Test

The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.
For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness". The viscosity of the solution is an important tool for
characterization polymers are a measure of molecular weight of polymer as the viscosity of the solution is a measure of the
size. The factors affecting viscosity:

 Pressure: Pressure viscosity little importance but viscosity effect appears when the pressure increases (68 bar).
 Temperature: When temperatures decrease viscosity because at high temperature of liquid increase distances
between molecules less friction and therefore less viscous. The rheology of various types of the prepared binders
represented in table (3) show a decrease in viscosity as the shear rate was increased. Accordingly, it was found
that all the prepared binders are thinning polymers (a thixotropic material) which become more fluid with
increasing time of applied force or increasing the shear rate. A regular decrease in commercial polymer viscosity
as the shear rate increased, was found where MAA:BuA:, MAA:BuA: styrene, MAA:BuA:MMA: epoxy, MAA:
BuA: MMA: styrene:PVA, binders respectively, have the least thinning effect comparing with this type
commercial binder. This means that a high network structure is created within the polymer molecules. Table (3)
also shows that polymers MAA: BuA:, MAA: BA: MMA: styrene, MAA: BA: MMA: styrene :PVA respectively,
have a high increase in viscosity as the shear rate decreased compared with MAA: BuA : styrene.

Table 3: Viscosity Measurement

Emulsion Spindle
Sample 1 Sample2 Sample
copolymers
PMA1 - 412CP 640CP 6
PMA2 160CP 6
PMA3 540CP 6
PMA4 830CP 6
Drying Test

Denser layers (120 μm) are in need of much more time to dry in comparison to thinner layers (30 μm). The thicker
films drying mechanism necessitates a great deal to form cross-link between chains. The thicker films emulsion
copolymers drying time can radically increase with increasing of styrene (11). It was founded that the ability of emulsion
copolymers to dry by air is according to the hydrophobicity of monomer: When the monomer is the hydrophilic the drying
is slow, because the loss of water becomes slower. While when the monomer was hydrophobic the drying will be faster
and there is increase in drying because the loss of water become faster. Table (4) shows the drying in emulsion
copolymers.

Table4: Measurement of Drying

Emulsion copolymers Sample 1 Sample2 Sample
PMA1 03:25 03:35 03:35
PMA2 03:15
PMA3 03.05
PMA4 01:50

Volatility Matter Test

It was noted by the results shown in (table 5), there is a difference in the value of the volatility between each
emulsion copolymers prepared. The (PMA4) shows least value of volatility due to the presence of P.V.A., because this

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.7056 NAAS Rating 2.07

Synthesis and Characterization of New Binders for Emulsion Coating Application Containing in Water Based MethAcrylic Hybrid Resins 11

monomeris hydrophilic while (PMA3) shows high value of volatility due to length chain of copolymer container in its
structure on hydrophobic monomers therefore the volatility increased.

Table 5: Volatility Measurements

Emulsion (D) Sample 1 Sample2 Sample
PMA1 11.3 % 13.01% 13.08%
PMA2 12.06%
PMA3 17.67%
PMA4 9.32%

Chemical Resistance Test

The resistance of the emulsion acrylic copolymers were determined in two media, distilled water, HCl, H2SO4 and
NaOH solution (Table 9), described that there was no effect on emulsion copolymers film after immersion in distilled
water for 18 hours, was sufficient time to examine the water resistance. When the emulsion copolymer film was immersed
in strong alkali solution and acid solution, (3N NaOH) (3N HCl) and(3NH2SO4), the film got whitening after immersion
time for 8 hours, blistering after immersion for 16 hours and removal after immersion time of 24 hours. So the result shows
that have emulsion copolymers high chemical resistance.

Table6: Chemical Resistant for Emulsion Copolymers

PMA1 PMA2 PMA3 PMA4
H2O + + + +
NaOH + + + +
HCl + + + +
H2SO4 + + + +
(+) chemical resistant for polymer (no soluble)
(-) chemical resistant for polymer (soluble)
Solubility Test

Emulsion methacrylic polymers showed high solubility in different type of solvents. (table 10) described
solubility of samples, was measured by taking the solubility (0.01 g) of the sample prepared resin and melted in (2 ml) of
the solvent, The solvents used include (DMF, Acetone,) (Polar aprotic) non-polar solvents such as (Benzene, CHCl3) and
other solvents such as (HCl, H2SO4). The solvent molecules increase with the distance between the molecular chains of the
resin. The spaces between long chains with pendant side group of resin are invaded by solvent molecules as they fill the
space made available by chain movements. When movements bring two chains close to proximity, short range attractive
forces are therefore established resulting in restricted chain movement and thus the formation of a viscous system (12, 13).
Solvent are added to deal with the problem of high viscous polymers which is an obstacle in substrates wet ability.

Table7: Solubility of Emulsions

Solvent Acetone Benzene CH2Cl2 DMSO DMF THF CHCl3 H2SO4 HCl
PMA1 + - - + + - - + +
PMA2 - - -+ + + -+ -+ + +
PMA3 - +- +- + + + + + +
PMA4 + +- +- + + -+ +- + +

www.iaset.us editor@iaset.us
12 Mohamed Ali Mutar& Farah Safi Khliwi

Corrosion Test

Salt spray tests are probably the most common tests applicable to corrosion resistance and the most controversial.
It is well established that salts such as sodium chloride can cause rapid corrosion of ferrous substrates, and it is useful to
have information on the behavior of a particular system in protecting such substrate from corrosion both with intact and
damaged coating films. However, they are well established, and despite the problem of reproducibility, are quite useful
guides to performance in the absence of longer term corrosion data. They are this unlikely to be discarded. They are
considered to be unrealistic by some workers because of the degree of acceleration of the corrosion process that they
achieve and the variability of the extent of damage that is inflicted in some of the tests. From the results, given in table (7),
it can be seen that incorporation of (trichloromethylsilane) in the backbone of acrylic polymers has helped to develop a
coating with improved humidity and salt spray resistance. The resistance properties of prepared polymers increases with
the increase of the monomers shows that the coating quality increases and is less corroded because it gives the binder more
strength to resist weather conditions such as moisture and thus increase the durability of the binder to protect the surface
from damage caused by corrosion to hybrid polymers. The study shows the corrosion behavior of hybrid binders with
increasing percentage of epoxy resin.

Table 8: Show the Corrosion of Emulsion Copolymers

Emulsion Sample
PMA1 After 3 days corrosion
PMA2 After 3days corrosion
PMA3 After 6 days no corrosion
PMA4 After 6 days no corrosion
Abrasion Test

The abrasion resistance is also a measure of the coating’s toughness, hardness and impact resistance. The test
results are given in terms of the amount of sand required to remove a certain thickness from coating. Abrasion resistance
test results are given in terms of amount of sand required to remove 1 μm thickness from coating material. The measured
results are given in Table (8). The abrasion resistance increases with the increase of hardness of resins; PMA7 has the
highest abrasion resistance.

Table 9: Show the Abrasion Resistance of Emulsion Copolymers

Emulsion Sample
PMA1 350
PMA3 650
PMA5 1600
PMA7 1750

Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) Study

Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) involves determining changes in mass as a function of temperature. It is
commonly used to search degradation temperatures, absorbed content of materials, levels of inorganic and organic parts
contained in a material and analysis solvent residues. It employs a sensitive electronic balance from which the samples
suspended in a furnace controlled by a temperature programmer [18]. The thermal properties of two samples of these
emulsion acrylic copolymers were investigated by means of thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) in Argon atmosphere at
heating rate of 10 ºC/min. The results such as Ti, Top, Tf, T50%, % Residue at 700 ºC, and char yields at 600 ºC are

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.7056 NAAS Rating 2.07

Synthesis and Characterization of New Binders for Emulsion Coating Application Containing in Water Based MethAcrylic Hybrid Resins 13

summarized in (Table 11). The temperatures of 50% weight loss of (PMA1PMA2,PMA3,PMA4)as a standard indication
for thermal stability of polymers were all from 700 ºC, The char yields of (PMA1),52%, (PMA2),46% ,(PMA3), 42% and
(PMA4) 52% at 600 ºC in Argon atmosphere, which indicate they could meet temperature resistant requirements, which
can be used in surface coating application. Weight residue of (PMA1) are 68%, (PMA2), 56%,(PMA3), 58% and (PMA4)
61% at 700 ºC[19].

Table10: TGA Measurement

DT/°C Residueat Char % at
Alkyd Resin T50% o
Ti Top1 Top2 Tf C700 600°C
PMA1 120 200 400 >700 >600 68 52
PMA2 200 400 550 >700 >600 56 46
PMA3 100 210 420 >700 >600 58 45
PMA4 260 370 450 >700 >600 61 52
DT: Decomposition temperature.
Ti: Initial decomposition temperature.
Top: Optimum decomposition temperature.
Tf: Final decomposition temperature.
T50%: Temperature of 50% weight loss, obtained from TGA
Char% at 200°C: Residual weight percentage at 200°C in Argon by TGA.

Figure 12: TGA of PMA1

Figure 13: TGA of PMA2

www.iaset.us editor@iaset.us
14 Mohamed Ali Mutar& Farah Safi Khliwi

Figure 14: TGA of PMA3

Figure 15: TGA of PMA4

Differential Scanning Calorimeter Analysis (DSC) Study

Differential Scanning Calorimetry, is a technique of thermal analysis that investigates how material’s heat
capacity (Cp) is transformed by temperature. A known mass sample is heated or cooled and the variations in its heat
capacity are observed as alterations in the heat flow. This allows to reveal transitions such as melts glass transitions (Tg),
and the melting point (Tm) the degree of crystallization (Tc) (20). The results of (PMA1) polymer showed in figure (17 )
the value of the glass transition (Tg) of the mixture (250 ° C) indicating that the flow of temperature and then increase the
rate of absorption of the sample to reach the melting point (Tm) at (510 ° C) ) Is completely dissolved and then the rate of
absorption of the sample to the heat and through the curve was set the degree of crystallization (Tc) of the mixture
(390 °C).The results of (PMA2) polymer showed in figure (18) the value of the glass transition (Tg) of the mixture
(60 ° C), indicating an increase in the flow of temperature and then increase the rate of absorption of the sample to the
temperature until it reaches the melting point (Tm) at (480 ° C). In the curve, the crystallization rate (Tc) was determined
for the mixture (315 ° C). The results of (PMA3) polymer showed in figure (19) the value of the glass transition (Tg) of the
mixture (50 ° C), indicating an increase in the flow of temperature and then increase the rate of absorption of the sample to
the temperature until the melting point (Tm) at (540 ° C) if completely melted and then the rate of absorption of the sample
to heat and by the curve was set the crystallization rate (Tc) of the mixture (360 ° C). The results of (PMA4) polymer
showed in figure (20) the value of the glass transition (Tg) of the mixture (100 ° C), indicating an increase in the flow of
temperature and after that the rate of absorption of the sample to the temperature until it reaches the melting point (Tm) at
(460 ° C) and then the rate of absorption of the sample to heat and by the curve of the formation of (Tc) of the mixture
(340°C)[22].

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.7056 NAAS Rating 2.07

Synthesis and Characterization of New Binders for Emulsion Coating Application Containing in Water Based MethAcrylic Hybrid Resins 15

Table 11: Shows the Degree of Glass Transition, Melting Point and theDegree of Crystallization in the Differential
Thermal Analysis
Samples Tg (cº) TM (cº) TC (cº)
PMA1 250 510 390
PMA2 60 480 395
PMA3 50 540 360
PMA4 105 460 340

Tg: Degree Glass Transition

Tm: Melting Point
Tc : Degree of Crystallization

Figure 16: DSC of PMA1

Figure 17: DSC of PMA2

Figure 18: DSC of PMA3

www.iaset.us editor@iaset.us
16 Mohamed Ali Mutar& Farah Safi Khliwi

Figure 19: DSC of PMA4

CONCLUSIONS

We can conclude from the data that all the prepared emulsion acrylic copolymers had non-New to
nianpseudoplastic character. The methacrylic acid gave high shear rat, high viscosity and high compliance. The polymer
having (MAA) monomer in its composition was of high thermal stability. Salt spray analysis confirms the improvement in
corrosion resistance of hybrid binders with increasing resin content. The physical properties are subjected to the adjustment
of the thermal treatment temperature due to the chemical reaction via the reactive groups incorporated for polymer and its
main chain. The higher the thermal treatment temperature, the betterphysical properties for copolymers are achieved.
Hybrid resin of acrylic by emulsion polymerization, leading to lower VOC as compared to conventional systems. It proofs
that in a hybrid system we can improve the properties of the system by adding two component and good properties
increases as the content of one component increases and other properties are not affected. So these resins can be used in
coatings where corrosion resistant paints are required because of good.corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance,
and resistance to various chemicals.

REFERENCES

1. El-Molla MM, Schneider R (2010). Development of ecofriendly bindersfor pigment printing of all types of textile
fabrics, J. Textile Assoc. press, pp. 172-178.

2. Gron, J. (2000) Pigment Coating and Surface Sizing of Paper. In: Gullichsen, J. and Paulapuro, H., Eds.,
PapermakingScience and Technology, Vol. 11, FapetOy, Helsinki.

3. Smook, G.A. (1997) Handbook for Pulp & Paper Technologists. 2nd Edition, Angus Wilde Publications Inc.,
Bellingham.

4. Willenbacher, N. and Hanciogullari, H. (1997) TAPPI, Advanced Coating Fundamentals Symposium Notes.
TAPPIPress, Atlanta.

5. Yoshida, E., Tago, S. and Imamura, K. (1984) Binders Compositions for Paper Coating Materials. US Patent No.
4431769

6. Mclaughlin, J., Moorestown, N. and Toy, W. (1957) Methods of Making Coated Paper Products and the Products
Obtained.US Patent No. 2790736

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.7056 NAAS Rating 2.07

Synthesis and Characterization of New Binders for Emulsion Coating Application Containing in Water Based MethAcrylic Hybrid Resins 17

7. Robert, W. and Hagemeyer, I. (1997) Pigments for Paper. Tappi Press, Technology Park, Atlant.

8. Wesslau, H., Duerkheim, B. and Spoor, H. (1968) Binders for Paper Coating Compositions. US Patent No.
3365410

9. Smith HG, Gastonia NC (2001). Method of screen printing on textilefabrics U.S. patent, 6(196): 126

10. Fitch, R. Polymer Colloids: A comprehensive introduction. Academic Press: SanDiego, 1997.

11. Wang, Y.; Kats, A.; Juhué, D., Winnik, M.A. Freeze-fracture studies of latex filmsformed in the absence and
presence of surfactant. Langmuir 1992, 8, 1435-1442.

12. Castela, A.S.L.; Simoes, A.M.; Ferreira, M.G.S. EIS evaluation of attached andfree polymer films. Prog. Org.
Coat. 2000, 38, 1-7

13. Laudone, G.M.; Matthews, G.P.; Gane, P.A.C. Effect of Latex VolumetricConcentration on Void Structure,
Particle Packing, and Effective Particle SizeDistribution in a Pigmented Paper Coating Layer. Ind. Eng. Chem.
Res. 2006, 45, 1918-1923

14. Koleske, J. V., ‘Paint and Coating Testing Manual ’, AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia,
Pg: 96,(1995) .

15. P. Pei, M. C. Bhardwaj, J. Anderson, D. Minor and T. Thornton, Measuring Green Body Density, Ceramic
Industry, pg: 25, (2000).

16. M.I. Ojovan, K.P. Travis and R.J. Hand "Thermodynamic parameters of bonds in glassy materials from
viscosity-temperature relationships". J. Phys.: Condensed matter 19 (41): 415107.
doi:10.1088/0953-8984/19/41/415107. Pg: 237,(2000).

17. ‘Acrylic hybrid technology’, B. Huffman, G. Schmitz, M. Spiegel and D. Taft, Paint and Coatings Industry, pp132-
140, October 2002.

18. I.SI. Handbook of Food Analysis (Part XIII)-1984 Page 67/ IUPAC 2.201/ I.S: 548 (Part 1) – 1964, Methods of
Sampling and Test for Oils and Fats / ISO 660:1996 Determination of acid value and acidity PP: 428-430,
(1979).

19. A.O.A.C. 17th edn, Official method 920. 159- Iodine absorption number of oils and fats / I.S.I. Handbook of Food
Analysis (Part XIII) – 1984, page 76 (2000).

20. N. A. Porter, B. A. Weber, H. Weenen, and J. A. Khan. Autoxidation of polyunsaturated lipids. factors controlling
the stereochemistry of product hydroperoxides. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 102(17):5597, Pg:
148,(1980)..

21. S.T. Lin, S.K. Huang, Thermal degradation study of siloxane–DGEBA epoxy copolymers, Eur. Polym. J. 33
(1997) 365–373.

22. K. L. Mittal and K.-W. Lee, Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces: Characterization, Modification and Application,
CRC Press, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1997.

www.iaset.us editor@iaset.us