Gas-Solid Two-Phase Flow in The Riser of Circulating Fluidized Beds - Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation PDF

5/5/2018 Gas-solid two-phase flow in the riser of circulating fluidized beds: mathematical modelling and numerical simulation
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Services on Demand

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Print version ISSN 0100-7386 Journal
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J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. vol.23 no.2 Rio de Janeiro 2001
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-73862001000200006
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A mathematical model is developed for gas-solids flows in circulating fluidized beds.

An Eulerian formulation is followed based on the two-fluids model approach where
both the fluid and the particulate phases are treated as a continuum. The physical
modelling is discussed, including the formulation of boundary conditions and the
description of the numerical methodology. Results of numerical simulation are
presented and discussed. The model is validated through comparison to
experiment, and simulation is performed to investigate the effects on the flow
hydrodynamics of the solids viscosity.
Keywords: Two-fluid model, numerical modelling, two-phase gas-solid flow,
circulating fluidized bed
Introduction
Gas-solids fluidization is widely applied in industry, including petroleum, chemical,
metallurgical and energy industries (Kunii and Levenspiel, 1991). The largest applications of
fluidized bed reactors occur in coal combustion for large scale thermoelectric power
generation, and catalytic cracking of petroleum to produce gasoline and other fuels.
Circulating fluidized bed reactors are very competitive both technologically and economically
for energy generation from coal combustion, and for gas fuel production from biomass
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-73862001000200006 1/24
gasification. The circulating fluidized bed combustors (CFBC) present several advantages such
as fuel flexibility, wide range of possible operational conditions, high combustion efficiency,
low emissions of both NOx and SO2, and good recirculation rates of solids through the riser.
The CFBC are called the second generation of fluidized bed combustors (Tsuo, 1989).
In spite of the huge application, the CFBC technology faces some problematic features which
need to be solved, such as the strong erosion on internal surfaces, and the blocking of fine
particles in the riser. Also, the CFBC design results very complex in view of scaling-up
difficulties, owing to the high sensibility of the flow regarding scale and operational conditions
(Ding, 1990).
Hydrodynamic studies can significantly contribute for better understanding and thereby
solving the above problems. The structure of multiphase flows in circulating fluidized bed
columns is very complex, showing great variations on solids volumetric fraction through the
riser, continuous formation and dissipation of clusters, and a high rate of recirculation of
solids. Such flow conditions causes an intense superficial contact between gas and solids
providing high reaction rates. The knowledge of the flow hydrodynamics is then of great
importance, allowing relevant reactive and mass transport parameters to be determined.
The mathematical modelling of gas-solids fluidization processes represents an ancillary tool

for minimizing the experimental efforts required for developing industrial plants. Experiment
and prototype development are, of course, the main requirements for accurate engineering
design in any industrial process. However, mathematical modelling and numerical simulation
are in continuous development, contributing in a growing way for the better understanding of
processes and physical phenomena, and thereby for design. Besides, mathematical models
require experiment in order to be validated and, concerning fluidization, the required
experiments involve complex measurements of difficult accomplishment. Therefore,
mathematical modelling also represents an incentive for the development of new
experimental methods and techniques.
In this work mathematical modelling is developed for the gas-solids flow through the riser of
circulating fluidized beds using the two-fluids model approach. Problematic features related to
this line of modelling include the treatment of pressure and viscosity of the solid phase, the
formulation of reliable boundary conditions, and aspects related to physical instabilities of the
flow as well as instabilities introduced by numerical procedures. In this work simulation is
performed aiming to study the effects on the flow hydrodynamics of the solids viscosity.
Nomenclature
C Velocity of sound in gas, Uk Mean velocity for phase mg, ms Dynamic viscosities of
[m/s] k, [m/s] the gas and solids phases,
CD Drag coefficient for a Ug, Us Mean velocities of respectively, [kg/m-s]
particle on a particulate the gas and solids phases, mk Dynamic viscosity of
suspension respectively, [m/s] phase k, [kg/m-s]
CDs Drag coefficient for a Ur Relative velocity between rg, rs Densities of the gas
particle on an infinite medium the phases, [m/s] and solids phases,
dp Particle mean diameter, U0 Slipping velocity, [m/s] respectively, [kg/m3]
[m] uI Interface velocity, [m/s] rk Density of phase k,
D Gas phase residuous uk Instantaneous velocity of [kg/m3]
defined on Eq. (57) phase k, [m/s] rp Particulate density,
f General function defined
Mean velocity fluctuation [kg/m3]
on Eq. (7)
for phase k, [m/s] Viscous stress tensor
Fdrag Stationary drag force
V Volume, [m3] for gas and solids phases,
on the interface, [N]
vk Volume of phase k, [m3] respectively, [Pa]
g Gravity acceleration,
W Weighing factor, wall
[m/s2] Viscous stress tensor for
x Transversal direction, [m]
G Solids phase elasticity phase k, [Pa]
Xk Phase density parameter
modulus, [Pa]
y Normal direction on Eqs.
Gs Solids mass velocity, (49) and (51), [m] yk Conserved intensive

[kg/(m2-s)] z Axial direction, [m] property
Unitary tensor
Greek symbols Subscripts
Lp Particles mean free path,
[m] ag Void fraction g Gas phase
MkI Term for interface ak Volumetric fraction of I Interface
momentum transfer for phase phase k k Phase index (1-gas, 2-
k, [N/m3] as Volumetric fraction of solids)
Generalised interface solids phase s Solids phase
drag force for phase k, b Interface drag function, p Particulate
[N/m3] [kg/m3-s] r Relative
Interface mass flux for dt Time interval, [s] 1, 2 Gas and solids phase,
phase k, [kg/(m2-s)] fk Volumetric source term respectively
External surface normal fI Volumetric source term at Superscripts
unitary vector for phase k the interface
np Number of particles per fs Particle sphericity cin kinetics
unitary volume, [1/m3] h Coefficient defined on Eq. col Collision
P Thermodynamic pressure, (58) gas Gas
[Pa] lg, ls Volumetric viscosities w Weighing
Pg Gas phase pressure, [Pa] of the gas and solids phases, ® Vector
Ps Solids phase pressure, respectively, [kg/m-s] Tensor
[Pa] lk Volumetric viscosity of ‘ Fluctuation
r Radius, point position phase k, [kg/m-s]
vector, [m] lp Average distance among
Rw Column internal radius, particles, [m]
[m]
Re Reynolds number
t Time, [s]
T Temperature, [K]
Stress tensor for phase
fase k, [Pa]
General Lines of Mathematical Modelling in Circulating Fluidization

Harris and Davidson apud Pugsley and Berruti (1996) present a classification of models for
simulating circulating fluidized beds. According to the authors there are three types of
mathematical models:
1. Models that predict the axial variation of the density of solids and disregard its
radial variations.
2. Models that predict the radial variation of the density of solids and the high
average slipping velocities, accounting for two or more regions of different flow
characteristics (such as annular plug flow or annular flow with clusters).
3. Models that apply the fundamental conservative equations of the fluid dynamics
for predicting the two-phase gas-solids flow.
The first two types of models are mostly used for design, mainly for investigating the effects
on the process of geometry and operational conditions. These models can easily include
chemical kinetics for simulating the performance of reactors (Pugsley and Berruty, 1996).
The models of the third type, as for example a two-fluids model, are more suitable for
research allowing, for instance, the behaviour of flow local structures and the effects of local
geometry to be studied (Pugsley and Berruty, 1996). Figure 1 presents actual lines and
tendencies for the third type mathematical modelling. There are two major tendencies for
modelling, following a treatment either Eulerian for both phases (Eulerian formulation) or
Eulerian for the fluid phase and Lagrangian for the particulate phase (Eulerian-Lagrangian
formulation).
In the Eulerian formulation both phases are treated as a continuum. Each phase is modelled
separately in terms of a system of conservative equations for mass, momentum and energy.
The conservative equations present terms accounting for interface interaction, which are
related to mass, momentum and energy exchanges through the interface. In their traditional
formulation, those models require the dynamic viscosity of the solid phase to be specified. A
constant value for the solids viscosity can be obtained through momentum balances applied
to experimental data (Miller and Gidaspow, 1992). The traditional Eulerian formulation has
been extensively applied to fluidization (Gidaspow and Ettehadieh, 1983, Syamlal and
Gidaspow, 1985, Gidaspow, 1986, Bouillard et al., 1989 among others). A new approach has
been developed by a number of researchers for dealing with solids phase viscosity (Jenkins
and Savage, 1983, Lun et al., 1984, Jenkins and Richman, 1985). This is the kinetic theory of
granular flow (KTGF), which is based on the kinetic theory of dense gases (Chapman and
Cowling, 1970). Bagnold (1954) apud Gidaspow (1994) is generally credited with starting the
kinetic theory approach of granular flow (Gidaspow, 1994). The KTGF is based on an analogy
between the flow of granular materials and the motion of gas molecules (Peirano, 1996). In
spite of allowing the direct determination of the solids viscosity, the KTGF implies in more
complex numerical procedures and higher computation times. There are two different main
procedures for applying the KTGF, either considering (Ma and Ahmadi, 1988, Balzer et al.,
1996) or not (Ding and Gidaspow, 1990) the presence of interstitial gas among the particles.
Gidaspow (1994) was the first to present a detailed theoretical derivation of KTGF and to
consider its application to particulate flows. Peirano and Leckner (1998) presented a detailed
description concerning mathematical modelling of gas-solids turbulent flows in circulating
fluidized beds using a KTGF. Among the research works applying the KTGF to fluidization
modelling are Ding and Gidaspow (1990), Boemer et al. (1995), Kim and Arastoopour (1995)
and Samuelsberg and Hjertager (1996).
In Eulerian-Lagrangean formulation only the gas phase is assumed as a continuum. This

approach allows a better understanding of the particle-particle interactions. However, the
Eulerian-Lagrangean formulation requires a complete set of equations (Newton’s second and
third laws) to be written for each particle in the flow field, difficulting its application to
fluidization in view of computational limitations. Otherwise it is a very useful tool for the
development of new rheological models for fluidized suspensions, and to enhance the
formulation of closing laws required by two-fluids Eulerian models. An explanation of general
procedures regarding Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation is presented by Kuipers and van
Swaaij (1997).
Theoretical Formulation of the Two-Fluids Model

The formal approach for the formulation of two-fluids Eulerian models for two-phase flows is
well described in the literature (Ishii, 1975, Delhaye and Achard, 1976 and 1977, Delhaye,
1981, Drew, 1983) using different averaging procedures. Enwald et al. (1996) applied the
procedure for the two-phases gas-solids flows as shown in Figure 2. Initially, mass and
momentum integral balances are performed on a fixed control volume comprising both
phases. The theorems of Leibniz and Gauss are then applied reducing the integral balances
into two types of equations: the local instantaneous conservative equations for each phase,
and the local instantaneous jump equations which account for interface interactions.
Following, the Euler averaging procedure is applied to the local instantaneous equations,
thereby eliminating the local instantaneous fluctuations characteristic of the flow field. As a
result new variables arise on the conservative equations related to terms of interface
interaction. Then, closing laws are applied in order to model unknown terms of the
conservative equations. Finally, initial and boundary conditions are formulated.
Local Instantaneous Equations

The local instantaneous equations are the fundamental basis for multiphase models derived
from averaging procedures. In fact, when the different phases separated by interfaces are
assumed as continua, the local instantaneous formulation assumes a character of extreme
mathematical rigorousness. Therefore, it is advisable that all models for multiphase flows
should be derived from the local instantaneous formulation associated to some averaging
procedure. Besides, the local instantaneous equations allow the direct modelling of separated
flow processes (Ishii, 1975).
For obtaining the local instantaneous conservative equations and jump conditions, integral
balances are performed for a variable y k on an Eulerian control volume for both phases (k=1
for gas and k=2 for solids). The phases are separated by an interface of area AI(t) which
moves at a velocity . The theorems of Gauss and Leibniz are then applied, giving rise to the
following equations:
Continuity local instantaneous equation:
Continuity jump condition at the interface:
Momentum local instantaneous equation:
Momentum jump condition at the interface:
where r k and are the density and velocity of phase k, is the normal unitary vector
external to the interface of the volume occupied by phase k, is the stress tensor, is the
gravity acceleration and is the mass flow rate at the interface, defined as:
Averaging Procedure and Average Equations

The averaging procedure eliminates terms of the local instantaneous formulations which
result from fluctuations characteristic of multiphase flows, and the governing equations
become expressed in terms of mean parameters and properties. So, only the macroscopic
parameters of the flow are modelled, which are the features of major interest in industry
(Ishii, 1975). Multiphase flow simulation is performed by solving the resulting average
conservative equations together with closure laws and initial and boundary conditions.
The procedure followed to obtain the average equations comprise two steps. Firstly, the local
instantaneous equations are multiplied by the phase density function XK, a general average
operator satisfying the axioms of Reynolds. In the second step the averages of products of
dependent variables are transformed into products of averages by applying both Reynolds
decomposition and weighted averaging. The phase density function is given by:
Three types of averaging operators are of common use, i.e. time, volume and ensemble
averaging operators. The last is more representative for unsteady heterogeneous processes
such as gas-solids flows. However, the evaluation of results obtained through statistical
operators becomes almost impossible due to the nonrepetibility of experiments. Nevertheless,
in multiphase flows it is common to assume the ergodicity hypothesis, which states that the
three operators are equivalent for steady homogeneous flows. By enforcing this hypothesis
its is possible to compare, for example, numerical results obtained through the application of
ensemble average operator to time averaged experimental results. A detailed description of
operators and averaging procedures can be found in Ishii (1975), Delhaye and Achard (1976,
1977) and Delhaye (1981).
When applying decomposition of Reynolds new terms are generated involving fluctuations.
For a generical variable f it follows that:
where represents the average weighed value of f and f ' the fluctuation around this
average. In general, the average weighed value of f is defined as:
where W is a weighing factor. There are two different weighing procedures, either through
the phase density function, or through the product of the phase density function to the
density of the phase. They are named, respectively, phase average and mass weighed
average or Favre average, and are given by:
By applying the above described averaging procedures on the conservative local

instantaneous equations, the average conservative equations result:
Average continuity equation:
Average momentum equation:
where represents the mean velocity of the phase k, and represents the fluctuation of
the stress tensor for the phase k, . MkI accounts for the momentum transfer to the phase
k at the interface, and is given by:
A detailed derivation of the above equations can be found in Enwald et al. (1996).
Closure Laws
The closure laws may be classified in three types:
1. Constitutive laws: account for physical properties of the phases by using

experimental data and axioms. Constitutive laws are required for modelling the
stress tensor, the dynamic viscosity, the volumetric viscosity and the pressure for
all phases.
2. Transfer laws: describe different interface interactions between the phases
through empirical correlations. Transfer laws are required for modelling mass,
momentum and energy transfer between the phases at the interface.
3. Topological laws: describe the spatial distribution of a specific flow variable.
The literature presents a great variety of proposals for closure laws. In fact, a suitable set of
closure laws should be specified taking into account the particular physical phenomena to be
described and a mathematical model to be developed. Detailed discussions on this issue can
be found in Arnold et al. (1990), Truesdell and Toupin (1960) and Aris (1962). The closure
laws commonly adopted in the classic two-fluids model for gas-solids flows are presented
next.
Constitutive Laws
Stress tensor:
Despite it is well known that the stress tensor for both phases should be a function of the
void fraction, the spatial derivatives of and memory effects, there is still no available
general formulation providing reliable values for materials constants. In fact, the studies
related to the rheology of fluidized powders have not conducted yet to the proposition of an
unified rheological model (Kuipers et al., 1992). In view of this the viscous stress tensor for
both phases, , is modelled under the assumption of Newtonian fluid having in view the
hypothesis of Stokes as considered in Aris (1962) and White (1992), i.e.:
The stress tensor is given by:
Dynamic viscosity:
There are two procedures for determining the dynamic viscosity of the solids phase, ms
(Gidaspow, 1994 and Kuipers and van Swaaij, 1997). Those are:
1. To assume ms as a constant, considering the solid phase as a Newtonian fluid.

2. To calculate ms from the kinetic theory of granular flows (KTGF).
In the first procedure ms is calculated from experimental data. Integrating the momentum
equation for the mixture in the axial direction over the cross section, Tsuo (1989) and Tsuo
and Gidaspow (1990) obtained:
where Rw is the internal radius of the circulating fluidized bed. Turbulence of the solids phase
is disregarded. The calculation methodology as well as required experimental data are
described in detail by Miller and Gidaspow (1992), who also presented an example of
calculation and a table of compiled results.
The literature presents several formulations for the dynamic viscosity of the solids phase
derived from the KTGF. All of these formulations are based on the composition of kinetic and
collisional effects. Boemer et al. (1995) present a discussion on this subject.
Bulk viscosity:
The bulk viscosity, lk, is determined having in view the hypothesis of Stokes, as follows:
Similar to ms, the bulk viscosity for the solids phase can also be obtained form the KTGF.
Boemer et al. (1995) present a discussion on this issue.
Gas pressure:
The gas pressure is the thermodynamic pressure, i.e.:
Solids pressure:
The physical concept of solids or particulate pressure, Ps, is difficult to define. Boemer et al.
(1995) defined the pressure of the solids phase as the normal force per unit area exerted
over the solids phase due to interactions among particles. Campbell and Wang (1991) defined
Ps as the force per unit area exerted over the surface of the solids phase, reflecting the total
transport of momentum which can be attributed to the motion of the particles and their
interactions.
The literature reports two different general procedures to determine the pressure of the solids
phase. Similarly to the dynamic viscosity of the solids phase, Ps can also be obtained by:
1. Applying the KTGF.

2. Applying the traditional procedure which is based on particle properties and the
local void fraction ag.
The first procedure is described in Gidaspow (1994), Boemer et al. (1995) and Enwald et al.
(1996) among others.
The traditional procedure is followed in this work. It is fully developed in Gidaspow (1994),
Enwald et al. (1996) and Cabezas- Gómez (1999) among others. According to this procedure,
three different effects account for the solids pressure: the transport of momentum due to
fluctuations on particles velocity, ; the collisions among particles, ; and the
contribution of the gas phase pressure, (Enwald et al. 1996). Neglecting the effect due to
the fluctuations on particles velocity, the gradient of the solids pressure results:
where G(ag) is a coefficient of interaction among particles also known as the elasticity
modulus for the particulate phase, which is obtained from experiment. Table 1 presents
literature correlations for G(ag). According to Gidaspow and Ettehadieh (1983) Equation (20)
gives significant results when the void fraction is lower than its value at minimum fluidizing
conditions. This correlation contributes for making more stable the numerical system of
equations, since it turns into real the imaginary characteristic directions. According to
Gidaspow (1986) some calculation is required to adjust G(ag), as done in Syamlal (1985), in
order to prevent the void fraction of reaching too low values causing particle concentrations
higher than the maximum possible. In spite of the fact that Equations (20-27) give very
different predictions for G(ag), this may affect very little the solutions for the time averaged
pressure, velocities and phase volumetric fractions (Enwald et al., 1996). According to
Enwald et al. (1996) this is a subject for further research.
Transfer Laws
In this work only the interface momentum transfer, MkI, is considered. It is modelled through
empirical correlations, where the jump conditions impose the necessary restrictions. Enwald
et al. (1996) present the formulation of MkI in detail. Following the classical theory MkI is
considered to be approximately equal to the so called generalised drag force per unit volume
exerted at the interface of a suspension with particles of mean diameter dp, represented by
. This force comprises various effects, but only the effect due to stationary drag at the
interface is usually considered. The stationary drag force at the interface, , may be
determined through two different procedures:
1. From correlations for the drag coefficient over a single particle in a suspension of
particles, CD.
2. From the pressure drop per unit length through a suspension of particles, DP/L.
The literature presents several models for determining using both the above procedures.
Whatever the model considered, the aim is to express the drag force as a function of the
dependent variables of the conservative equations. In general is defined in function of
the relative velocity between the phases, , and the momentum exchange coefficient at the
interface, b , also known as drag function. MkI is given by:
where np is the number of spherical particles per unit volume. The calculation of the drag
function depends on the adopted procedure. Under the first procedure b results:
where may be either the relative velocity or the drift velocity , depending on which
velocity CD is related to. The literature available expressions for the drag coefficient are valid
for single isolated particles, CDs. In order to account for this Equation (29) includes a function
dependent on the gas volumetric fraction, f(ag), so that the influence of other particles of the
suspension on CD is considered. The drift velocity is defined as:
Following the second procedure for determining the stationary drag force at the interface, the
drag function results:
The above expression results from the application of the momentum conservation equation
for the gas phase under stationary flow condition, disregarding acceleration and neglecting
attrition against the walls and the gravity effect (Gidaspow and Ettehadieh, 1983).
Equations (29) and (31) produce partially general results, depending on the correlations used
to calculate CDs, , f(ag) and DP/L. Cabezas- Gómez (1999) presents a compilation of several
correlations used in the literature for modelling b.
The Closed General PDE System for a Gas-Solids Flow

The closed general PDE system for modelling gas-solids flows considering the adopted
classical formulation procedure results:
Continuity equation
Momentum equation
The above equations where obtained under the following general hypothesis: both phases are
continua; laminar and isothermal flow for both phases; no mass transfer at the interface; the
particulate phase is homogeneously characterized by an average diameter; unreactive flow.
Hydrodynamic Models A and B from IIT/ANL

The IIT/ANL group (Illinois Institute of Technology/Argonne National Laboratory) has
developed modelling of gas-solids flows by applying the above developed procedures, which
they called Model A. From this formulation they derived a second model which they called
Model B. Table 2 presents the equations of both models. In Model A the pressure gradient
arises in the momentum equations for both phases. In Model B, owing to some mathematical
manipulations, the pressure gradient arises only in the momentum equation for the gas
phase, and the expression for the drag function b is modified to account for both the principle
of Archimedes and the usual relation of minimum fluidization given by Kunii and Levenspiel
(1991).
Model B was proposed in view of the conditional numerical stability of Model A owing to the
occurrence of characteristic directions which become complex (Bouillard et al., 1989). It is
recognised that Model B represents the transformation of the conditionally stable equations of
Model A into a well-posed set of equations for initial value unidimensional problems.
However, there is no evidence in the literature to support that the well-posed character
extends to multidimensional problems (Enwald et al., 1996). The procedure for deriving
Model B can be found in Bouillard et al. (1989) and Gidaspow (1994).
In the equations of Table 2, concerning the gas (g) and solids (s) phases, and are
3
mean velocities (m/s), rg and rs are densities (kg/m ), ag and as are volumetric fractions,
and and are viscous stress tensors (Pa). Also, P is the thermodynamic gas pressure
(Pa), is the acceleration of gravity (m/s2), G is the modulus of elasticity of the solids
(N/m2), b is the drag function at the interface (kg/m2-s), CDs is the drag coefficient for a
single particle in an infinite medium, Rep is the number of Reynolds based on the particle
diameter, fs is the sphericity of the particles, m stands for dynamic viscosity (kg/m-s), Rg is
the ideal gas constant (kJ/kg-K) and t is the time (s).
Initial and Boundary Conditions

The initial and boundary conditions commonly used in the classical modelling approach are
formulated below for both phases in a circulating fluidized bed. It is important to note that
the boundary conditions at the walls for the solids phase are not trivial. Basically, velocities
must be established at the walls. For the gas phase the non-slip condition is assumed, i.e.:
For the solids phase the condition defining the tangential velocity at the walls oscillates
between non-slip and free-slip conditions. A possible assumption is that the fine particles
stick to the walls while the coarse particles roll over its surface. According to Soo (1983)
apud Tsuo and Gidaspow (1990) this assumption give rise to:
where Lp is the free mean path of the particles, which is given by:
Ding and Gidaspow (1990) followed a model proposed by Eldighity et al. (1977), and
assumed that, since the particles diameter is usually higher than the characteristic roughness
of the wall, the particles slide in a partial way. They obtained:
where lp is a sliding parameter which represents the mean distance among the particles, and
is given by:
In Equations (49) and (51) y represents the direction normal to the wall. The KTGF can also
be used in order to evaluate the boundary conditions at the wall (Jhonson and Jakcson,
1987). A general discussion regarding initial and boundary conditions, including those at the
entrance and at the exit of a circulating fluidized bed can be found in Tsuo (1989), Gidaspow
(1994), Peirano and Lekcner (1998) and Cabezas- Gómez (1999).
Numerical Solution Methodology
The literature presents several computational codes used for the solution of classical two-
phases gas-solids models (see Kuipers and van Swaaij, 1997). This work uses the MULTIFIX
code developed by Syamlal (1985). It is an extension of the previous K-FIX code, initially
developed for gas-liquid flows (Rivard and Torrey, 1977 apud Syamlal, 1985), and later on
adapted to deal with gas-solids flows (Ettehadieh, 1982). K-FIX is based on a numerical
method developed by Harlow and Amsden (1975), which is an extension of the implicit
continuous-fluid Eulerian technique (ICE) developed by Harlow & Amsden (1971).
A modified version of MULTIFIX is used following Tsuo (1989). The VSSCG procedure is used
for modelling the gas phase stress tensor, while the similar procedure VSSCS is used for the
solids phase stress tensor (Ding, 1990). Equations (51) and (52) are used for the calculation
of momentum boundary conditions for the solids phase at the walls.
Following the procedure, the hydrodynamic conservative equations are discretized in finite
differences. The continuity equations are discretized implicitly, while the momentum
equations are discretized according to an explicit-implicit technique. In the momentum
equations, the terms related to gas pressure, solids pressure and interface momentum
exchange are discretized implicitly, while the remaining terms are discretized explicitly. A
fixed cell 2D computational grid is used. The scalar variables are set at the center of the cell
while the vector variables are placed at the boundaries of the cell.
The discrete continuity equations for the gas and the solids phases result:
The discrete momentum equations for the gas and the solids phases result:
A convergence criterious is defined by writing the gas phase continuity equation as:
where is the residue of the mass conservation equation for the gas phase, which must be
zero for absolute convergence. The subscripts r and z as well as i and j represent respectively
the radial and the axial directions. The superscripts n and n+1 represent the values at the
respective time levels t and t + Dt.
The overall iterative calculation procedure is as follows:
1. The convective explicit terms and are determined.

2. The drag coefficients are explicitly determined.
3. Velocities are calculated for the level n+1 from Equations (55) and (56).
4. The coefficient is calculated as:
where is the velocity of sound in air. The coefficient represents the derivatives of the
residue related to the pressure, and is analytically obtained from the momentum
conservation equations.
5. Pressure is then updated. This is performed through the domain in each computational cell
until the convergence criterious is met, or until the number of iterations exceeds an inner
maximum limit allowed. At the end of such computational sweep, if a pressure adjustment is
necessary in any of the cells, the procedure is repeated until simultaneous convergence in all
the cells is obtained. The number of iterations, however, is restricted by an outer iteration
limit.
The iterative calculation procedure for pressure is as follows:
1. The residue is determined from Equation (57). If the convergence criterious

for is met the calculation is finished, otherwise go to step 2.
2. The pressure is updated. The initial iteration for pressure is performed using the
Newton point iteration method in each cell. This procedure is continued till
changes sign. After this the next pressure correction is done using the secant
method. Thereafter a combination of the secant method and the bisection method
is used (Syamlal, 1985, Ding, 1990).
3. The velocities are calculated from Equations (55) and (56)
4. The mass fluxes of both phases are determined.
5. The volumetric fraction of solids is calculated from Equation (54)
6. ag is found from the following relation:
7. Back to step 1.
Numerical Simulations
Tsuo (1989) developed mathematical modelling using the two-fluids model for studying heat
transfer to surfaces, cluster formation and the structure of the annular flow through the riser
in circulating fluidised beds. The author simulated some installations, including an IIT
transport system which had already been studied before by Luo (1987). This particular IIT
installation is also simulated in this work for studying the effects on the flow hydrodynamics
of the viscosity of the solids phase. The mathematical modelling developed follows model B of
IIT/ANL in a 2D cylindrical coordinate system.
The concerning IIT installation is described in Luo (1987). Figure 3 presents the initial and
boundary conditions taken into account in this work, which are the same considered by Tsuo
(1989). The column geometry was considered symmetrical, allowing the assumption of 2D
cylindrical coordinate system and symmetry condition along the axis.
For computing both the gas and solids phases boundary conditions at the wall the Equations
(48), (51) and (52) were used, respectively.
Figures 4 to 8 show the results of simulation. Figures 4 to 6 show the results for a fixed value
of the solids phase viscosity ms = 0.509 kg/(ms), which was determined by Tsuo (1989) using
Eq. (16) for the same conditions assumed in the present simulations. Figures 7 and 8 show
the results for different values of ms allowing an analysis of its effects on the flow
hydrodynamics.
Results of Simulation for a Fixed ms

Figure 4 shows the time variation of the solids volumetric fraction through riser, where darker
shades of grey mean lower solids volumetric fraction. The figure shows the formation and
dissipation of clusters. The first cluster is formed at 1.5 seconds. The results are qualitatively
similar to those obtained by Tsuo (1989) using a 2D Cartesian coordinate system for the
same installation and conditions. Nevertheless, contrary to the results of Tsuo (1989), who
did not assumed symmetry conditions, the solids accumulate mainly along the axis of
symmetry. Otherwise, Neri and Gidaspow (2000) obtained the same effect obsereved in this
work when simulating the IIT CFB, shown in Miller and Gidapow (1992), using the symmetry
boundary condition at center of the riser. The axis of symmetry acts as a mirror, not allowing
for any mass transfer from one wall to the other (Neri and Gidaspow, 2000).
Figure 5 shows the time variation of the solids phase mass velocity Gs in the riser 5.3 meters
above the entrance. Gs is obtained by integrating the local solids phase mass velocity over
the cross section of the riser. The graph shows the classic behaviour of circulating fluidized
beds, including low frequency oscillations. Tsuo (1989) reported bed oscillations of about 0.2
Hertz. The results of simulation are in good agreement with the empirical data of Luo (1987).
A tendency to a well established stationary regime is not observed, which is in agreement to
practice.
Figure 6 shows radial profiles of the local axial velocities for both phases at 3.4 meters above
the entrance. Simulated profiles averaged over different time intervals are compared with the
experimental data of Luo (1987). For the gas phase the predictions present great deviations
from experimental data. For both phases the profiles show an unreal behaviour close to the
axis, which is possibly due to the adoption of a 2D cylindrical coordinate system and
symmetry around the axis. This suggests that the symmetry boundary condition is not
adequate for vertical gas-solids flows in circulating fluidized beds. It is seen that despite
different time intervals were considered for averaging the velocity profiles, the results show
similar tendencies. This must be emphasized since the flow under consideration is
characterized by great fluctuations of the velocity fields, and in fact never reaches the
condition of stationary flow.
Results of Simulation for Various ms

Results of simulation are generated for various ms keeping all the remaining conditions as
defined in Figure 3. Values of m s were arbitrarily chosen around the experimental value,
0.509 kg/(ms), established by Tsuo (1989).
Figure 7 shows the time variation of the solids phase mass velocity Gs in the riser 5.3 meters
above the entrance, for various solids phase viscosities. It is seem that the solids phase
viscosity has little effect over Gs. In fact this behaviour was expected in view of the
continuity enforcement. The predictions are in good agreement with the empirical data of Luo
(1987) no matter the value of ms. The low frequency oscillations characteristic of circulating
beds are observed. No tendency is observed towards a well established stationary regime,
which was expected owing to the unstable nature of the flow.
Despite not affecting significantly the solids phase mass velocity, the solids phase viscosity
considerably affects velocity profiles of both phases. Figure 8 shows radial profiles of the local
axial velocities for both phases 3.4 meters above the entrance, for various solids phase
viscosities, in comparison to experiment (Luo, 1987). The predicted profiles were averaged
over the time interval from 10 to 48 seconds for all solids phase viscosities, except for ms =
0.509 kg/(ms) where the time interval was from 10 to 40 seconds (In this case the procedure
diverged for times greater than 42 seconds). The comparison of the profiles for different ms
shows relative deviations of up to 60% for both phases. As ms increases the velocity profiles
become increasingly flat, showing a cross sectional diffusion effect of ms. This effect does not
seem to be a consequence of numerical diffusion since the spreading of the profile for ms =
0.75 kg/(ms) is less than expected (it would be flatter in comparison with the profile for ms =
0.509 kg/(ms) if numerical diffusion was the reason). The results are particularly
unsatisfactory for ms = 0.25 kg/(ms). In this case the influence of the symmetry boundary
condition at the axis seems to become more intense.
It is clear from Figure 8 that the solids phase viscosity considerably affects the hydrodynamic
predictions. Therefore, a more precise theoretical methodology is required for accurately
determining this parameter, such as the kinetic theory of the granular flow.
General Remarks
A number of aspects related to gas-solids two-fluids modelling require further development if
accuracy is to be achieved. Assumed hypothesis such as spherical particles, particulate phase
homogeneously characterized by an average diameter, and treated as Newtonian continuum
fluid are certainly cause of inaccurate predictions. Besides, most of the information required
for establishing reliable closure laws are based upon both theories which need enhancement
and experimental data which are scattered and limited in view of experimental techniques
shortcomings.
The solids phase pressure is modelled through empirical correlations which give predictions
quite different from each other. This seems to be a consequence of the fact that the
parameter is introduced in the conservative equations for numerical stability reasons, as
shown by Gidaspow (1986). The interface momentum transfer is modelled considering only
the effect of stationary drag. According to Enwald et al. (1996) the literature proposed
correlations for the drag function must be used with caution since most of them are derived
from experiments in homogeneous liquid-solids fluidized beds.
Turbulence effects may be accounted for in two-fluids modelling through Reynolds stress
terms. According to Enwald et al. (1996), in bubbling fluidized beds which are characterised
by high solids concentrations, the particulate inertia attenuates the gas phase turbulence.
However, for circulating fluidized beds which are mostly characterised by regions of low solids
concentrations, turbulence becomes significant.
The prescription of entrance boundary conditions for both phases and wall boundary
conditions for the solids phase are not straightforward (Enwald et al., 1996). One-
dimensional plug flow is prescribed for both phases at the column entrance even though it is
known that the entrance flow conditions are in fact dependent upon the particular distributor
plate project. The assumed geometry and symmetry are also sources of inaccuracy. Gas-
solids flows in circulating fluidized beds are characterized by three-dimensional effects due to
non-uniform shapes and sizes distributions of the particles, asymmetric solids feeding,
asymmetric geometry at the exit of the riser, and the presence of solids separators such as
cyclones when the whole installation is modelled.
Conclusions
The predicted time variation of the solids volumetric fraction through the riser of circulating
fluidized beds are indicative of a quite complex hydrodynamic behaviour. There are steep
variations on both radial and axial solids concentration profiles, together with frequent
formation and dissociation of clusters flowing both upwards and downwards.
It is observed a very significant influence of the solids phase viscosity on the predictions. It is
clear that this parameter should be rigorously modelled through a suitable theory which can
accurately characterize the fluids interactions and the physical phenomena involved. The
kinetic theory of the granular flow is a promising theory for this purpose.
The predicted time variation of the solids phase mass velocity is in good agreement with
experiment. However, the predicted time averaged radial profiles of the local axial velocities
for both phases greatly deviate from experiment. This is possibly due to model assumptions
and boundary conditions (specifically the symmetry at the center of the column), which
impose conditions quite different from practice. On the other hand, the uncertainty on the
experimental measurements which are characteristic of gas-solids multiphase flows must be
taken into account.
Results of simulation from literature and presented here strongly suggest that many features
related to two-fluids Eulerian mathematical modelling applied to circulating fluidized beds
need improvement. Special attention should be directed towards interface momentum
transfer, turbulence in both phases, pressure and viscosity of the solids phase, and realistic
boundary conditions. On the numerical side it becomes evident that more refined grids are
required which unfortunately becomes prohibitive in view of the current stage of development
of computers.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the support of FAPESP (process 98/13812-1) and CNPq for
this work.
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Manuscript received: June 2000. Technical Editor: Aristeu S. Neto.
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5/5/2018 Gas-solid two-phase flow in the riser of circulating fluidized beds: mathematical modelling and numerical simulation

Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Services on Demand

Mathematical Modelling and SciELO Analytics

Numerical Simulation Curriculum ScienTI

Fernando Eduardo Milioli Share

A mathematical model is developed for gas-solids flows in circulating fluidized beds.

The mathematical modelling of gas-solids fluidization processes represents an ancillary tool

Gs Solids mass velocity, (49) and (51), [m] yk Conserved intensive

General Lines of Mathematical Modelling in Circulating Fluidization

In Eulerian-Lagrangean formulation only the gas phase is assumed as a continuum. This

Theoretical Formulation of the Two-Fluids Model

Local Instantaneous Equations

Continuity local instantaneous equation:

Continuity jump condition at the interface:

Momentum local instantaneous equation:

Momentum jump condition at the interface:

Averaging Procedure and Average Equations

By applying the above described averaging procedures on the conservative local

Average continuity equation:

Average momentum equation:

1. Constitutive laws: account for physical properties of the phases by using

The stress tensor is given by:

1. To assume ms as a constant, considering the solid phase as a Newtonian fluid.

The gas pressure is the thermodynamic pressure, i.e.:

1. Applying the KTGF.

The Closed General PDE System for a Gas-Solids Flow

Hydrodynamic Models A and B from IIT/ANL

Initial and Boundary Conditions

Numerical Solution Methodology

The overall iterative calculation procedure is as follows:

1. The convective explicit terms and are determined.

The iterative calculation procedure for pressure is as follows:

1. The residue is determined from Equation (57). If the convergence criterious

Results of Simulation for a Fixed ms

Results of Simulation for Various ms

0.509 kg/(ms), established by Tsuo (1989).

Bouillard, J.X, 1986, "Hydrodynamics of sedimentation, fluidization, and erosion", Ph.D.

Ettehadieh, B., Gidaspow, D. and Lyczkowski, R.W., 1984, "Hydrodynamics of fluidization in a

Gidaspow, D., 1986, "Hydrodynamics of fluidization and heat transfer: supercomputing

Shih, Y.T., Gidaspow, D. and Wasan, D.T., 1987, "Hydrodynamics of electro-fluidization:

Manuscript received: June 2000. Technical Editor: Aristeu S. Neto.

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