Able to identify stress limit (at transfer and
Understand the basic theory of
service) and estimate minimum cross
section of pre-stressed beam.
1.
prestressing;
2. Able to determine minimum elastic
moduli;
3. Able to determine the min. required
prestress force for a given eccentricity.
1. Beam properties
2. Loading
3. Calculate min. pre-stress force and stresses
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1. Beam properties:

𝐴 = 300 × 150 = 45,000 mm2

𝑏ℎ3 150 × 3003
𝐼= = = 337.5 × 106 mm4
12 12

𝐼 337.5 × 106
𝑍= = = 2.25 × 106 mm3
𝑦 150
Or
𝑏ℎ2 150 300 2
𝑍= = = 2.25 × 106 mm3
6 6
 3. (i) Min. pre-stress force
Minimum pre-stress force necessary for no
tension under live load at mid-span
2. Loading
From eq. (2.2):
𝑃 𝑃𝑒 𝑀
𝜎btm = + − −−−− −Eq. 2.2
Self-weight, w = concrete density x A 𝐴 𝑍b 𝑍b
𝑤 = 24 × 45,000 = 1.08 kN/m
𝜎btm = 0 (no tension)
Moment due to self-weight, 1 𝑒 𝑀𝑇
1.08 × 42 𝑃 + − =0
𝑀0 = = 2.16 kNm 𝐴 𝑍𝑏 𝑍𝑏
8 𝑀𝑇 22.16kNm
𝑃= =
𝑍𝑏 2.25 × 106 mm3
+𝑒 + 65mm
Load, w = self-weight + live load 𝐴 45,000 mm2
𝑤 = 1.08 + 10 = 11.08 kN/m 𝑃 = 192.69kN
Moment at service, 192.69 kN is min. pre-stress force required for
11.08 × 42 no tension in a bottom fiber
𝑀T = = 22.16 kNm
8
3. (ii) Calculate the corresponding stresses 3. (ii) Calculate the corresponding stresses
under self-weight only at mid-span and at under self-weight only at mid-span and at
the ends of the member the ends of the member
Stresses at the mid-span due to self-weight: Stresses at the ends of the member due to
𝑃 192.69 kN 2 self-weight:
= = 4.282 N/mm 𝑃 192.69 kN
𝐴 45,000 mm2 2
𝑀0 2.16 kNm = = 4.282 N/mm
= = 0.96 N/mm 2 𝐴 45,000 mm2
𝑍 2.25 × 106 mm3 𝑀𝑡 0 2
𝑃𝑒 192.69 kN × 65 mm = = 0 N/mm
= = 5.5666 N/mm 2 𝑍 2.25 × 106 mm3
𝑍 2.25 × 106 mm3 𝑃𝑒 192.69 kN × 65 mm 2
= = 5.5666 N/mm
𝑍 2.25 × 106 mm3
𝜎top = 4.282 + 0.96 − 5.5666
= −0.3246 N/mm2 tension 𝜎top = 4.282 + 0 − 5.5666
𝜎btm = 4.282 − 0.96 + 5.5666 = −1.28 N/mm2 tension
= 8.89 N/mm2 (compression) 𝜎btm = 4.282 − 0 + 5.5666
= 9.85 N/mm2 (compression)
 𝑀𝑣
𝑀𝑣 𝑍𝑡 ≥
𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 − Ω𝑓𝑐𝑡,0

𝑀𝑇 − Ω𝑀0 ≤ 𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 − Ω𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 𝑍𝑡

𝑀𝑇 − Ω𝑀0 ≤ Ω𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 − 𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 𝑍𝑏

𝑀𝑣
𝑀𝑣 𝑍𝑏 ≥
Ω𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 − 𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡
 span
span ≤ 36 m ℎ= + 0.1 𝑚
25
span
span > 36 m ℎ= 𝑚
20
1. Determine MV

MV based on UDL only:

3 × 102
𝑀𝑣 = = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 𝐤𝐍𝐦
8

2. Determine stress limit

Clause 5.10.2
Assume 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑡 = 0.60𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 24 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 = 0.6 × 24 = 14.4 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 = −1 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 = 0.6 × 40 = 24 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 = 0
3. Make use Eq. 2.7 and 2.8 4. Propose a size

𝑀𝑣 37.5 × 106 𝑏ℎ2

𝑍𝑡 ≥ = 𝑍= = 3.255 × 106 mm3
𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 − Ω𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 24 − 0.8 × −1 6
𝑍𝑡 ≥ 1.512 × 106 mm3 ℎ
Assume 𝑏 = 2.5, ∴ ℎ = 2.5𝑏
𝑏 2.5𝑏 2
𝑀𝑣 37.5 × 106 𝑍= = 3.255 × 106
𝑍𝑏 ≥ = 6
Ω𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 − 𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 0.8 × 14.4 − 0 ∴ 𝑏 = 144 mm
𝑍𝑏 ≥ 3.255 × 106 mm3 Hence, h = 360 mm
Propose a size of 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 × 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦
𝑍𝑏 ≥ 3.255 × 106 mm3 govern the section
properties
5. Check the proposed size:

𝑏ℎ2 200 × 3502

𝑍= = = 4.083 × 106 mm3
6 6 3
𝑍 = 4.083 × 10 mm > 3.255 × 106 mm3 ∴ 𝐎𝐊!
6
1. Propose a size
10
span ≤ 36 m ℎ= + 0.1 = 0.5 m = 500mm
25
ℎ
Assume 𝑏 = 250 mm; since 𝑏 = 2 < 2.5
A proposed size: 250 mm × 500 mm
∴ 𝐴 = 0.125mm2

2. Determine MV
25 × 0.125 × 102
𝑀0 = = 39.0625kNm
8
3 × 102
𝑀𝑇 = 39.0625 + = 76.5625kNm
8

𝑀𝑣 = 76.5625 − 0.8 × 39.0625 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐍𝐦

3. Determine stress limit
𝑀𝑣 45.3125 × 106
𝑍𝑏 ≥ =
Ω𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 − 𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 0.8 × 14.4 − 0
Clause 5.10.2 𝑍𝑏 ≥ 3.933 × 106 mm3
Assume 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑡 = 0.60𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 24 N/mm2
𝑍𝑏 ≥ 3.933 × 106 mm3 govern the section
𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 = 0.6 × 24 = 14.4 N/mm2 properties
𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 = −1 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 = 0.6 × 40 = 24 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 = 0 5. Check the proposed size:

4. Make use Eq. 2.7 and 2.8 𝑍 = 3.933 × 106 mm3

Let say maintain 𝑏 = 250 mm
𝑀𝑣 45.3125 × 106 250ℎ2
𝑍𝑡 ≥ = 𝑍= = 3.933 × 106 mm3
24 − 0.8 × −1 6
𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 − Ω𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 ∴ ℎ = 307mm
𝑍𝑡 ≥ 1.827 × 106 mm3
Propose a size of 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦 × 𝟑𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐦
1. Determine MV

MV based on UDL only:

25 × 92
𝑀𝑣 = = 𝟐𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐍𝐦
8

2. Determine stress limit

Clause 5.10.2
Assume 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑡 = 0.60𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 24 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 = 0.6 × 24 = 14.4 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 = −1 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 = 0.6 × 40 = 24 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 = 0
3. Make use Eq. 2.7 and 2.8 4. Propose a size

𝑀𝑣 253.125 × 106 𝑏ℎ2

𝑍𝑡 ≥ = 𝑍= = 21.973 × 106 mm3
𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 − Ω𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 24 − 0.8 × −1 6
𝑍𝑡 ≥ 10.206 × 106 mm3 ℎ
Assume 𝑏 = 2.5, ∴ ℎ = 2.5𝑏
𝑏 2.5𝑏 2
𝑀𝑣 253.125 × 106 𝑍= = 21.973 × 106
𝑍𝑏 ≥ = 6
Ω𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 − 𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 0.8 × 14.4 − 0 ∴ 𝑏 = 276 mm
𝑍𝑏 ≥ 21.973 × 106 mm3 Hence, h = 691 mm
Propose a size of 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝐦𝐦 × 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦
𝑍𝑏 ≥ 21.973 × 106 mm3 govern the section
properties
5. Check the proposed size:

𝑏ℎ2 375 × 6002

𝑍= = = 22.5 × 106 mm3
6 6 3
𝑍 = 22.5 × 10 mm > 21.973 × 106 mm3 ∴ 𝐎𝐊!
6
 Those equations give a range within which the prestress force must lie to
ensure that the allowable stress conditions are met at all stages in the life of
the member.
 𝒁𝒕 𝒇𝐜𝐭,𝟎 − 𝑴𝟎
𝑷𝒎𝟎 ≥ −−−− −𝐄𝐪 𝟐. 𝟏𝟎
𝒁𝒕 𝑨𝒄 − 𝒆

𝑍b 𝑓cc,0 + 𝑀0 Note: In Eq. 2.9 and 2.10, it is possible

𝑃𝑚0 ≤ −−−− −Eq 2.12
𝑍b 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑒 that the denominator term 𝑍𝑡 𝐴𝑐 − 𝑒 ,
might be negative if 𝑒 > 𝑍𝑡 𝐴𝑐 . In this
case, the sense of the inequality would
have to change as the effect of dividing an
𝒁𝒕 𝒇𝐜𝐜,𝒕 − 𝑴𝑻 inequality by a negative number is to
𝑷𝒎𝟎 ≤ −−−− −𝐄𝐪 𝟐. 𝟗 change its sense.
𝛀 𝒁𝒕 𝑨𝒄 − 𝒆

𝑍b 𝑓ct,t + 𝑀T
𝑃𝑚0 ≥ −−−− −Eq 2.11
Ω 𝑍b 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑒
Use info. in Numerical Example 2.2: The 10 1. Determine stress limit
m span simply supported beam of 200 mm x From Example 2.2:
350 mm is subjected to eccentrically pre-
Clause 5.10.2
stress force at 75 mm. Determine the min.
initial pre-stress force required. Assume 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑡 = 0.60𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 24 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 = 0.6 × 24 = 14.4 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 = −1 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 = 0.6 × 40 = 24 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 = 0

2. Determine section properties

𝐴𝑐 = 200 × 350 = 0.07m2
𝑏ℎ2
𝑍𝑡 = 𝑍𝑏 = = 4.083 × 106 mm2
6
3. Determine M0 and MT

4.083 × 106 × 24 − 59.375

25 × 200 × 350 × 102 𝑃𝑚0 ≤
𝑀0 = = 21.875kNm 0.8 4.083 × 106 70,000 − 75
8
3 × 102 𝑃𝑚0 ≥ −2895.448kN
𝑀𝑇 = 21.875 + = 59.375kNm
8 4.083 × 106 × 0 + 59.375
𝑃𝑚0 ≥
0.8 4.083 × 106 70,000 + 75
𝑃𝑚0 ≥ 556.661kN
4. Determine the Pm0
From the above Pm0, the minimum value of
4.083 × 106 × −1 − 21.875 Pm0 is 557 kN with the upper limit is 605
𝑃𝑚0 ≥
4.083 × 106 70,000 − 75 kN.
𝑃𝑚0 ≤ 1557.035 kN

4.083 × 106 × 14.4 + 21.875

𝑃𝑚0 ≤
4.083 × 106 70,000 + 75
𝑃𝑚0 ≤ 605.048kN
Check the upper economic limit to prestress
force:
24 × 4.083 × 106 + 0 × 4.083 × 106
𝑃𝑚0 ≤
4.083 × 106 + 4.083 × 106
0.8 70000
𝑃𝑚0 ≤ 1050kN

Since this is greater than the upper limit 605 kN,

hence a design with the initial prestressing
force 557 kN to 605 kN will be acceptable.
Given a pre-stress force at transfer, P = 2500 kN.
Losses between transfer and SLS = 20%.
Determine all stresses at transfer and in service.
The section is rectangular, 300 mm wide and 650
mm deep. It is simply supported spanning 12 m
with dead load equal to self-weight and a live
load of 6 kN/m (unfactored). The pre-stress force
is applied at the centroid.
Given a pre-stress force at transfer, P = 1500 kN
with an eccentricity of 100 mm. Losses between
transfer and SLS = 20%. Determine all stresses
at transfer and in service.
The section is rectangular, 300 mm wide and 650
mm deep. It is simply supported spanning 12 m
with dead load equal to self-weight and a live
load of 6 kN/m (unfactored).

A rectangular concrete beam with a cross-section
300 mm depth and 200 mm width is prestressed
by means of 15 nos. of wires of 5 mm diameter
located 6.5 cm from the bottom of the beam and
3 nos. of wires with diameter of 5 mm, 2.5 cm
from the top.
Assuming the prestress in the steel as 840
N/mm2, calculate the stresses at the extreme
fibers of the mid-span section when the beam is
supporting its own weight over a span of 6 m and
a uniformly distributed live load of 6kN/m. The
density of concrete is 24kN/m3. Assume the loss
is 20%.
(refer Assignment_5_good [Q4])
A post-tensioned beam has a mid span cross-
section with a duct of 50 mm x 75 mm to house
the wires. It is pre-tensioned with 516 mm2 of
steel to an initial stress of 1040 MPa.
Immediately after transfer, the stress is reduced
by 5% owing to anchorage loss and elastic
shortening of concrete.
Compute the stresses in the concrete at
transfer.
A rectangular concrete beam with a cross-section 200 mm
300 mm depth and 200 mm width is prestressed
by means of 15 nos. of wires of 5 mm diameter 25 mm
located 6.5 cm from the bottom of the beam and
3 nos. of wires with diameter of 5 mm, 2.5 cm 3 nos. of
from the top. wires ϕ 5
mm
Assuming the prestress in the steel as 840
N/mm2, calculate the stresses at the extreme CG
300 mm
fibers of the mid-span section when the beam is
e
supporting its own weight over a span of 6 m and
a uniformly distributed live load of 6kN/m. The
density of concrete is 24kN/m3. Assume the loss
is 20%. y 15 nos. of
wires ϕ 5 mm 65 mm

Note: y = centroid of the prestressing force

Prestress (in the steel) = 840 N/mm2 6 × 62
𝑄𝑘 = 6 kN/m 𝑀𝑇 = 6.48 + = 33.48kNm
8
𝛾𝑐 = 24 kN/m3
Losses = 20% Eccentricity:
L=6m 15 × 65 + 3 × 275
𝑦= = 100mm
18
In order to determine stresses in a concrete, we 𝑒 = 150 − 100 = 50mm
need values of: P, M0, MT, Z, A, e
Initial prestressing force
Beam’s properties: 𝐴𝑠 = 18 × 𝜋 2.5 2 = 353.43mm2
𝐴𝑐 = 0.20 × 0.3 = 0.06m2 𝑃𝑚0 = 840 × 353.43 = 300kN
200 300 2
𝑍𝑡 = 𝑍𝑏 = = 3 × 106 mm3 Effective prestressing force:
6
𝑃𝑚,𝑡 = 0.8 × 300 = 240kN
Moments:
24 × 0.06 × 62
𝑀0 = = 6.48kNm
8
𝑃m0 300 𝑃m,t 240
= = 5 N mm2 = = 4 N mm2
𝐴𝑐 60,000 𝐴𝑐 60,000
𝑀0 𝑀0 6.48 𝑀T 𝑀T 33.48
= = 6
= 2.16 N mm2 = = 6
= 11.16 N mm2
𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑏 3 × 10 𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑏 3 × 10
𝑃𝑚0 𝑒 𝑃𝑚0 𝑒 300 × 50 𝑃𝑚,𝑡 𝑒 𝑃𝑚,𝑡 𝑒 240 × 50
= = 6 = 5 N mm2 = = 6 = 4 N mm2
𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑏 3 × 10 𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑏 3 × 10

At transfer: At service:
Top: Top:
σtop,0 = 5 + 2.16 − 5 = 2.16 N mm2 σtop,0 = 4 + 11.16 − 4 =11.16 N mm2

Bottom: Bottom:
σbtm,0 = 5 − 2.16 + 5 = 7.84 N mm2 σbtm,0 = 4 − 11.16 + 4 = −3.16 N mm2
𝑃m0 300 𝑃m,t 240
= = 5 N mm2 = = 4 N mm2
𝐴𝑐 60,000 𝐴𝑐 60,000
𝑀0 𝑀0 6.48 𝑀T 𝑀T 33.48
= = 6
= 2.16 N mm2 = = 6
= 11.16 N mm2
𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑏 3 × 10 𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑏 3 × 10
𝑃𝑚0 𝑒 𝑃𝑚0 𝑒 300 × 50 𝑃𝑚,𝑡 𝑒 𝑃𝑚,𝑡 𝑒 240 × 50
= = 6 = 5 N mm2 = = 6 = 4 N mm2
𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑏 3 × 10 𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑏 3 × 10

At transfer: At service:
Top: Top:
σtop,0 = 5 + 2.16 − 5 = 2.16 N mm2 σtop,0 = 4 + 11.16 − 4 =11.16 N mm2
≥ −1 N mm2 → 𝐎𝐊! ≤ 24 N mm2 → 𝐎𝐊!

Bottom: Bottom:
σbtm,0 = 5 − 2.16 + 5 = 7.84 N mm2 σbtm,0 = 4 − 11.16 + 4 = −3.16 N mm2
≤ 14.4 N mm2 → 𝐎𝐊! ≥ 0 N mm2 → 𝐍𝐎𝐓 𝐎𝐊!