Answers

5 a x2 + 9x + 20 b y
Chapter 1
b x − 4x + 3 2 8
Skills check 6
c x2 + x − 20
1 a y 4
4 Investigation – handshakes 2
F A C
3
D a 6 –8 –6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6 x
2
b Number Number of –4
1
of people handshakes
–4 –3 –2 –1–10 1 2 3 4 5 x 2 1
3 3
c y
–2 4
E B 4 6
–3 3
–4 5 10 2
6 15 1
b A(0, 2), B(1, 0), C(−1, 0), 7 21
D(0, 0), E(2, 1), F(−2, −2), 8 28 –4 –3 –2 –1–10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
G(3, −1), H(−1, 1) 9 36 –2
–3
2 a 34 b 82 10 45
–4
13 c
c 16 d − y
60
3 a 4 b −2 c 10 45 d y
Number of handshakes

8
4 a y 35
4 6
3 25 4
2 2
15
1
5 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x
–4 –3 –2 –1–10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
0 2 4 6 8 10 x
–2 e Yes, vertical line will only
Number of people
–3
cross once.
–4 d H = 1 n(n − 1)
2 f No, vertical lines such as
b y x = 3 are not functions.
16 Exercise 1A
3 Not a function as a vertical
14 1 Functions: a b f
12
line crosses the region in
2 a Function: domain {0, 1, 2, many places
10
3, 4} range {0, 1, 2}
8 y
b Not a function: domain
6 4
{-1, 0, 1, 2, 3} range {-1,
4 3
2
0, 1, 2}
2
3 Yes, function. 1
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
Exercise 1B –3 –2 –1–10 1 2 3 x
c y 1 abdfhi –2
6 –3
2 a y
–4
4 8
2 6
4 4 y 2 =4  x 2 , y =± 4  x 2
2
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–2
When x = 1, y = ± 3 . Two
–8 –6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6 8 x possible values so not a
–4 –4 function.
–6

716 Answers
Exercise 1C b x ∈ , y ≥ 0 f x ≤ 4, y ≥ 0
y
1 Horizontal asymptote: y = 0 y
10
2 Horizontal asymptote: y = 0, 16
Vertical asymptote: x = 0 8
14
3 Horizontal asymptote: y = 0, 6
Vertical asymptote: x = −1 4
12
4 Horizontal asymptote: y = 2,
2
Vertical asymptote: x = −2 10
5 Horizontal asymptote: y = 2, –100 –80 –60 –40 –20 0 x
Vertical asymptote: x = 1 8

6 Horizontal asymptote: y = 0,
4
Vertical asymptote: x = ±3
g x ∈  x ≠ 0, y ∈  y ≠ 0,
Exercise 1D –4 –2 0 2 4 x y
1 Function, domain {2, 3, 4, 5, c x ∈ , y ≥ −0.25 8
6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, range {1, 3, 6, y
10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45}. 20
4
2 a domain {x:−4 < x ≤ 4},
range {y: 0 ≤ y ≤ 4} 15 x
–8 –4 0 4 8
b domain{x:−1 ≤ x ≤ 5},
range{y: 0 ≤ y ≤ 4} 10 –4
c domain{x : −∞ < x < ∞},
range{y: 0 ≤ y < ∞} 5 –8
d domain{x: −∞ < x ≤ −2, a
2 < x < ∞}, –6 –4 –2 0 2 x h x ∈ , y > 0
range{y: −∞ < y ≤ 3, y
4 ≤ y < ∞} d x ∈ , y ∈ 
y 8
e domain{x:−5 ≤ x ≤ 5}, 7
range{y: −3 ≤ y ≤ 4} 6
10
f domain{x:−∞ < x < ∞}, 5
range{y: −1 ≤ y ≤ 1} 4
5
g domain{x:−2 ≤ x ≤ 2}, 3
range{y: −2 ≤ y ≤ 2} 2
h domain{x: −∞ < x < ∞}, –2 –1 0 1 2 x 1
range{y: −∞ < y < ∞} –5 –2 –1 0 1 2 x
i domain x ∈ , x ≠ 1, range
y ∈ , y ≠ 0 –10

3 a x ∈ , y ∈  –15 i x ∈  x ≠ −2, y ∈  y ≠ 0,
y y
12 –20 10
8
8 e x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 6
y 4
4 10 2

8 –8 –6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6 x
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
6 –4
–4 –6
4
–8
–8 2 –10

0 20 40 60 80 100 x
Answers 717
 j x ∈  x ≠ 2, y ∈  y ≠ 1 5 a 125 2 a y

y
b The volume of a cube of
8
10
side 5.
19 5 4
8 6 a i ii
6 4 4
4 1 0 x
iii − iv 0. –8 –4 4 8
2 2
–4
b i −4 ii −11 iii −67
–10 –20 10 20 x
iv −697 v −6997 –8
–4
vi −6 9997
–6
–8 c The value of g (x) is getting b y
–10 increasingly smaller as x
approaches 2. 8
k x ∈  x ≠ −3, y ∈  y ≠ −6 d 2 4
y e asymptote at x = 2.
4 y –8 –4 0 4 8 x
20 –4
–3 –10 1 3 5 7 x
10
–4 –8
–8 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 16 x
–10
c y
l x ∈ , 0 < y ≤ 2 –20
y 8
2 7 a −9 m s−1 b 7 m s−1
1.5 c 91 m s−1 d 3s 4
1
0.5 8 a f (2 + 2h ) − f (2 + h ) 0 x
–8 –4 4 8
h
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x –4
f (3 + 2h ) − f (3 + h )
b
h –8
Exercise 1E
1 Exercise 1F
1 a i 5 ii −5 iii −1 2
iv −2 v a−2 1 a 12 b 3 c −15 d y
1
b i 21 ii −9 iii 1 2 d 3x + 3 e 13 f 16 8
iv 0 v 3a g −17 h 3x + 1 i 18
7 −3 1
j 38 k 3x2 + 6 4
c i ii iii
4 4 8
1 l 9x2 + 2 m 12 n 18
iv 0 v a o x2 + 3 p x + 2x + 3
2
–8 –4 0 4 8 x
4
d i 19 ii −1 iii 6 2 a 3 b 0 c −12 –4
iv 5 v 2a + 5 d −1 e −5 f 48
1 –8
e i 51 ii 11 iii 2 4 g 3 − 2x + x 2 h −2x + x 2
iv 2 v a2 + 2
3 a x 2 + 4x + 4 b 25
2 a a2 − 4 b a2 + 10a + 21 e y
4 a 5x + 5 2
b 25x 2 + 1
c a − 2a − 3 d a − 4a
2 4 2 8
5 a x 2 − 8x + 19 b x 2 − 1
e 21 − 10a + a2
c 2.5 4
3 a 2 b 11 c 2
1 6 (r ° s) (x) = x − 4, x ∈ , y ≥ −4
2

4 a −
9 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
b x = 6, denominator = 0 Exercise 1G –4
and h (x) undefined. 1 b, c

718 Answers
 f y Investigation – functions Exercise 1I
6
1 Changing the constant term 1 a y
4
2
translates y = x along the y-axis. 8
y 6
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x 4
5
–4 2
3
–8 –6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6 8 x
Exercise 1H 1
–4
1 a i −2 and 1 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x
–2
1 b y
ii and −3
2 –4 6
iii x iv x 4
2 Changing the x-coefficient 2
b They are inverses of each
other. alters the gradient of the line. –8 –6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6 8 x
y
x +1 –4
2 a b 3
x +2
3 –6
5
c 4(x − 5) d (x + 3)3
3
c y
e 1 f 3 x −3 6
x +2 2 1
4
g 13−xx h 5x –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 x 2
x +2 –2
1 –8 –6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6 8 x
3 a 1–x b x c
x –4
3 y = |x + h| is a translation of
17 –h along the x-axis
4 a 1 b −5 c
20
y d y
1+ 2 x
5 x −1
y =|x – 3|
7
y =|x + 2|
6
4
6 a–c 5
2
y y =|x|
3
8 –8 –6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6 8 x
1
–4
4 –5 –3 –1 0 1 3 5 x
e y
x 4 The negative sign reflects 6
–2 0 2 4 the graph in the x-axis.
2
–4 Increasing the value of a
means the graph increases –8 –4 0 4 8 10 x
d f (x): x ∈ , y > 0 more steeply. –4
f −1 (x): x > 0, y ∈ 
y
f y
7 g−1(x) = x2. The range of g (x) 4
10
is x ≥ 0 so the domain of 3
8
g −1 (x) is x ≥ 0. The domain of 2 6
f (x) is x ∈  so g −1 (x) ≠ f (x)
1 4
2
8 If f (x) = mx + c then
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
f 1 1 x c
(x ) =m
–1 –8 –6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6 8 x
m
–2 –4
1 = 1 not −1 so not
m× m –3 –6
perpendicular. –8

Answers 719
 y b y Review exercise non-GDC
g 6 2−x
4 1 a 4a − 13 b x
4
A1 2 a 2x2 −15x + 28
2 2
b − 2x2 + 9
–8 –6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6 8 x g A
x +4
–4 –4 f –2 0 2 4 x 3 a 2 x 3− 17 b 3
5
–6 –2
4 f −1(x) = −5x − 5
2 g (x) = f (x) + 2 –4 y

h (x) = f (x) − 4 6
c y
1 4
q (x) = f ( x)
2 4
2
(0,–1)
3 q (x) = f (x + 4) − 2 2
A1
g
s (x) = f (x + 4) A –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x
f –4 –2 0 2 4 x –2
t (x) = f (x − 2)
–2
–4
4 a Domain −1 ≤ x ≤ 7, range –4 f
−4 ≤ y ≤ 6 –6

y d y 5 a x −5 b x3 – 2
3
8
4
6 6 a y
2 A1
4
2 g A 4 (0,–1)

f –4 –2 0 2 4 x
2
–8 –6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6 8 x –2
–4 0
–4 –2 2 4 x
–2
f
b Domain −3 ≤ x ≤ 1, range e y –4
0≤y≤5 6
A1 y
y 4 b
g 2 A 4
f
4 3
–8 –4 –2–20 2 4 6 8 10 x 2
2 –4 1

6 a Reflection in x-axis. –1 –10 1 2 x

–6 –4 –2 0 2 x b Horizontal translation 3 –2
–2 units. –3
c Vertical stretch SF2,
reflection x-axis, vertical 7 a Domain x ∈ , Range y ≥ 0
5 a y translation of 5 units. b Domain x ∈ , x ≠ 3,
4 7 a, b Range y ∈ , y ≠ 0
y
2 5 8 a f (x) = −2(3x + 2)
4
f A1 f (x)
3
g –4 0 x b f (x) = –1 1
4 ( 3 x − 5) − 1
2
–2 2 4 2
g (x)
–2 1
9 a Inverse function graph is
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x the reflection in y = x.
–4

720 Answers
 b y 3 Domain x ∈ , x ≠ –2, range c (2.5, 0), (0, −2.5)
4 y ∈ , y ≠ 0
7 a y
2
y 6
(3, 0)
12 4
–2 0 2 4 6 x
–2 (0, –3 ) 10
2 8 2
–4 6
10 a −2 b −13 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
2 –2
c f 1 ( x ) =3 x  3 –4
2
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–20 1 2 x
11 a y –4 –6
5 –6
4 –8 b x= ± 2
3
2 4 a y 8 a 3
x +3
1 8
6 b y
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 x
4
b P is (4, 1) 6
2
4
12 a (f ° g) (x) = 3x + 6
–3 –2 –1 –2
0 1 2 x
x 2
b f −1(x) = g −1(x) = x – 2 –4
3
–6
12 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x
f −1(12) = 3 = 4 –8
–2
g −1(12) = 12 – 2 = 10 b x-intercept −1.5, –4
f −1
(12) + g (12) = 4 +10
−1
y-intercept 3.
c 1.67
f −1(12) + g −1 (12) = 14 5 a y
3(2 x − 1) y
13 a (h ° g)(x) = ( 2 x − 1) − 2 9
6 20
= 6x − 3 4 x = –1
2x − 3 10
1 2
b x= y=0
2
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 x
Review exercise GDC
–10
1 Domain: x ≥ −2, range: y ≥ 0 b 0
2 Domain: x ∈ , range: y ≥ −4 c Domain x ∈ , x ≠ 0,
y
range y > 0 10 a f 1 ( x ) = x + 2
3
16 6 a x = −2, y = 2
b (g −1
° f ) (x) = (3x − 2) + 3
14
b y = 3x + 1
12
16
10
8 12
c f 1
 g  = ( x  33) + 2 = x 3 1
6 8 x − 1 = 3x +1
d 3
4
4 x − 1= 3(3x +1)
2 x − 1= 9 x +3
–12 –8 –4 0 12 x 8x = − 4
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–4
4 8
–2 1
x =−
–4 –8 2

Answers 721
 e y Exercise 2B Exercise 2E
12 1 a −5, 4 − 9 ± 193
10 1
2 8
8 b −2, −
3 4
6 3 2 −2 ,
c − 3
y=3 4 2 1
2
x=3 25 3 −1 , −
d −2, 5
–6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6 8 x 2
4 3± 5
–4
e −9, 4
5 no solution
1
f x = 3, y = 3 f − ,1
4 − 5 ± 2 10
6
2 −3 or 4 3
2 3 ± 17
3 or 3 7
Chapter 2 5 4

Skills check Investigation – perfect 9 ± 113

8
square trinomials 4
1 a a=6
1 −5 − 9 ± 129
b x =± 5 9 x= .
4
c n = −11 2 −3
2 a 2k(k − 5) 3 −7 10 3 ± 21
4
b 7a(2a2 + 3a − 7) 4 4
5 9 Exercise 2F
c (2x + 3)(x + 2y)
6 10 1 18, 32
d (5a − b)(a − 2)
2 24 m, 11 m
e (n + 1)(n + 3) Exercise 2C
3 10
f (2x − 3)(x + 1)
1 − 4 ± 19 4 18 cm, 21 cm
g (m + 6)(m − 6)
5 ± 37 5 2.99 seconds
h (5x + 9y)(5x − 9y) 2
2 Investigation – roots of
Exercise 2A 3 3±2 2 quadratic equations
1 a 1, 2 3
− 7 ± 65 1 a 4 b
b −8, 7 4 2
2 1
c −
c 5, 6 5
5 1± 7
d −5, 5 4 ± 10
−1 ± 13 2 a −7, 2 b
e −8, 6 6 3
2 3 ± 89
f −3 c
Exercise 2D 10
4 1 3 a No solution
2 a − , 1 −3 ± 2 3
3 2
b No solution
4 2 1± 2
b −2 , c No solution
5
3 Exercise 2G
c −1,
5 3 1±
2 5
1 a 37; two different real roots
1 9 − 3 ± 29
d − , 4 b 8; two different real roots
2 2 4
c −79; no real roots
2 3
e − 4, − 5 − ,2 d 0; two equal real roots
3 2
3 4 −2±3 6
e −23; no real roots
f − , 6
2 3 10 f −800; no real roots

722 Answers
2 a p<4 b p < 3.125 e △=0 5
d x = ; (0, 9)
2 y 3
c p >4 2 d p >
3
3 a k = 25 b k = 1.125 2 a (7, −2); (0, 47)
c k = ± 15 d k = 0, −0.75 b (−5, 1); (0, 26)
4 a m>9 b −2 < m < 2 c (1, 6); (0, 10)
16 d (−2, −7); (0, 5)
c m> d m > 12 0 x
3
5 0<q<1 3 a f (x) = (x + 5)2 − 31
f △=0
Investigation – graphs of y
y
quadratic functions
a Discriminant, △ = 29
y
0 (0, –6) x

0 x

(–5, –31)
0 x
g △ = 33

y b f (x) = (x − 2.5)2 − 4.25

y
b △ = −12
y
0 x
(0, 2)

0 x

(2.5, –4.25)
0
h △ = 37
x
y c f (x) = 3(x − 1)2 + 4
c △ = −24 y
y

(0, 7)

0 x
(1, 4)

0 x
0 x
If b2 − 4ac > 0, graph cuts
x-axis twice; if b2 − 4ac = 0, d f (x) = −2(x − 2)2 + 5
d △ = −71
y graph is tangential to x-axis; if
y
b2 − 4ac < 0, graph does not (2, 5)
intersect x-axis.

Exercise 2H
1 a x = −4; (0, 5) 0 x

b x = 3; (0, −3) (0, –3)

0 x c x = −1; (0, 6)

Answers 723
 Exercise 2I 3 a y = (x + 3) 2 − 25; c (3, −18)
1 a (−3, 0); (7, 0); (0, −21) y = (x + 8)(x − 2) 5 a ( f ° g)(x) = (x − 2)2 + 3

b (4, 0); (5, 0); (0, 40) y b (2, 3)

c h(x) = x 2 − 14x + 50
c (−2, 0); (−1, 0); (0, −6)
(–8, 0) (2, 0) d 50
d (−6, 0); (2, 0); (0, −60) 0 x
Exercise 2J
2 a y = (x − 8)(x + 1) 1 y = x 2 − 4x + 5
(0, –16)
y 2 y = x 2 − 4x − 12
(–3, –25)
3 y = −3x 2 − 6x + 5
(–1, 0) (8, 0)
1 5
0 x b y = −(x + 2)2 + 25; 4 y = x2 − x −3
2 2
y = −(x + 7)(x − 3) 5 y = 2x 2 + 7x + 4
(–0, –8)
y 6 y = −0.4x 2 + 8x
(–2, 25) 7 y = −x 2 + 4x + 21
(0, 21) 8 y = 12x 2 − 12x + 3

b y = (x − 3)(x − 5) Exercise 2K

y
1 a 14.5 metres
(–7, 0) (3, 0)
0 b 1.42 seconds
x
(0, 15) 2 14 cm, 18 cm
3 a 10 − x
c 50 cm2
c y = −0.5(x − 3.5)2 + 3.125;
4 12.1 cm
(3, 0) (5, 0)
y = −0.5(x − 1)(x − 6)
0 x 5 17 m, 46 m
y 6 7, 9, 11
c y = −2(x + 1)(x − 2.5) (3.5, 3.125)
1+ 5
y 7
(1, 0) (6, 0) 2
0 x
(0, 5) 8 28.125 m2
(0, –3) 9 60 km h−1, 70 km h−1
10 6 hours
(–1, 0) (2.5, 0)
Review exercise non-GDC
0 x d y = 4(x − 2.25)2 − 12.25;
1 a −6, 2
y = 4(x − 0.5)(x − 4)
b 8
y
7
⎛ 4⎞ c − ,1
d y = 5( x + 2) ⎜ x − ⎟ 3
⎝ 5⎠ (0, 8)
d 3, 4
y
(0.5, 0) (4, 0) e −1 ± 13
(–2, 0) ( )
4
5, 0
0 x
7 ± 13
0 x f
6
2 a −4
(2.25, –12.25)
b −4, 1
(0, –8) 4 a i 0 ii 6 c x = −1.5
b x=3 d −1.5

724 Answers
3 a −5, 1 1 11 9
2 a b
b −2 5 32 32

4 a (−3, −6) 3 a i 0.21 ii 0.33

b 252 5 a A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15}
1
b B = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15}
2 4 a 0.27
c 12 b No – the frequencies are
4 7 8 11 13 14
very different A B
5 ± 3
c 450 6
6 a f (x) = 2(x + 3)2 − 13 2 9 12 3 15 1 2 5 10
5 a b 0
b (1, −5) 11
1 c 5
7 y = x 2 − x − 12 11
2
6 0.2 1 2
c i ii
Review exercise GDC 5 5
1 13
7 a b
1 a −0.907, 2.57 2 40
b −4.35, 0.345 6
A B
c −2.58, 0.581 Exercise 3B
3
d −1.82, 0.220 1 33 24
bl br
2 a 20 m 2
2 1
b 31.5 m 6 4 10
5
c 3.06 s
30
d 4.07 s 15 C

3 21, 68 4
7 a 0.33 b 0.24
4 a = 0.4, b = 3, c = 2
5 60 km h−1 2 c 0.3
Fr m

Exercise 3C
Chapter 3 7 8 5
51
Skills check 1 a
250
4 4 5
1 a b 1
7 35 8 53
b
22 25 100
c 2 d
15 27 3 299
A G c
3 500
e
7 2
7 6 11 2 a
2 a 0.625 b 0.7 5
c 0.42 d 0.16 3
1 b
5
e 15 f 0.0484 Six have both activities. 1
c
g 0.0096 11 2
a 6 b
25 17
25 3
Exercise 3A 20
4
G P
1 1 4 9
1 a b 4 a b
2 4 13 26
11 7 9
1 3
c d 2 1
4 4 c d
13 2
3 5
e
8 Five play neither. 5 a 0.5 b 0.5

Answers 725
 11 4 Second draw
6
60 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 3 0 (0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (0, 3) (0, 4) (0, 5)
7 a b
4 4 1 (1, 0) (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5)
8 a 0.6 b 0.4 First
2 (2, 0) (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5)
draw
c 0.9 3 (3, 0) (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5)
Exercise 3D 4 (4, 0) (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5)
1 a N b Y 5 (5, 0) (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5)
c N d Y
e N f N 1 5
a b
6 9 15 Rolling a ‘six’ on four throws
g N
13 1 of one dice
2 yes c d
18 3
57 16 a 0.729 b 0.271
3 3
89 e
47 4
7 Exercise 3G
4 a b 2 1
12 60 5 a b 1 12 take both subjects
13 9 9
c 23
60 2 a 8 b
c
9 27 27
Exercise 3E
4
1 HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, Exercise 3F c
5
THT, TTH, TTT 1
1 3 1 1
a b 25 2 a 0.2 b
2 8 2 3
2 7
1 169 c
c 15
4 64
2 3
125 39
3
BLUE 48
4 0.6375
1 2 3 4 1 2
5 a P (B ) = 0.2; P (B ∈ C ) = 0.16 4 a b
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) 3 5
b Not independent 1
RED 2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) c 3 d
5 5 2
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) 6
12
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) 61
1 5
3 3 7 95
a b 59049
8 8 1 1
1 9 8 6
c d 256 6
4 16
9 a 0.4 7 a 0 b 0
3
b P (E ) × P (F ) = P (E ∈ F ) c 0.63
Box 1
c P (E ∈ F ) ≠ 0
1 2 3 8 67.3%
d 0.64
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3)
34
Box 2 3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) 10 2 9
27 47
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3)
11 1 10 a
1
b
43
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) 27 10 50
12 a 0.27 b 0.63
1 1 11
a b c
6 4 c 0.07 13
3 5 13 0.18, 0.28
c d 11 0.3
4 12
2 1 1 1
e 14 a b 12
3 1296 216 3

726 Answers
Exercise 3H Exercise 3I Review exercise GDC
1 a 2 11 132 1 a 0.3
C 1 a b
3 1105 1105 b No, P (C and D ) ≠ 0
5 15
2 C 2 a b c No, P (C ) × P (D ) ≠
3 33 22
1
I
P (C and D )
3 1
2
c d 0.6
C 2
3
1 1 5 e 0.75
3 I 3 a b
12 18
2 a 0.43
1 5 5
3 I c d b 0.316
18 12
4 120 3 a
b 4 Bicycle
9 1001 0.3
0.6
8 Bus
c 2 8 Bicycle 0.1
9 5 a b
5 15
0.3
Car
2 Laura Michelle 0.3 Bicycle
55 9 0.6 0.6
6 a b Bus Bus
1 63 11
S 0.1
2
5 0.1
Car
c 7 d
1 S 0.3 Bicycle
11 11
Car 0.6
3 1 Bus
2 S' 0.1
1 S Review exercise non-GDC Car
2 2
1 1
3 S' 1 a b b i 0.09
5 3
1 49 1 ii 0.18
2 S' c d
90 15 iii 0.46
1 11
2 c 0.343
3 30
d 0.045
3 a 1 3 a 0.55
5
b P (C ∈ D) = 0.15 4 a
3
b
2
29
b P (C ) × P(D) = 0.14 8 3
60
P (C ∈ D) ≠ P (C ) × P(D) 2
4 c
4 4 a 0.02 b 0.78 21
9
1
5 a 0.48 c 0.76 d 5 Female Eating carrots
30
b 0.64 5 a 6x
b 23 19 17
6 a R
0.4 Drama Comedy
W 11
0.6 0.6 3
R' 6x 2x
Both female and eating
15 carrots = 19.
R 20 7
0.4 0.2
W' 11 19
x
a b
70 36
0.8
R' 10 Reality
c No, P (F) × P (C ) ≠
b 0.32 c 0.4624 P (F and C )
c x=5

Answers 727
 Chapter 4 Exercise 4B Investigation – graphs of
1 a 3 b 5 c 16 exponential functions 2
Skills check
4
(1 ) x
d 4 e y= 5
81 1
(1 ) x
1 a b 9 y = 10
256 128
1 1
c 1 × 10
–9
2 a b c 1
8 4 3
(1 ) x
y= 3
2 a 3 b 5 c 4
1 25 9 (0, 1)
3 y d e 1
16 16 16
8 0

6 Exercise 4C
2 Investigation – compound
4 1 a 8a3 b c q3
x2 interest
y = x2 2
y = (x – 2) 2
d 1 Half-  1
2

x d e yearly
 1+  2.25
–4 –2 0
4  2
2 4 6 3c 4p 3

4
5  1
Quarterly  1+  2.441 406 25
Investigation – folding paper a2 y 3x 3  4
2 a b c
b 5x 3 y2 12
Number Number Thickness As thick  1
Monthly  1+  2.613 035 290 22…
 12 
of folds of layers (km) as a Exercise 4D
Piece of
1 a x=5 b x = −2
52
0 1 1 × 10–7  1 
Weekly  1+  2.692 596 954 44…
paper
3  52 

1 2 2 × 10–7 c x = 3, –1 d x=
2 365

Credit e x=3 Daily 

 1+
1 
 2.714 567 482 02…
2 4 4 × 10 –7
 365 
card 5
3 8 8 × 10–7
2 a x= b x = −4
2 Hourly

 1+
1 

8760
2.718 126 690 63…
 8760 
4 16 1.6 × 10 –6
4
c x = −3 d x=
5 32 3.2 × 10–6 5 5 Every  
525 600
 1+ 1  2.718 279 215 4…
 
6 64 6.4 × 10 –6
3 x = −6 minute  525600 

7 128 1.28 × 10–5 Textbook

Exercise 4E Every 
 1+ 1 

31 536000

2.718 282 472 54…

8 256 2.56 × 10–5 1 second  31 536000 
 
1 a x = ±3 b x = 2 c x = ±
9 512 5.12 × 10–5 4
3 a 13 folds 1 3 Exercise 4F
d x =± 2 e x = √3 f
3 1
x=
4 1 a
b 15 folds y
2 a x=8 b x = 625
4 113 000 000 km 10
1
c x= d x = 64 8
256
Exercise 4A 1 6
e x = 32 f x=
1 a x5 16 g(x) = 2x + 3 4
1 1
b 6p 6q 2 3 a x= b x= 2 f (x) = 2x
25 216
1 3 3
c x y 27 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
3 c x = 512 d x=
64
d x 4y 6 b y
Investigation – graphs of
2 a x3 5
exponential functions 1
b a4 y 4
y = 10 x y = 5x
a4 g(x) = 3–x 3 f (x) = 3x
c
4 2
y = 3x
1
d 2x 2y 3

3 a x12 b 27t 6 (0, 1) –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x

c 3x 6y 4 d –y6 0 x

728 Answers
 c y Exercise 4H 3 y
4 5
1 a 1 b 1 c 1
3 4
d 0 e 0 f 0
f (x) =()
1
2
x
2
1
3
x = –1 2
y = log2(x + 1) + 2

Exercise 4I
1
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–10 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 a log2x = 9 b log3x = 5 0
–2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
c
log10 x = 4 d logax = b
–2
–3
g(x) = – ( ) 1
2
–x

2 a 2x = 8 b 3x = 27 4
–2
a = 3–3
–4 c 10x = 1000 d ax = b
d 5 f –1
(2) = 9
y
3 a 64 b 81 c 8
5 1
d 36 e Exercise 4K
4 32
3 1 a 0.477 b 1.20
f (x) = e x Investigation – inverse functions
g(x) = e x+1
2 c 0.805 d 0.861
x
1 a The function y = 2 e 0.861 f – 0.0969
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–10 1 2 3 4 5 x g 0.228 h 0.954
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
–2 Exercise 4L
1 1 1
–3 y 8 4
1 2 4 8
2 1 a x = 0.425 b x = −5.81
–4
–5 b The inverse function of y = 2
x c x=0 d x = −0.693
e e x = −3.51
y
1 1 1
10 x 8 4
1 2 4 8 2 a 0.367 b −0.222
2
8 c 0 d −0.301
y −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 1
6 3 a 100 b
f (x) = 1() x
10

( ) c 1 d 0.000 007 94
3 4 c
g(x) = 2 1
x y
2 3 5 4 a 12 b 4
y = 2x
4 y=x c 3 d 4
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x 3
2 5 a 5 b 2
f 1 c 0 d 1
g(x) = () 1
e
2x

4
y
–3 –2 –1–10 1 2 3 4 5 x
e −3
1  ln x
3 lnx
6 f 1 ( x )  ,x>0
–2 2
y=
2 –3 ln2
f (x) = ( ) 1
e
x
1 d The graphs are reflections of
7 Domain [e–0.5, e];
Range [−2, 4]
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–10 1 2 3 4 5 x each other in the line y = x
1
8 f −1 ( x ) = e x
–2 3
Exercise 4J
–3 9 ( g  f )( x ) = 2 x − 2
–4
1 a Curve is shifted down two
units Exercise 4M
2 Domain Range
b Curve is translated right
a x  g (x) > 3 1 a log 30 b log 12 c log 4
2 units
b x  g (x) > 0 x3
c Curve is stretched by d log 7 e log
c x  g (x) < 0 factor 2 parallel with
y2
d x  g (x) > 0 x 1
y-axis f log g log 2
e x  g (x) > 0 yz x y
2 y
 27  24
f x  g (x) > 0 2 2 a log 2   b log3
y = –2log (x – 1)  2  25
Exercise 4G 1 1
(2, 0) c loga 6 d ln   or  ln 2
1 0 2
1 a 2 b c 6 d 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
2 –1  x4y3
1

8
3 3 e ln  2 
f log 2  
–2 e   z5 
2 a −4 b c d 4  
2 5
Answers 729
 3 a 2 b 3 c 2 g −99.9 5 a = 4, b = 3
d 3 e 1 Exercise 4Q Review exercise GDC
1 a 1.16 b 1.41 c −0.557 1 3.52
Exercise 4N
d −0.0570 e 11.1 2 a x = 0.548 b x = −0.954
1 a p+q b 3p c q–p
⎛8⎞ c x = −1.18
q p ln ⎜ ⎟
d e 2q  ln 500 ⎝5⎠ 3 a x=5 b x=2
2 2 2 a b
⎛5⎞ c x = 3.60 d x = 1, 4
2 6x – 3y – 6z ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎛3⎞
⎝2⎠ ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝7⎠ e x = 100, 1
3 a 1 + log x b 2 – 2 logx 100
⎛ 144 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ ln 64 4 a f (x) > 0, range of g(x) is all
1 1 1 ⎝ 5 ⎠
c  log x d 1  log x c d
2 2 2 ln 108 ln 3 real numbers
b They are 1–1 functions;
4 y = 3a – 4 ln 3
3 a x = ln 2 b x= 1
f −1( x ) = ln x; g −1 ( x ) = e 3 x
2

5 –3 – 2log3x ln 2
2
x
6 exln2 = eln2 = 2x Exercise 4R
c ( f  g )( x ) = x 3;
1
Exercise 4O 1 a x= b x=1
5 ( g  f )( x ) = 3 x
1 a 2.81 b −1.21 c −0.325 3
c x= d x= 2 d x= 3
d 0.514 e 12.4 7
y 5 a 218 393 insects
2 e x = 1.62
2 b 8.66 days
y 2y Exercise 4S
3 a b x c Review exercise non-GDC
x y x 1 a x = 83 b x = 14
1 x= 3
c x = 95
d 2x + y e x + y f y−x
32
11
⎛3⎞
y x log ⎜ ⎟
2 a x=9 b x=6 ⎝5⎠
4 a 2 x=
2 log x c no solutions ⎛ 35 ⎞
y= log ⎜ ⎟
log 4 ⎝ 9 ⎠
1 3 A = x (2x + 7) = 2x + 7x 2

x = 0.5 3 4.5
–1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–1 4 x=4 x4 3 y
4 log 3
–2 5 x = 16 z5
b y 5 a x=7 b x=1
Exercise 4T
2 log x2
1 a 450 × 1.032 n 6
1
log 5 c x = 1,4 d x=
7
b 10 years
n
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x 2 a i 121 ii 195 6 a b n−m
–1 m
–2 b 9.6 days (10 days) m+n
c 2m d
3 49.4 hours n
b
5 a 2b b 4 a 7 Shift one unit to the right,
2 s
45 1
b stretch factor parallel to
c −2b d − 40 3
4 35 x-axis, shift 2 units up.
30
Exercise 4P 25
1 ⎛x⎞
1 a 2.32 b 3.56 c −1.76
20 s = 9 + 29e–0.063t 8 a f −1 ( x ) = ln ⎜ ⎟
15 2 ⎝3⎠
10
d 0.425 e 0.229 f −3.64 5
0 1
g 1.79 h −11.0 0 b f −1 ( x ) = log x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 t 3
2 a 6.78 b 2.36
2x
c −3.88 d 0.263 b 38 m s −1
c 9 ms −1 c f −1 ( x ) = = 2 x −2
4
e 0.526 f 2.04 d 10.7 m s−1 e 16.9 s 9 a = 2, b = 4

730 Answers
Chapter 5 5 3d t 3 a
g h i
3a 2 d x 0.25 0.4 0.5 1 2 4 8 10 16
Skills check
1 a −8x + 20 b 12x −18 j x −1 f(x) 16 10 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.4 0.25

c −x3 −7x x +1
1 3 4 b The values of x
d x 4 + 6x 3 + 9x 2 3 a 6 
1 b  1
6 4 3 and f (x) are the same
e x 3 + 5x 2 − 24x
2c 3d
numbers but in reverse
2 y c  1 order.
6 3d 2c
x = –2 x=0 x=3
4 4 a 4 b x c d e
y=4
2 5 a i 0.5 ii 0.05
y
y=0 iii 0.005 iv 0.0005 16
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x b y gets smaller, nearer to 14
–2
zero. 12
y = –3 –4 24 10
c y= so it can never be
3 A is a horizontal shift of 4 x 8

units to the right. Function A zero. 6

is y = (x − 4)3 4
d i 0.5 ii 0.05 2
B is a vertical shift of 2 units
iii 0.005 iv 0.0005
down. Function B is y = x3 − 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 x
e x gets smaller, nearer to zero.
Investigation – graphing
24 f The function reflects onto
product pairs f x= so it can never be
y itself.
x 24 12 8 3 6 4 2 1
y 1 2 3 8 4 6 12 24 zero.
g The function is its own
y Investigation – graphs of
inverse.
24 reciprocal functions
18 1 a y
xy = 24 Exercise 5B
6
12
4 1 a y
6
2 10
x
24 –18 –12 –6 0 6 12 18 24 8
y= x
5
–6 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 x 6
–2
–12 4
–4 2
–18
–6
–24 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
The numerator indicates the –2
As y gets bigger, x gets smaller –4
scale factor of the stretch
and vice versa. parallel to the y-axis.
–6
The graph gets closer and closer –8
2 y –10
to the axes as x- and y-values
increase. 6 b y
4 10
Exercise 5A 8 6
1 1 1 2 y= x
1 a b c − 6
2 3 3 4
3 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x
11 –2 2
d −1 e f
2 7 –4
2 2 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
g − h –6
–2
3 7 –4
2 1 1 Changing the sign of the –6
2 a b c
13 x y numerator reflects the graphs –8
1 1 9 of the original functions in –10
d e f
3x 4y 2x the x-axis.

Answers 731
 c y b y = 2, x = 0; Domain x ,x y
10 10
≠ 0; Range y  , y  2
8 8
xy = 8 1
6 c y = –2, x = 0 y=
(x + 3)
6
4 Domain x x Range y 4
2 y – 2

–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 5 a s –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
–2 –2
–4 200 –4
–6 s= d
250 –6
160
–8 y
–10 120
10
80 8
2 y 2 6
40 y=
10 (x + 3)
4
8 2
12
y=– x
6
y= x
12 0 10 20 30 40 50 d
4 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
b 25 m c 2.5 m s−1 –2
2 –4
6 a F
–6
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 5000
–2
1500
–4 4000 F= b
l
–6
3000 Rational Vertical Horizontal
–8 function asymptote asymptote
Domain Range
2000
–10
1000 y 
1
x=0 y=0 x , y ,
x x≠0 y≠0
3 a y
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 l y 
1
x=2 y=0 x , y ,
10 x 2 x≠2 y≠0
8 1 x , y ,
f(x) = x b 750 N y 
1
x 3
x = –3 y=0
6 x ≠ –3 y≠0
4 c i 1.5 m ii 075 m 2 x , y ,
y 
x 3
x = –3 y=0
x ≠ –3 y≠0
2 iii 0.5 m

–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x Investigation – graphing c The vertical asymptote

–2 rational functions 1
–4 is the x-value that makes
–6 a y the denominator equal to
–8 6 zero.
–10 4 d They are all y = 0
1
y= x
x = 0 and y = 0 2 e x , x ≠ x-value of
b y asymptote
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x
10 –2 f y , y ≠ 0, the y-value of
8 1 the horizontal asymptote.
f(x) = x + 2 –4
6
4 –6 Exercise 5C
2 y 1 a y = 0, x = −1
10
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
Domain x  , x  1
–2 8
Range
–4 6
1
–6 4 y= b y = 0, x = 4
(x – 2)
–8 2 Domain x  , x  4
–10 Range y  , y  0
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
–2
x = 0 and y = 2 c y = 0, x = 5
–4
4 a y = 0, x = 0; Domain x ,x –6 Domain x  , x  5
≠ 0; Range y ,y ≠ 0 –8 Range y  , y  0

732 Answers
 d y = 0, x = −1 d y i
y
10
Domain x  , x  1 8
1 8
y= +3
Range y  , y  0 6 x–7 6
4
e y = 2, x = −1 4 2
Domain x  , x  1 2
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
–2
Range y  , y  2 –4 4
–2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x –6
y=
3x – 6
+5
–2
f y = −2, x = −1 –8
Domain x  , x  1 Domain x ∈ , x ≠ 7 –10

Range y  , y  2 Range y ∈ , y ≠ 3
Domain x ∈ , x ≠ 2
e y
g y = 2, x = 3 Range y ∈ , y ≠ 5
4
Domain x  , x  3 3 y
Range y  , y  2 –12 –8 –4 0 4 x 3.1
–4
h y = −2, x = −3 3.0
6 –8
Domain x  , x  3 y= x+2 –6
–12 2.9
Range y  , y  2
Domain x ∈ , x ≠ −2
2.8
2 a Range y ∈ , y ≠ −6
y
f y
8 –20 0 20 40 x
8
6 b 3.9 °C
4
4 y= 6
x
2 4 4 a y
5
y= x +4 8
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x 2
6
–2 1 y=x+2
–4 y= 4
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x x+2
–6 –2 2
–4 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
Domain x ∈ , x ≠ 0 –2
–6
Range y ∈ , y ≠ 0 –4
Domain x ∈ , x ≠ 0 –6
b Range y ∈ , y ≠ 4
y
y=
3
+1 g 1 y
The linear function is a line of
8 x–3 y = 4x + 12 – 2
6
symmetry for the reciprocal
1
4 function. The linear function
2 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 x crosses the x-axis at the same
–1 place as the vertical asymptote of
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x –2 the reciprocal function.
–2
–4 –3 b
–6
–4 y
Domain x ∈ , x ≠ 3 Domain x ∈ , x ≠ −3 8
Range y ∈ , y ≠ 1 1 6
Range y ∈ , y ≠ −2 y =x + 1 4 y=x+1
c y h y 2
4 6
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
4 3
–2
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 x y = 2x –4
–4 2
–6
–8
–4 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x
y= x+5 –8 –12 –2 The linear function is a line of
–4
symmetry for the reciprocal
–16
function. The linear function
–6
Domain x  , x  5 crosses the x-axis at the same
Domain x ∈ , x ≠ 0
Range y  , y  8 place as the vertical asymptote of
Range y ∈ , y ≠ 0
the reciprocal function.
Answers 733
 Investigation – graphing d The domain excludes the c y
rational functions 2 x-value of the vertical 4
asymptote. 3 x–7
a y y=
4 2 3x – 8

3 Exercise 5D 1
x
2 y= 1 a y = 1, x = 3 –15–10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 x
x+3 –1
1 Domain x  , x  3
–2
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x Range y  , y  1 –3
–1
–2 2 1 8
–3
b y= ,x= Domain x  , x 
3 3 3
1 1
y Domain x ∈ , x ≠ Range y  , y 
4 3 3
2
3 x+1
Range y ∈ , y ≠
y= 3
2 x+3 y
1 3 5 d
c y= ,x=− 8
9x + 1
4 4 6 y=
3x – 2
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 5
–1 Domain x  , x   4
–2 4 2
–3 3
Range y  , y  –20–15–10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 x
4 –2
y
8 17 1 –4
d y= ,x= −
6 8 4
2x 2
4 y= 1 Domain x  , x 
x+3 Domain x  , x   3
2 4
17 Range y  , y  3
Range y  , y 
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 8
–2 2 a y
–4 e y
6
–6 x+2 4 –3x + 10
4 y= x+3 y=
4x – 12
2
y 2
8 –8 –6 –4 –2–20 2 4 6 8 x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 x
6 –2
2x – 1 –4
4 y= –4
x+3 –6
2 –6

–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x Domain x  , x  3 Domain x  , x  3

–2
Range y  , y  1 3
–4 Range y  , y  
–6 4
b y
b
3 f y
Rational Vertical Horizontal
function asymptote asymptote
Domain Range
2 x 4
y= 5x + 2
4x + 3
x 1 3 y=
y = x + 3 x = −3 y=1 x , y , 4x
x ≠ –3 y≠1 2
x +1 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x 1
y= x = −3 y=1 x , y , –1
x+3 x ≠ –3 y≠1
–2 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
2x x , y , –1
y = x + 3 x = −3 y=2 –3
x ≠ –3 y≠2 –2
2x −1 x , y , 3 –3
y=
x+3
x = −3 y=2
x ≠ –3 y≠2 Domain x  , x  
4 –4
c The horizontal asymptote 1 Domain x  , x  0
Range y  , y 
is the quotient of the 4
5
x-coefficients. Range y  , y 
4

734 Answers
 g y is undefined for x = 0 and at f No, as the more expensive
8 x = 0 no T-shirts are made. fridge is still more expensive
6 y=
3x
d x=0 in the long-run.
2x – 4
4 e The horizontal asymptote Review exercise non-GDC
2 is y = 5.5. As the number
1 i a, ii d, iii c, iv e, v b, vi f.
of shirts produced
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x 2 a i y
–2 increases, the set up costs
–4 become negligible. 8

–6 6 5
f(x) =
6 a 4
x
–8
t 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2
Domain x  , x  2 g
3 c 100 20 25 500 100 700 40 300 500 1100 50
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 8 x
Range y  , y  7 17 3 19 7 11 23 –2
2 4 6
2
y –4
h b c
40 –6
50
7x 30 ii x = 0, y = 0
y= 40
–x – 15
20 iii Domain x x 0Range y
30
10 c=
at y
20 t + 12
b i y
–80 –60 –40 –20 0 20 40 x 10 6
–10
4 1
–20 O 2 4 6 8 10 12 t f(x) =
x+1
2
–30 c Approximately 38.5 mg
–40
d c = 100 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x
–2
Domain x  , x  15
e The children’s dose will –4
Range y  , y  7 not exceed 100 mg.
–6
i y 7 a $128.67 ii x = −1, y = 0
20
iii Domain x x –1Range
16 b C (n )  550  92n where
14x – 4 n y y y c i
y=
12 2x – 1
n = number of years and C 10
8 represents the annual cost. 8
4 c 6 x+3
f(x) =
3–x
4
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x
–4 2
1 f
Domain x  , x 
2 –15 –10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25 x
Range y  , y  7 –2
–4
3 a iii, b i, c iv, d ii –6
1
4 E.g. y = +3 –8
x +4
–10
5 a C (x) = 450 + 5.5x ii x = 3, y =−1
450 + 5.5 x
b A( x ) = iii Domain x x 3Range y
x
c Domain is x > 0. Since x d The vertical asymptote is y −1
represents the number of n = 0 and the horizontal 3 a x = −4, y = 0
T-shirts produced, only asymptote is C = 92. Domain x x – 4Range
positive values make sense. e The cost will never go below y y
Exclude x = 0 since A(x) $92 b x = 0, y = −3

Answers 735
 5600
Domain x x Range y Domain x x Range y y 2 a s
t
y −3 b s (km h–1)
c x = −6, y = −2 c y
8 1200
Domain x x −6Range y f (x)
6 –2
y −2 f (x) =
x–5
1000
4
d x = 1, y = 5 800 5600
2 s=
Domain x x 1Range y 600 t

y 5 –4 –2 0
–2
2 4 6 8 10 12 x 400

–4 200
300
4 a c=
s –6
0 4 8 12 16 20
b c –8
240 t (hours)

200 Domain x x Range y y c 560 km h−1

160 300
c= d y 3 a
120 s
2
80 f (x) m (minutes)

40 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x 300
–2
250
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 s –4 3 22.2s + 1428
f (x) = –8 200 m=
x–7 s
c The domain and range –6 150
are limited to + and the –8 100
domain to Z+ –10 50
2
5 a i y  2 –12 0
1 20 40 60 80 100120 s
ii x = −2
Domain x x Range y y s (sun scale value)
iii (−2, 2) b i 165 min
1 1
–8
b (0, − ) ( , 0) ii 57.9 min
2 2 e y
c
y 8 iii 36.5 min
f (x)
10 6 c m = 22.2
8 4
f(x) =
2x – 1
2 d The number of minutes
6 x+2 that can be spent in direct
4 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x sunlight without skin
–2
2 –4 8 damage.
f (x) =
x+3
–6 4 a
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x c
–2 –8
x = –2 4×106
–4 Domain x x –3Range y 3×106 c=
750 000 m
100 – m
Review exercise GDC y 0
2×106
1 a y f y
1×106
4 6
f (x)
2 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 m (%)
2 b i 187 500 Thai Baht
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
–2
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 x ii 750 000 Thai Baht
–2
–4 iii 6750 000 Thai Baht.
6
–6 –4
–6 f (x) = –2
f (x) =
x
–5 x+4 –6 c No. When m = 100, the
–8
–10 –8

Domain x x Range y y Domain x x – 4Range y

y –2
−5
b y
8
736 Answers
6
f (x)
4
 function is undefined. d $1000 saved after 17 weeks. Exercise 6C
5 a y 1 e M = 20 + 5(n – 1) or M = 15 + 5n 1 d = 0.9
f(x) = 2 +
2x – 5
4 f n (35 + 5n ) 5n (7 + n ) 2 d = –3, u = 64
T = or T = 1
2 2
3 3 5.5
2 4 8
y=2 Exercise 6A
1
x = 2.5 1 a 19, 23, 27 b 16, 32, 64 Exercise 6D
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x c 18, 24, 31 d 80, –160, 320 1 1
–1
9 11 13 1 a r= , u7 =
e , , 2 4
5 14 17 20 b r = –3, u7 = –2916
b i x= ,y=2
2 f
6.012 34, 6.012 345,
ii 2.25 c r = 10, u7 = 1 000 000
6.012 345 6 d r = 0.4, u7 = 0.102 4
iii 1.8
2 a 10, 30, 90, 270
e r = 3x, u7 = 1458x 6
b 3, 7, 15, 31
3 1 1 2
f r = b , u7 = ab7
a
c , , ,
4 2 3 9
Exercise 6E
d x, x 2, x 4, x 8
3 a u1 = 2 and un+1= un + 2 1 r = 0.4, u1 = 125
b u1 = 1 and un + 1= 3un 2 r = –2, u1 = – 4.5
u 3 a n = 12 b n=9
c u1 = 64 and un+1 = n
2 c n=7 d n = 33
d u1 = 7 and un + 1= un + 5
4 a 3, 9, 27, 81 4 r = ±4, u2 = ±36

b –3, –9, –15, –21 5 p = ±27

c 1, 2, 4, 8 6 x=8

Chapter 6 d 1, 4, 27, 256 Exercise 6F

5 a un = 2n b un = 3n–1 8 7
Skills check 1 a n b ∑n 2

c un = 2 7–n
d un = 5n + 2 n 1 n =3
1 a –6 b –3, 5 c 5 n
e un = f un = nx
6 6

2 a k=
15 − 3m
b k=
4 n +1 c ∑ ( 29 − 2n ) d ∑ 240 ( 0.5 ) n −1

4 p 6 a 610 n =1 n =1

10 18
3 a 108 b –12.22 b u1 = 1, u2 = 1, and e ∑ nx f ∑ ( 3n + 1)
3 un + 1 = un + un – 1 n=5 n =1
4 a 5 b 16 c − 5

∑ na
11
32 g h
∑3
n
n −1

Investigation – saving money Exercise 6B n =1

n=1

a 1 a i u15 = 45 ii un = 3n 2 a 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 + 19
Week Weekly Total
number savings savings b i u15 = 235 + 22 + 25
1 20 20 ii un = 15n + 10 b 4 + 16 + 64 + 256 + 1024
2 25 45 c i u15 = 106 c 40 + 80 + 160 + 320 + 640
3 30 75 ii un = 5n + 31 d x5 + x6 + x7 + x8 + x9 +
4 35 110 x 10 + x 11
d i u15 = –82
5 40 150 3 a 315 b 363
ii un = 113 – 13n
6 45 195 c 140 d 315
e i u15 = 14
7 50 245
8 55 300 ii un = 0.6n + 5 Exercise 6G

b Savings in 10th week: $65; f i u15 = x + 14a 1 234

Savings in 17th week: $100 ii un = x + an – a 2 108
c Total saved in 1st year (52 2 a 51 b 169 c 37 3 594
weeks): $7670
d 15 e 27 f 10 4 40x + 152

Answers 737
 5 a n = 24 b 1776 Exercise 6K 6 a6 + 6a5b + 15a4b2 + 20a3b3 +
6 2292 1 |r| < 1 15a2b4 + 6ab5 + b6
2 a S4 = 213.3 , S7 ≈ 215.9 , The coefficients are from Pascal’s
Exercise 6H triangle.
and S∞ = 216
1 3 (a + b)7 = a7 + 7a6b + 21a5b2 +
b S4 = 1476, S7 = 1975.712,
2 a 3n2 – 2n b 17 and S∞ = 2500 35a4b3 + 35a3b4 + 21a2b5
3 a 1.75n2 – 31.75n b 21 + 7ab6 +b7
c S4 = 88.88, S7 = 88.888 88,
4 a 1600 b 12 600 Exercise 6N
and S∞ = 88.8
5 u1 = −20, d = 4 1 y5 + 15y4 + 90y3 + 270y2
d S4 = 10.83 , S7 ≈ 12.71,
6 d = 2.5, S20 = 575 + 405y + 243
and S∞ = 13.5
Exercise 6I 2 16b4 – 32b3 + 24b2 – 8b + 1
3 13.4
1 a 132 860 b 1228.5 4 192 3 729a 6  2916a 5  4860a 4
c 42.656 25 5 16 or 48  4320a 3  2160a 2  576a  64
d 4095x + 4095 6 150 8
4 x 6 + 6 x 3 + 12 +
2 a 435 848 050 7 4118 x3

b ≈ 11 819.58 5 x 8  8 x 7 y  28 x 6 y 2  56 x 5 y 3
Exercise 6L
c –1 048 575 70 x 4 y 4  56 x 3 y 5  28 x 2 y 6
1 –20
d log(a1048575) 8 xy 7  y 8
2 a 26.25 cm b 119
3 a i 9 ii 76 684 3 a $3984.62 b $4025.81 6 81a 4  216a 3b  216a 2b 2
b i 6 ii 3685.5 c $4035.36 96ab 3  16b 4
c i 8 ii 1.626 537 5 4 42 810c 4 1080c 3 720c 2
7 243c 5   
d i 11 ii 885.73 5 18 d d2 d3
6 232 240c 32
Exercise 6J  4  5
7 ≈19.6 years d d
1 a 6 b 5
8 a 1, 8, 21 b 1, 7, 13 24 x 4 3 x 2 1
c 19 d 6 8 64 x 6 + + 2 + 3
59048 c 6n – 5 y y 8y
2 r = 3, S10 =
15 9 a 4, 12, 28 b 4, 8, 16 Exercise 6O
3 r=3
4 a 1.5 b 21 c 4(2n–1) 1 336x5
5 2059 10 ≈ 86 months 2 –1280y4
6 3 11 About $16.30 3 4860a2b4
Investigation – converging Exercise 6M 4 –512
series 5 2
1 1 10
1 i a r= 6 ±4
2 2 28
2 3 35 7 17 920
b r=
5 8 4860
−1 4 84
c r= 5 15 9 8
4
ii Inspect values on GDC 6 120 10 7
2 a The values are approaching Review exercise non-GDC
Investigation – patterns in
4 as n ∈ ∞ polynomials 1 a 4 b 283 c 25
b The values are approaching 1 256
1 a+b 2 a b 1 c
125 as n ∈ ∞ 4 3
2 a2 + 2ab + b2 3 a 4 b 5
c The values are approaching 4 a 30 b 262
3 a + 3a b + 3ab + b
3 2 2 3
192 as n ∈ ∞
50
4 a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4 5 120
⎛1⎞
3 Results like 1 − ⎜ ⎟ are 1 3200
⎝2⎠ 5 a + 5a b + 10a b + 10a b +
5 4 3 2 2 3 6 a b
4 3
beyond the limit of the display. 5ab4 + b5 7 ±4

738 Answers
8 720x3 1 Exercise 7C
1 The portion gets closer to .
9 a 17 b 323 2 [3( x + h ) + 4 ] − (3 x + 4 )
1 =3
Review exercise GDC 2 The portion gets closer and h

1 a 3 b 52 closer to 1 , yet never reaches 1 . ⎡⎣2( x + h )2 − 1⎤⎦ − (2 x 2 − 1)

2 2 2 = 4 x + 2h
2 a 96 b 32 h
3 a u1 = 7, d = 2 b 720 Exercise 7A 3
4 a 2 b 11 1 Divergent  ( x  h )2  2( x  h )  3  ( x 2  2 x  3)
5 18 2 Convergent; 3.5 h
6 u1 = 5, r = –3 3 Convergent; 0  2x  h  2

7 −945 x 4
4 Convergent; 0.75
16 Exercise 7D
5 Divergent
1 1 2; m = 2
8
4 Exercise 7B
2 6x + 2; m = − 16
9 a ≈ 5.47 million b 2056 1 10
3 2x − 1; m = 1
2 1
Chapter 7 3 1 Investigation – the derivative
Skills check 4 Does not exist of f (x) = x n
1 a 3x (3x 3 − 5x 2 + 1) 5 4 1 f (x ) = x 2
b (2x − 3)(2x + 3) 6 Does not exist ( x + h )2 − x 2
f ′( x ) = lim
c (x − 3)(x − 2) Investigation – secant and h →0 h
tangent lines = lim(2 x + h )
d (2x + 1)(x − 5) h →0

= 2x
2 a x 3 + 6x 2 + 12x + 8 1 y

b 81x − 108x + 54x

4 3 2 8 f (x ) = x 3
− 12x + 1 6 ( x + h )3 − x 3
f ′( x ) = lim
c 8x 3 + 36x 2y + 54 xy 2 + 27y 3 4 h →0 h
A 2 F = lim(3x 2 + 3xh + h 2 )
h →0
3 a x −6 b 4x −3 B
C D
E
1 5
P = 3x 2
c 5x 2
d x 7 –2 –1 0 1 2 x
−
3
f (x ) = x 4
e 7x 2
2
( x + h )4 − x 4
Investigation – creating a Gradient f ′( x ) = lim
Point Coordinates Line
h →0 h
sequence or slope = lim(4 x 3 + 6 x 2 h + 4 xh 2 + h3 )
h →0
P (0, 1) − −
Round
Portion of the paper = 4x3
you have at the end of A (−1.5, 3.25) AP −1.5
number
the round B (−1, 2) BP −1 2 To find the derivative of
Fraction Decimal C (−0.5, 1.25) CP −0.5 f (x) = x n, multiply x by the
(3 sf) exponent n and subtract one
D (0.5, 1.25) DP 0.5
1 1
0.333 E (1, 2) EP 1
from the exponent to get the
3 new exponent. If f (x) = x n,
F (1.5, 3.25) FP 1.5
2
4
0.444
then f ′ (x) = nx n−1
9 3 0
3 Prediction: f ′ (x) = 5x 4
13
3 0.481 4 y
27
8 f (x )  x 5
40 ( x  h )5  x 5
4 0.494 6 f '( x )  lim
81 h 0 h
121 4
5 0.498 A F
 lim(5x 4  10 x 3 h  10 x 2 h 2
h 0
243 2
B E  5xh3  h 4 )
364 C P D
6 0.499
729 –2 –1 0 1 2 x  5x 4

Answers 739
 Exercise 7E b y − 6 = 1(x − 1) Investigation – the derivative
1 5x 4 or y = x + 5 of the product of two functions
1
2 8x 7 c y − 5 = ( x − 3) 1 11
3
4 or y = 31 x + 4 2 f ′ (x) = 11x 10
3 −
x5 3 u ′ (x) = 4x 3; v ′ (x) = 7x 6
15
1 1 d y −9 = − ( x − 1)
4 2
or 4 4 u ′ (x) · v ′ (x) = 28x 9
3x 3 33 x 2 15 51
or y = − x + 5 No
1 1 4 4
5 − 3
or − 1 6 f ′ (x) = x 4 · 7x 6 + x 7 · 4x 3 = 11x 10
2x 2 2 x3 3 a y − 3 = − ( x − 2)
7 7 f ′ (x) = u (x) · v ′ (x) + v (x) · u ′ (x)
3 3 1 23
6 2
or or y = − x + 8 f (x) = (3x + 1)(x 2 − 1)
5x 5 55 x 2 7 7
1 = 3x 3 + x 2 − 3x − 1
Exercise 7F b y + 5 = ( x + 1)
6 f ′ (x) = 9x 2 + 2x − 3
16 1 29
1 − 9 or y = − x − f (x) = (3x + 1)(x 2 − 1)
x 6 6
2 0 c
1
y − 25 = − ( x − 2) f ′ (x) = (3x + 1)(2x) + (x 2 − 1)(3)
6 20 = 6x 2 + 2x + 3x 2 − 3
3 3x 2 + 1 1
x3 or y = − x + 25
20 10 = 9x 2 + 2x − 3
4 5p x 4
3 This supports the conjecture.
5 2x − 8 d y +2 = − ( x − 1)
26
3 23 Exercise 7I
1
−
4 or y = − x −
6 1 2 26 26 x 2 − 8x
1
2 x 2 3x 3 4 x = 1; x = −1 ( x − 4 )2
3
7 − 3 5 5 2 10x 4 + 4x 3 + 9x 2 + 2x + 1
2x
3 Investigation – the derivatives 1 − ln x
8 − 3
8x 3 of e x and In x x2
9 −4x 3 1 Conjecture: f ′(x) = e x ex
4 + e x ln x
5 3 1 x
10 1
+ 1 2 Conjecture: f ′( x ) =
6x 6
4x 4 x 6
5
Exercise 7H ( x + 4 )2
11 12x 3 − 4x
4
12 4x + 3 1 ex
x 6
2 2 (e +1)2
x
1
13 1
+ 2 2 ex + 1
7 e x (5x 3 + 15x 2 + 4x + 4)
3x 3
3x 3
2x 2
14 6x 2 − 12x 1 x 4 − 6x 2 − 2x
3 12 x 3 + 8
x ( x 3 + 1)2
15 3x 2 + 4x − 3
4 8x + 3
Exercise 7G 9 −1
1
5 2e x + 1 1
1 y + 3 = 2(x − 3) or y = 2x − 9; x 10 y − 2 = − ( x − 3); y = − ( x + 1)
2 2
y + 3 = − 21 (x − 3) or 6 5e x + 4
y = − 21 x − 23 Exercise 7J
7 y − 5 = 12(x − ln 3)
y 5
1 1 1 2x 2 −
y + 3 = – (x – 3) f(x) = x2 – 4x 8 y − 9 = ( x + 3) 3
2 1 6
2 4x3
1 x
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x 9 y − 1 = ( x − e) or y = 3 4 xe x + 2 x2e x
–1 e e
–2 1
10 y − 7 = − ( x − 2) 2 xe x − 4 e x
–3 9
4
x3
–4 1 65
or y = − x + 16
–5 y + 3 = 2(x – 3) 9 9 5 3x −
2
9

11 2e ; 40.2
3 5x 5
2 a y − 4 = −4(x + 3)
5 2x − x 2
or y = −4x − 8 12 ; 0.208 6
24 ex
740 Answers
 2x Exercise 7K −
1

7 12 e 3
or 0
( x + 1)2
2
1 x ; 3x + 2x;
5 4

5(3x 4 + 2x)4 (12x 3 + 2) 6

8 3 + 3 lnx 13 h ′( x ) = . Since
(1 − 2 x )4
1 2 4x 3; 2x 2 + 3x + 1;
9 1−
x2 12(2x 2 + 3x + 1)2 (4x + 3) 6 > 0 and(1 − 2x)4 > 0 for
5 all x where h is defined,
3 3 ln x ; 3x 5 ;
10 5x 2 1 x the gradient of h is always
+
2 1
x ; 2 x + 3;
2 positive.
2x 2 4 3
2

x +1 3(2 x + 3) 3 14 a 6
11 −
( x − 1)3 5 e ; 4x; 4e
x 4x b 8
3 ( ln x )
2
12 10x 4 + 12x 3 − 3x 2 − 18x − 15
6 x 3 ; ln x ; Exercise 7M
1 x
13 y = − ( x − 1) 2 3
e 6 1
7 x 3 ; 9 x + 2; 1 x
14 y = x − 1 (9 x + 2 ) 3
15 − 9n + 3.5 2 180x 2 + 24x
x
8 4
x ; 2 x + 3; 2

16 4pr 2 3 3 3e −3n (6n + 5)

( 2x 2
+ 3) 4
17 7 8
9 5x 4; x 3 + 3x; 4
18 4 x3
20(x 3 + 3x)3 (3x 2 + 3)
Investigation – finding the 3 −3
10 e x ; 4 x 3 ; 12 x 2e4 x 5
derivative of a composite x2
function Exercise 7L 6 1
1 a f (x) = (2 − x) 3
1 8x 2 (2x − 3)3 + 2x (2x − 3)4 7 equals 0
= 8 − 12x + 6x 2 − x 3 or 6x (2x − 1)(2x − 3)3 dy
8 = e x − e− x
f ′ (x) = −12 + 12x − 3x 2 −x 2 + 2x dx
2
ex d2 y
b f ′ (x) = 3(2 − x)2 · (−1) = e x + e− x
−8 x dx 2
2 a f (x) = (2x + 1)2 3
( x 2 + 3) 2 d3 y
= 4x 2 + 4x + 1 = e x − e− x
−x 1 x +1 dx 3
f ′ (x) = 8x + 4 4 3
+ 1
or 3 d4 y
(2 x + 1) 2
(2 x + 1) 2
(2 x + 1) 2 = e x + e− x
b f ′ (x) = 2(2x + 1)· 2 dx 4

3 a f (x) = (3x 2 + 1)2 e2 x − e −2 x When n is odd

5 1
= 9x + 6x
4 2
+1 (e 2x
+e −2 x
) 2
dn y
= e x − e− x and when
f ′ (x) = 36x 3 + 12x 6x 2 dx n
6 n is even
b f ′ (x) = 2(3x 2 + 1) · (6x) 2x 3 − 1
4 The derivative of a composite 1 dn y
7 = e x + e− x .
function is the derivative of x ln x dx n
the outside function with −2(e x − e − x ) −2e x (e2 x − 1) 9 dy −1
respect to the inside function 8 −x 2
or =
(e + e )
x
(e2 x + 1)2 dx x 2
multiplied by the derivative −2 x + 3 d2 y 2
of the inside function. 9 =
( x 2 − 3 x − 2)2 dx 2 x 3
5 f (x) = (x 4 + x 2)3 1 1 d 3 y −6
10
 =
= x 12 + 3x 10 + 3x 8 + x 6 x 5 ( x 2  3) 2  4 x 3 ( x 2  3) 2 dx 3 x 4
f ′ (x) = 12x 11 + 30x 9 + 24x 7 + 6x 5 or
5 x 5  12 x 3 d 4 y 24
=
1
f ′ (x) = 3(x 4 + x 2)2 · (4x 3 + 2x) dx 4 x 5
( x 2  3) 2
d n y ( −1)n n !
= 3(x 8 + 2x 6 + x 4)(4x 3 + 2x) 11 a (2 x − 2)e x
2
−2 x =
dx n x n+1
= 3(4x 11 + 10x 9 + 8x 7 + 2x 5) b 2
−18
= 12x 11 + 30x 9 + 24x 7 + 6x 5 c y − 1 = 2(x − 2) 10 8
25 x 5
Answers 741
 Exercise 7N 2 a 4 ft d Let acceleration be 2 m s−2.
1 a 1.4 m; 21 m b s (2) = −16(2)2 + 40(2) Time Velocity Speed
b 9.8 m s −1 + 4 = −64 + 80 + 4 = 20 ft (s) (m s−1) (m s−1)
c 9.8 m s−1; 0 m s−1; −9.8 m s−1; c i −16t 2 + 40t + 4 = 20 0 −10 10
The ball is moving upward 1 1 −8 8
ii t = , 2 s
at 1 s, at rest at 2 s and 2 2 −6 6
downward at 3 s. ds 3 −4 4
d i = −32t + 40
dt
2 a 4000 litres; 1778 litres 4 −2 2
ii 40 ft s−1
b −111 litres/min; During 2 a Speeding up
5
the time interval 0 to iii s
4 b Slowing down
20 minutes, water is being
iv 29 ft c Speeding up
drained from the tank at
an average rate of 3 a v(t) = s′(t) d Slowing down
111 litres per minute. et (1) − t (et ) 3 a Speeding up
=
c −89 litres/min; at (e t ) 2 b Slowing down
20 minutes, water is being et (1 − t ) Exercise 7P
=
drained from the tank e 2t
1− t 1 a v (t) = 8 t 3 − 12t, t ≥ 0
at a rate of 89 litres per v (t ) =
minute. et a (t) = 24 t 2 − 12, t ≥ 0
d V ′ (t ) is negative for b 1 second b 84 cm s−2; Velocity is
0 ≤ t < 40 minutes, which increasing 84 cm s−1 at
Investigation – velocity,
means water is flowing time 2 seconds.
acceleration and speed
out of the tank during this c v (t ) = 0 when t = 0 and
time interval. Therefore 1 a Let acceleration be 2 m s−2.
1.22 s; a (t ) = 0 when
the amount of water in the Time Velocity Speed t = 0.707 s; speeding up
tank is never increasing (s) (m s−1) (m s−1) for 0 < t < 0.707 s and
from t = 0 minutes to 0 10 10 t > 1.22; slowing down for
t = 40 minutes. 1 12 12 0.707 < t < 1.22
3 a 112 bacteria/day 2 14 14 2 a v (t) = −3 t 2 + 24t − 36,
b P ′ (t) = 25e 0.25t 3 16 16 0≤t≤8
c 305 bacteria/day; end 4 18 18 a (t) = −6t + 24, 0 ≤ t ≤ 8
of day 10 the number of b s (0) = 20 m;
b Let acceleration be −2 m s−2. v (0) = −36 m s−1;
bacteria are increasing at a
rate of 305 bacteria/day. Time Velocity Speed a (0) = 24 m s−2;
4 a 20.25 dollars/unit; (s) (m s−1) (m s−1) c t = 2, 6 s; moving left on
20.05 dollars/unit 0 10 10 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 and 6 ≤ t ≤ 8,
b C ′ (n) = 0.1n + 10 1 8 8 moving right 2 ≤ t ≤ 6
2 6 6 d t = 4 s; speeding up on
c 20 dollars/unit; It costs
3 4 4 2 ≤ t ≤ 4 and 6 ≤ t ≤ 8,
more than 20 dollars per
4 2 2 slowing down on 0 ≤ t ≤ 2
unit to produce units after
and 4 ≤ t ≤ 6
the 100th unit.
c Let acceleration be −2 m s−2. 3 a v (t) = −9.8 t + 4.9
Exercise 7O
Time Velocity Speed a (t) = −9.8
1 a 0 cm; 9 cm s−1 (s) (m s−1) (m s−1) b 2.01 s
b 1 s and 3 s 0 −10 10 c 0.5 s; 11.2 m
c 1 −12 12 d v (0.3) = 1.96 > 0 and
t=3 2 −14 14 a (0.3) = −9.8 < 0. Since the
t=1
t=0 3 −16 16 signs of v (0.3) and a (0.3)
0 4 S are different the particle is
4 −18 18
slowing down at 0.3 seconds.

742 Answers
 1 1 Exercise 7S Exercise 7T
4 a i v(t) = t −
2 t +1 1 concave up (−∞, ∞) 1 y
ii 1 second
b i a(t) = +
1 1 2 concave up (0, 2); concave (–4, 0)
4 ( 23 , 0)
2 (t + 1)2 down (−∞, 0) and (2, ∞);
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
inflexion points (0, 0) –4
1 –8 (0, –8)
ii Since > 0 and and (2, 16)
2 –12
1 3 concave up (2, ∞); concave (5 49
– ,– )
> 0, 3 3 –16
(t + 1)2 down (−∞, 2); inflexion
point (2, 8) 2 y
a(t) = +
1 1
>0 (– 53 , 4027 )
2 (t + 1)2 4 concave up (−∞, ∞) (–1, 0) (√5, 0)
(–√5, 0)
for t ≥ 0 and so velocity 5 concave up (−2, ∞); concave 0 x
–2 –1 1 2
is never decreasing. down (−∞, −2); inflexion –2
–4
⎛ 4⎞ (0, –5)
Exercise 7Q point ⎜ −2, − 2 ⎟ –6
⎝ e ⎠
1 Decreasing (−∞, ∞) –8
–10 (1, –8)
2 Increasing (−∞, 2); decreasing  
6 concave up  ,  3  and 3 y
(2, ∞)  
 3  x=4
8
3 Increasing (−1, 1) ; decreasing  3  6
; concave down
(−∞, −1) and (1, ∞)  3 ,  
  (–2, 0) 4
4 Decreasing (−∞, 0); increasing 2 y=1
⎛ 3 3⎞
(0, ∞) ⎜⎜ − , ⎟ ; inflexion points
⎝ 3 3 ⎟⎠ –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x
–2
5 Increasing (−1, 0) and (1, ∞); (0, –½) –4
decreasing (−∞, −1) and (0, 1) ⎛ 3 3⎞ ⎛ 3 3⎞
⎜⎜ − , ⎟⎟ and ⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟ –6
6 Decreasing (−∞, 3) and (3, ∞) ⎝ 3 4 ⎠ ⎝ 3 4⎠ –8
7 Decreasing (0, ∞) 4 y
− 48 x
8 Increasing (−3, ∞); decreasing 7 a f ′( x ) = 2 10
( x + 12)2 8
(−∞, −3)
6
9 Increasing (,  3) and f ″( x ) 4
( 3,  ); decreasing (− 3, −1) ,
( x 2 +12)2 ( − 48) − ( − 48 x )[2( x 2 +12)(2 x )] 2 (3, 0)
(−1, 1) and (1, 3 ) =
( x 2 +12) 4
10 Increasing (−∞, −2) and
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
( x 2 + 12)2 ( − 48) + 192 x 2 ( x 2 + 12)
(4, ∞); decreasing (−2, 4) = 5 y
( x 2 + 12)4
10
Exercise 7R 48( x 2 + 12)[−( x 2 + 12) + 4 x 2 ]
= 8
( x 2 + 12)4
1 relative minimum (1, −5) 6
48( x 2 + 12)(3 x 2 − 12)
2 relative minimum (2, −21); = 4
( x 2 + 12)4 2
relative maximum (−2, 11) (0, 0)
144 ( x 2 + 12)( x 2 − 4 )
3 no relative extrema = –4 –3 –2 –1–20 1 2 3 4 x
( x 2 + 12)4
4 relative minimum (−1, −1) 144 ( x 2 − 4 ) –4
and (1, −1); relative = –6
( x 2 + 12)3
maximum (0, 0) –8
⎛ 3 2187 ⎞ b i relative maximum
5 relative minimum ⎜ − , − ⎟ (0, 2) 6
⎝ 4 256 ⎠ y

6 relative minimum (0, 0); ii inflection points 1

⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ (–1, 0) (1, 0)
relative maximum ⎜ 2, ⎟ ⎜ −2, ⎟ and ⎜ 2, ⎟
⎝ e2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x

7 no relative extrema –1
8 concave up (−∞, −2) and
(4, ∞); concave down (−2, 4);
(–√33 , – 12 ) (0, –1) (√33 , – 12 )
8 relative minimum (1, 0);
relative maximum (−3, −8) inflection points at x = −2, 4

Answers 743
 Exercise 7U 4 absolute maximum 16; k e x (3 x 2 + 6 x + 1)
y absolute minimum −9 6e x
1 y = f ''(x) l −
5 absolute maximum 2; (e − 3) 2
x

y = f '(x) absolute minimum − 5 m 3

2 2x − 5
Exercise 7X n 2 xe2 x ( x + 1)
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
79 1 1
1 and o −
4 4 x
2 100 and 50
y = f(x) 2 a x 3 + 3x 2h + 3xh2 + h3
200
3 x = 50 ft; y = ft
3 b
2 y
y = f '(x) Exercise 7Y f '( x )
y = f(x) [2(x + h)3 − 6(x + h)] − (2x3 − 6x)
1 40 cm by 40 cm by 20 cm = lim
h →0 h
2 3 items 3 2 2 3 3
2x + 6x + h + 6xh + 2h − 6x − 6h − 2x + 6x
= lim
3 22 h →0 h
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
30 − 3h 2
6x h + 6xh + 2h − 6h
2 3
4 a r= = lim
5 h →0 h
2
 30  3h  2 2
b V (h )     (h ) or = lim
h(6x + 6xh + 2h − 6)
y = f ''(x)  5  h →0 h
9 = lim (6x2 + 6xh + 2h2 − 6)
3 y V (h) (100h  20h 2  h3 ) h →0

y = f(x) 25
= 2
6x − 6
y = f '(x) dV 9π
c = (100 − 40 h + 3h 2 );
dh 25
c p = –1; q = 1
d 2V 9π
= (− 40 + 6h ) d f ″ (x) = 12x
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x dh 2 25
10 e (0, ∞)
d r = 4 cm; h = cm
3 1
3 y −4 = − ( x − 1)
12
y = f ''(x) 5 a p( x ) = 4 x − 2x 2
⎛ 2 3 9 − 2 3 ⎞ ⎛ −2 3 9 + 2 3 ⎞
dp 2 d2 p 1 4 ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟
Exercise 7V
b = 1 − 4x; 2 = − 3 − 4 ⎝ 3 9 ⎠ ⎝ 3 9 ⎠
dx d x
x2 x2
1 relative minimum (3, –75) 5 a f ″ (2) > f (2) > f ′(2);
c 0.630 thousand units
2 relative minimum (1, 0) and b f  ″ (2)> 0; since the graph
or 630 units
(–1, 0); relative maximum (0, 1) of f is concave up, f (2) = 0
Review exercise non–GDC and f ′ (2) < 0 since the
3 relative minimum (3, –27)
graph of f is decreasing
1 a 12x2 + 6x – 2
4 relative minimum ⎛⎜ −1, − ⎞⎟
1
6 a i 4x 3 –12x 2
⎝ e⎠ 4 31
b x
3 ii 12x 2 –24x
5 relative minimum (1, 0)
12 b i (0, 0), (4, 0)
6 relative maximum (0, 1) c − 5
x ii (3, −27)
d 10 x − 4 x − 3x + 2 x − 1 iii (0, 0), (2, −16)
4 3 2
Exercise 7W
11 c y
1 A – neither; B – relative and e
( x + 7 )2 20
absolute minimum;
15
C – absolute maximum f 4e 4 x
10
2 A – neither; B – relative g 12 x 2 ( x 3 + 1)3 5
(0, 0) (4, 0)
minimum; C – relative and 2
h –4 –3 –2 –150 1 2 3 4 x
absolute maximum; 2x + 3
D – absolute minimum 10
1 − 2 ln x
3 absolute maximum 8; i 15
x3
absolute minimum −8 20 (2, –16)
4 1
j x− 25 (3, –27)
3 3

744 Answers
 100 b y 2 a 1 b 170 ≤ h < 180
7 a v (t ) = 20 −

Number of students
t 40
b t<5 30 Exercise 8D
100 20 1 62.5 km h−1
c v  (t )  a(t )  2 and since
t 10
2 $1.86
100 > 0 and t 2 > 0, 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 x 3 a Discrete
v ′(t) > 0. Therefore Time in minutes
velocity is always b 5.76̇ calls per day
increasing. 2 a Continuous 4 a Continuous
b 17 b 90 ≤ m < 120
Review exercise GDC
c y c 83.4 min per day
1 a Does not exist
5 5 79

Number of teachers
b 1
4 6 91.1 kg
c 8 3
2
7 255 km
d Does not exist
1 8 568
2 a i y = x 2 + 100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 x 9 103 points
ii z  (30  x )2  625 or
Age (years) 10 $315.20
x 2  60 x  1525
3 a Continuous
Exercise 8E
iii L ( x )  x 2  100 b c 96
1 a 4 b 5 c 3.5
 x 2  60 x  1525 Mass 1≤w2≤w 3≤w 4≤w
d 4 e 6
b i dL x (kg) <2 <3 <4 <5
 2 11
dx x 2  100 Number
of 8 24 50 14 3 Mode 7, mean 5.25, median 5.5
x  30
 chickens
x 2  60 x  1525

ii 8.57 ft 4 a Continuous
b c 5 min

Time 5 ≤ t < 10 10 ≤ t < 15 15 ≤ t < 20 20 ≤ t < 25 25 ≤ t < 30 30 ≤ t < 35 35 ≤ t < 40 40 ≤ t < 45

Chapter 8
f 1 2 4 4 2 2 1 1
Skills check
1 y
Investigation – measures of
12
central tendency
10
8
6 Data Mean Mode Median
4 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 14,
2 Data set 12.2 14 13
15, 16, 20
0 Red Blue Pink Purple Black x Add 4 to each 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18,
16.2 18 17
data set 18, 19, 20, 24
2 a 6.4 b 8
c i 6 ii 10 iii 11 Multiply the original 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 28,
24.4 28 26
data set by 2 28, 30, 32, 40
Exercise 8A
1 a Discrete b Continuous a If you add 4 to each data
c Continuous d Discrete Exercise 8C value, you will add 4 to the
2 Discrete 1 a 18 b 9 mean, mode and median.
c 18 and 24 d 0 b If you multiply each data value
Exercise 8B 1 by 2, you will multiply the
e and 2
1 a Continuous 2 mean, mode and median by 2.
Answers 745
 Exercise 8F 11 min i 6 a i 23 min ii 16 min
1 a 95 cm b 67.5 c 57.5 ii (13.6 − 8.2)min iii 36 min
d 92.5 e 35 = 5.4 min b y
y b p = 32, q = 8
min x Q1 m Q3 max x 4 a Marks f cf
20 ≤ m < 30 2 2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 x 30 ≤ m < 40 3 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 x
2 a 14 b 79 c 75 40 ≤ m < 50 5 10 7 a 171 cm
d 82 e 7 50 ≤ m < 60 7 17 b 55 flowers between 135 cm
y
60 ≤ m < 70 6 23 and 164 cm
Min X Q1 m Q3 Max X
c 22 flowers, 181 cm d 110
70 ≤ m < 80 4 27
71 75 79 82 85 x e
80 ≤ m < 90 2 29 y
3 a 19 b 21 c 12 90 ≤ m < 100 1 30
d 27 e 15
y b y
32
Cumulative frequency

min x Q1 m Q3 max x 28
24 0 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 x
20 Height (cm)
10 20 30 x
16
12
4 a 5 b 8 c 7 8 Exercise 8H
4
d 10 e 3 1 a Mean = 18,
0 20 40 60 80 100 x variance = 129.6,
5 a iii b ii c i
Exam mark (%) standard deviation = 11.4
Exercise 8G c i Median ≈ 57% b Mean = 40, variance = 200,
1 a 75 cm ii Lower quartile ≈ 45% standard deviation = 14.1
b (77.5 − 72) cm = 5.5 cm Upper quartile ≈ 69% 2 a Variance = 78.5,
c The middle 50% of data iii Inter-quartile standard deviation = 8.86
has a spread of 5.5 cm. range ≈ 24% b Variance = 80.18,
y
2 5 a Distance (d) f cf standard deviation = 8.95
40
0 ≤ d < 20 4 4 c Variance = 449, standard
35
deviation = 21.2
Cumulative frequency

30 20 ≤ d < 40 9 13
25 3 1.32
40 ≤ d < 60 15 28
20 4 Mean = 2.5,
60 ≤ d < 80 10 38
15 standard deviation = 1.22
10 80 ≤ d < 100 2 40
5 Standard deviation = 14.9
5 b y
6 a Discrete b 2.73
0 10.5 x 40
20.5 30.5 40.5 36 c 1.34 d 23
Length (mm)
Cumulative frequency

32
28 7 Mean = 42.4,
3 a y 24 standard deviation = 21.6
100 20
90 16 8 a 51 b 69.5
Number of students who
took less than this time

80 12 c i 21.8 ii None
70 8
60 4
50 Investigation – the effect of
0 20 40 60 80 100 x
40 adding or multiplying the data
30 Distance thrown (m) set on a standard deviation
20
10 Q1 Q2 Q3 c Qualifying distance ≈ 66 m a 2.47
0 2 4 6 8 10 1214 16 18 x d Inter-quartile range ≈ 28 m b The mean increases by 100 to
Time (min) e Median ≈ 50 m 103.9.

746 Answers
 c 2.47 4 a Mean = 2.57, median = 2, d ⎡ 1 −2 ⎤ = x –3
mode = 1, standard − x ⎥
d The standard deviation dx ⎢⎣ 2 ⎦
remains the same. This deviation = 1.68, 1 1
2 3 d ⎡ 2 32 ⎤
x 2 = x 2;
+1

is because the standard variance = 2.82 1 ⎢ x ⎥

3 dx ⎣3 ⎦
+1
deviation only measures the b Range = 6, lower 2
spread of the numbers, and quartile = 1, IQR = 3 1
= x2
that remains constant if the 5 a 160 ≤ Height < 170 4 n = −1
same number is added to each
b
item in the list. Height f Exercise 9A
e The mean is doubled. 140 ≤ Height < 150 15 1 8
1 x +C
8
f 4.94 150 ≤ Height < 160 55
1 5
g The variance will be 160 ≤ Height < 170 90 2 x +C
5
multiplied by 4 because the 170 ≤ Height < 180 45 1
3 – +C
variance is the standard 180 ≤ Height < 190 5 x1
deviation squared. 4 2x 2 + C
Mean = 164 cm
Review exercise non-GDC 3 43
6 a i p = 65 ii q = 34 5 x +C
4
1 a 3 b 5 c 5 b Median = 18
d 9 6 5 75 + C
c Mean = 17.7 x
7
2 a 4.2 b 4 c 4
7 – 13 + C
3 Mean = 27.5 yrs, standard 3x
deviation = 0.4 yrs. Chapter 9 8
1
– 11 + C
11x
4 Type A Skills check
9 3 43 + C
a 52 b 14 c 8 x
1 a 2 + 8 + 18 + 32 + 50 4
Type B b 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 7 107
10 x +C
a 52 b 8 c 3 10
c g(x1) + 4g(x2) + 9g(x3) + 5 45
5 a 426 b 72 c 62 16g(x4) + 25g(x5) 11 x +C
4
6 a d f (x1)(∆x1) + f (x2)(∆x2) + 1
12 3x 3 + C
y f (x3)(∆x3)
140
2 a 18 mm2 b 8π cm2 Exercise 9B
120
Cumulative frequency

1 4
100 3 a 160π cm 3
b 42π ft 3 1 x +C
4
80 1
60 Investigation – antiderivatives 2 – +C
of xn t
40
20 5 95
3 x +C
1 Antiderivatives 9
0 150 160 170 180 x f (x) 4 2u + C
Height (cm)
of f
x 1 2 5 x3 + x2 + x + C
b Median ≈ 163 x +C 2
2 6 – +C
c IQR ≈ 6 x2
x2 1 x3 + C 1 3 4 5
7 a k = 100 − 96 = 4 7 t + t4 + C
3 3 5
b i median = 3 x3 1 4 3 35
x +C 8 x +x+C
ii IQR = 5 – 1 = 4 4 5
9 x5 + 3x4 + 3x2 – 2x + C
8 Median ≈ 65 oF, IQR ≈ 45 oF x4 1 5
x +C 10 t + C
5 8
Review exercise GDC 11 a 3x 2 −
1 n+1 x3
1 Median = 20, IQR = 14 2 x 1 4 4
n +1 b x − +C
2 a 6.48 b 1.31 4 x
1 1 1 6 6
3 x–3+1 = – x–2 or – 2 ;
3 a 6 b 6 c 5.92 −3 +1 2 2x 12 a 4 b 25 x 5 + C
x 5

Answers 747
 Exercise 9C Exercise 9F 3

2 1 4 9 − x 2 dx ≈ 7.07;
1 f (x) = x6 + 4x2 + 8 1 (2x2 + 5)3 + C 0
3 3
5 2 ln(x3 + 2x) + C, x3 + 2x > 0 1
2 y=
1
x +5
4
x4 + 9 π(32) ≈ 7.07
2 3 4
5 5 3 (3x 2 + 5x ) + C 2 3
3 s(t) = t3 − t2 − 6 3 1
5 dx ≈ 1.10; no area
x
4 115π cm3 1
4
4 ex + C
1 formula
5 a −5 m s−2 5 – 2 +C 6
5 x + 3x + 1 ⎛1 ⎞
b s (t ) = 5 + 20t − t 2 6 ⎜ x + 2 ⎟ dx = 18;
2 6 e x
+C 0 ⎝3 ⎠
Exercise 9D 1 1
7 (2x3 + 5)5 + C (2 + 4)(6) = 18
30 2
1 2 ln x + C, x > 0
4 2 3
Exercise 9H
2 3ex + C 8 (x + x )4 + C
3 1 12
3 1 ln t + C, t > 0
1 4 2 14
4 9 (x – x2)4 + C
1 2 2
4 x +C 10 –ln(x – 4x) + C, x – 4x > 0
3 3 3 –4
2
5 4 x3 + 6x2 + 9x + C 11 f (x) = ln(4x + 1) + 4 2 4 –8
3 3
5 12
12 f (x) = e x + 4e
2 3
6 x + 3x2 + 5 ln x + C, x > 0 6 0
3 Investigation – area and the
1 3 7 11
7 u +C definite integral
3 8 –3
1 4 3 1 a i 0.5 ii 1; 1.25; 2; 3.25
8 x – x3 + x2 – x + C
4 2 9 20
1 x
iii 3.75
9 (e + x) + C 10 12
2 b i 0.5 ii 1.25; 2; 3.25; 5
11 a 4 b 12
2 52 2 3 1
iii 5.75
10 x + x 2 + 2x 2 + C 12 a 4
5 3 c 4.67; 3.75 < 4.67 < 5.75; the
Exercise 9E area of the shaded region b i a = 3; b = 7 ii k = 3
2
1 1 9.4 Exercise 9I
1 (2x + 5)3 + C 2 (3)(6) = 9; (2x + 2)dx =
6 2
1
−1 1 1
2 – (–3x + 5)4 + C 9; they are equal 10
12 a 2 −
1
x −3 3 f (x)dx 3
3 2e 2
+C 1
b
1 3
1 4 4 a (2.5 + 1)(3) = 5.25; 2
4 ln(5x + 4) + C, x > – 2
5 5 5 36
3 7 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 4 −
5 – ln(7 – 2x) + C, x < ⎜ − x + 3 ⎟ dx = 5.25 5
2 2 1 ⎝ 2 ⎠
5 4(e3 – 1)
6 2e2x+1 + C 1
3 b π(42) ≈ 25.1; 6 1
7 (4x – 3)8 + C 2 16
16 4
7
2 3 16 − x 2 dx ≈ 25.1 3
8 (7 x + 2) 2 + C −4 8 16
21 32
Exercise 9G 9 a 24 b
1 4x 4 6 3
9 e + ln(3x – 5) + C, ⎛1 ⎞
4 3 1 ⎜ x + 1⎟ dx = 16; 10 12
5 −2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
x> Exercise 9J
3 1
1 (8)(4) = 16
10 – +C 2 1 ln 3
12( 4 x − 5)2 0
1 1
2 (x3 – 4x)dx = 4; no area 2 −
11 a 12(4x + 5)2 −2
e 2 e3
1 3 0
b (4x + 5)4 + C formula
16 3
⎛ 1⎞
1
12 s = – e–3t + 3t2 +
13
3 3 dx = 12; (4)(3) = 12 4 2⎜e − ⎟
3 e ⎝ ⎠
3 −1

748 Answers
 56 2 y 5 a (0,0), (– 1, 0), (1,0)
5 2
9
b i f ′(x) = 4x3 – 2x
6 320
1 ii Relative
18
7 2 ln minimum points:
7
8 2(e4 – e3) –2 –1 0 1 2 x  1 1  1 1
  ,   ,  , 
4 
2
8 1
 2 4  2
9 a –2x (x – 2)dx, b
( ) 1
2
3 x − x 2 dx =
0
0 3 Relative maximum
10 5 point: (0, 0)
Investigation – area between c i and ii
two curves y
f(x) = x4 – x2
1 2

Interval Width Height Area 1

–1.5 ≤ x ≤ –0.5 1 f(–1) – g(–1) = – 2 – (–3) = 1 1(1) = 1
(0, 0)
–0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.5 1 f(0) – g(0) = 0 – (–2) = 2 1(2) = 2 – 0
–2 –1 1 2 x
0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1.5
1.5 ≤ x ≤ 2.5
1
1
f(1) – g(1) = 4 – (–1) = 5
f(2) – g(2) = 10 – 0 = 10
1(5) = 5
1(10) = 10
(√
–
1, 1
2
–
4 ) –1 (√ 1 , 1
2
–
4 )
2.5 ≤ x ≤ 3.5 1 f(3) – g(3) = 18 – 1 = 17 1(17) = 17 –2 g(x) = 1 – x2
1
8
d ((1 – x2) – (x4 – x2))dx =
−1
5
2 Area ≈ 35 3 y
8
3.5
6 y
6
3 [(x + 3x) – (x – 2)]dx
2
4 2
−1.5
2 1
≈ 35.4; The values are very
close. –4 –3 –2 –1–20 1 2 3 4 x –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–1
–4
Exercise 9K
–6 –2
1 y –8 –3
4
2
3 (x3 − (2x - 4))dx = 16 3.146

2 −2
(ln(x) – (x – 2)dx
0.1586
1
≈ 1.95
–4 –3 –2 –1–10 1 2 3 4 x
–2 4 y
7 y
–3 4 5
–4 3
4
2
2 3
⎛⎛ 1 2 ⎞ ⎛1 2 ⎞⎞ 1
⎜ ⎜ − x + 2 ⎟ − ⎜ x − 2 ⎟ ⎟ dx 2
−2 ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠⎠ 0
–4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 x
32 1
= –2
3
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–1
2

((3 + 2x – x2) – (x + 1))dx 2.732

−1 ((– x + 3) – (x2 – 3x + 1))dx
9
=
2 ≈ 6.93

Answers 749
 8 y 1 Exercise 9M
2 ((x – 1)3 – (x – 1))dx + 5
3
0 1 π (42)dx ≈ 251;
2 2 0

1 ((x – 1) – (x – 1)3)dx = 0.5 V = π (42)(5) ≈ 251

3
3 π (6 – 2x)2dx ≈ 113;
(( x ) ) dx +
0
− x ) − ( xe − x
2
–3 –2 –1 0 3 x
2
3
1 2
–1 0
−1.131 1
–2 V = π (62)(3) ≈ 113
1.131 3
–3
0
(( xe ) − ( x
−x2 3
− x ) dx ) 3
2

π ( 4 − x 2 )2 dx ≈ 33.5;
0.3841 −2
≈ 1.18 4
((2 – x – x2) – ex dx −0.7071 V= π (23) ≈ 33.5
−1.952 3
≈ 2.68 4 ((–x4 + 10x2 – 9) – 4
−3
4 π ( 16 − x 2 )2 dx ≈ 134;
9 y 0.7071
0
8 (x4 – 9x2))dx + ((x4 – 9x2) 1⎛4 3 ⎞
−0.7071 V= ⎜ π ( 4 ) ⎟ ≈ 134
6 2⎝3 ⎠
– (–x4 + 10x2 – 9))dx +
4 3 4
1
5 π (x2)dx ≈ 58.6; V = π (42)(4)
2 ((–x + 10x – 9) –
4 2
3
0.7071 2
1
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x (x4 – 9x2))dx ≈ 110 – π (22)(2) ≈ 58.6
–2 3
5 a i (4, 4)
–4
ii f ′(x) = 1 x Exercise 9N
2
9.275
⎛⎛ 1 ⎞ x +2⎞ 2 127π
⎜⎜ − x + 6⎟ − ⎟ dx m = f ′(4) = 2 1 π (x3)2 dx =
⎝⎝ 2 ⎠ x −1 ⎠ 1 7
y – 4 = 2(x – 4) 1
28π
≈ 9.68 y = 2x – 4 2 π (x + 1) dx =
2 2
15
0
10 a b i (1.236, –1.528) 3
81
y 1.236 3 π (3x – x2)2 dx =
4 g(x) = 2√x ii ⎛1 2 2 ⎞ dx + 0 10
⎜ x − (− x ) ⎟
3 0 ⎝4 ⎠ 4
3π
2

π ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ dx = 4
4 1
2 4
f(x) = x ⎛1 2 ⎞ ⎝x⎠
1 ⎜ x − (2 x − 4 ) ⎟dx
1.236 ⎝ 4 ⎠ ln 4 2
⎛ ⎛1 ⎞
⎜ x⎟ ⎞
–2 –1–10 1 2 3 4 5 6 x ≈ 2.55 5 a π ⎜⎜ e⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎟⎟ dx
0 ⎝ ⎠
–2 b 2
4 Investigation – volume of
b i
0
2 x  x dx  revolution
8 1
ii 2.67 or
k 3 Interval Radius Height Volume
c i
0
(2 x − x dx or ) 0≤x≤1 f(1) = 0.5 1–0=1 π(0.5) (1) ≈ 0.78542

4 1
k − k2
3
2
1≤x≤2 f(2) = 1 2–1=1 π(1)2 (1) ≈ 3.142
3 2 2≤x≤3 f(3) = 1.5 3–2=1 π(1.5)2 (1) ≈ 7.069
ii k ≈ 1.51
3≤x≤4 f(4) = 2 4–3=1 π(2)2 (1) ≈ 12.57
Exercise 9L 4≤x≤5 f(5) = 2.5 5–4=1 π(2.5)2 (1) ≈ 19.63
1 5≤x≤6 f(6) = 3 6–5=1 π(3)2 (1) ≈ 28.27
1 ((x3 – 2x2) – (2x2 – 3x))dx +
0
2 71.5; greater
3 6 a 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
((2x – 3x) – (x – 2x ))dx
2 3 2 3 π (0.5x)2dx ≈ 56.5 6 a π⎜ ⎟ dx
1 0 1 ⎝ x⎠
1
≈ 3.08 4 Volume = π (3)2 (6) ≈ 56.5 b e3
3

750 Answers
Exercise 9O 12
1 1 d e6 – e3
|v(t)|dt = (2)(2) + (6)(6)
1 a v(t) = 2t – 6 0
2 2 e –20
b 1 ln 5
+ (4 + 2)(2) = 26 m f
t=4 2 2
t=3 t=0 2
s(t) 5 a 2 m s–2
1 3 a (x2 – 1)dx
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 b s(t) = t3 – 9t + 12 1
4 3
8 4
c (2t – 6)dt = – 8 m; b
c |t2 – 9|dt ≈ 119 m 3
4 2 2 1
|2t – 6|dt = 10 m 6 a 2 ms –2 c (x2 – 1)dx – (x2 – 1)dx
0 1 -1
b 2 < t < 10 2

2 a v(t) = t2 – 6t + 8 c 28 m d π  (x – 1) dx
2 2

1
b Exercise 9P
10
t 4 f (x) = 3 x 2 − 2 x + 4
t=6 2
1 18.4e dt ≈ 239 billions
20
t=4 0 5 a 5
t=0 t=2 of barrels b 28
s(t) 1.5
0 1 2 12 6 s(t) = 2e2t + 2t + 6
53 63 2 (1375t2 – t3)dt ≈ 1546
6
0 7 13
spectators
c (t – 6t + 8)dt = 12 m;
2

3 36.5 + Review exercise GDC

6 8
|t – 6t + 8|dt ≈ 14.7 m
2
5te( −0.01t
4 3 2
+ 0.13 t −0.38 t −0.3 t + 0.9 ) 1 107
dt
0 0
2 a a(t) = 4t – 11
≈ 240 cm 3
3 a v(t) = 3(t – 2)2 20 b a = 1.5, b = 4
b ⎛ t ⎞
t=0 t=2 t=4 4 4000 + −133 ⎜ 1 − ⎟ dt ≈ c 7.83 m
0 ⎝ 60 ⎠
s(t) 3 a y = 3x
–8 0 8 1780 gallons
4 b (2, 6)
Review exercise non–GDC c
c 3(t – 2)2dt = 16 m;
1 a x4 – 4x2 + 6x + C y
4
b 3 73
|3(t – 2)2|dt = 16 m x +C 8
0
7 6
1
c − 3 +C 4
12
1 x 2
4 a v(t)dt = (6)(6) 5 3 1
2 2 d x − ln x + C , x > 0
18 2 –2 –1 0 1 2 x
1 –2
– (4 + 2)(2) = 12 m 1 4x
2 e e +C –4
4
12
1 1 3
|v(t)|dt = (6)(6) f ( x + 1)5 + C 2

2 2 15 d (3x – (x3 – 2))dx = 6.75

1 1 3 -1
+ (4 + 2)(2) = 24 m g ln(2 x + 3) + C , x > −
2 2 2
1
5
1 h (ln x )2 + C , x > 0
b v(t)dt = (2)(2) 2
0 2
i
1
(3x 2 + 1)2 + C
Chapter 10
1
+ (3)(6) = 11 m 2
52 j 2ln(ex + 3) + C
1 Skills check
|v(t)|dt = (2)(2) 3
0 2 k (2 x − 5) + C 2 1 a 32 b 27 c 343
1 1 81
+ (3)(6) = 11 m 1 (2 x 2 ) d e
2 l e +C 128 256
12 1 2
1 f
0.000000001 or 1 × 10–9
c v(t)dt = (2)(2) + (6)(6) 2 a –4
2 2
0
b 16 2 a n=4 b n=5 c n=3
1
– (4 + 2)(2) = 14 m c 8 d n=4 e n=3 f n=3
2

Answers 751
 Exercise 10A Investigation – leaning tower of 3 a (4, 6.67)
1 a Positive, strong Pisa (continued) b
b Negative, weak a y
y Scatterplot of lean vs year 14
c Negative, strong
750 12
d Positive, weak 725 10

Increase
e No correlation 8

lean
700 Mean Point
6
2 a i Positive ii Linear 675
4
iii Strong 650 2
b i Negative ii Linear x
75.0 77.5 80.0 82.5 85.0 87.5 0 x
year 2 4 6 8
iii Strong Hours
c i Positive ii Linear b Strong, positive c Strong, positive
iii Moderate d An increase in the number
c The lean is increasing. The
d i No association danger with extrapolation of hours spent studying
ii Non-linear is that it assumes that the mathematics produces an
current trend will continue increase in the grade.
iii Zero
and this is not always the Exercise 10C
e i Positive ii Linear
case.
iii Weak 1 a (x , y ) = (75, 7.03)
f i Negative y
Exercise 10B
12.3
ii Non-linear

Percentage diseased
1 a (96.7, 44.1)
iii Strong
b
3 a Increases b Decreases Relationship between leaf length
y
4 a and width
70
y Rainfall in Tennessee 60 2.3
60 x
50 70 80
M
Width (mm)

Temperature
Rainfall in cm

40 40
30 b y = – 0.96x + 79
20 20 c 3.2
10
0 2 a £220000
1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 x 0 40 80 120 160 x b 75.4
Length (mm)
b Strong, negative c and d Note the values
c As the year increases the of m and b in the equation
2 a i 175 cm
rainfall decreases. y = mx + b are
5 a ii 66 kg approximate.
b y
y 140
Scores y
100 80 120
75 y = –x + 300
80 100
Science

70
Weight (kg)

65 80
60 M
60
55
60
40
50 40
20 45
50 60 70 80 90 100 x 20
0 x
Mathematics 150 160 170 180 190 200 0
Height (cm) x
160 200 240 280

b Strong, positive, linear e Approximately 70 houses

752 Answers
Exercise 10D
1 The slope is – 0.3. As a
student plays one more
day of sport they do 18
minutes less homework.
The y-intercept is 40,
which means that
the average student
who does no hours of
sport does 40 hours of
homework.
2 The slope is 6. For every
criminal a person knows, they
have been convicted of six
more crimes.
The y-intercept is 0.5,
which means that people
who don’t know any other
criminals have still been
convicted of 0.5 crimes on
average.
3 The slope is 2.4. For every
pack of cigarettes smoked per
week there are 2.4 more sick
days per year.
The y-intercept is 7, which
means that the average person
that does not smoke has 7 sick
days per year.
4 The slope is 100. 100 more
customers come to his shop
every year.
The y-intercept is -5,
which means that -5
people visited his shop in
year zero; the y-intercept
is not suitable for
interpretation.
5 The slope is 0.8. Every 1
mark increase in mathematics
results in a 0.8 increase in
science.
The y-intercept is -10 which is
not suitable for interpretation
as a zero in mathematics
would mean a -10 in
science.
Exercise 10E 4 Fifty years = 600 months, and
1 a the line would predict Sarah’s
y height at 50 years to be about
14 302 cm = 3.02 metres.
12 Clearly there is a major
difficulty with extrapolation.
10
In fact, most females reach
Concentration
8
their maximum height in
6 their mid to late teens, and
4 from then on their height is
2 fairly constant. Therefore
extrapolating with a linear
0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 function is unsuitable.
Time (hours) 5 a (1981, 694)
b y = 1.84x + 1.99 b
c 8.43 (3 sf) y Scatterplot of lean vs year
2 a 750
y 725
Lean
30 700
25 675
Cost (MYR 1000)
20 650
x
75.0 77.5 80.0 82.5 85.0 87.5
15
Year
10 c y = 9.32x – 17767
5 d 780
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x Exercise 10F
Age (yrs) 1 r = 0.863. There is a strong,
b y = –2.67x + 28.1 positive correlation.
c MYR 16085 2 a 0.789
d The relationship may not b Strong, positive correlation
be linear. Antique cars are c The income increases as
often more expensive after the number of years of
50 years than when new. education increases.
3 a 0.907
3 a
b The stopping distance
y
increases as the car gets
10
older.
Hours of exercise
8
c Strong positive correlation
6
4 a – 0. 887
4
b Strong, negative correlation
2
c Yes, Kelly’s grade would
0 x increase if the chat time
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
decreased.
Months of membership
5 a 0.026
b y = –0.665x + 9.86 b Positive, weak correlation
c 7.865 hours c No, Mo’s grade would not
d No. The equation gives increase if the game time
– 6.1 hours of exercise! decreased.
Answers 753
 6 0.994. Strong, positive c y = −1.29x + 9 h Not possible to find an
correlation. d r = −0.929. There answer as the value lies
is a strong, negative too far outside the given
Review exercise non-GDC correlation. data set.
1 a ii b v 2 a w = −22.4 + 55.5h 6 a
c iii d i b 66.4 kg y
2 a and b 40
y 3 a r = 0.785
35
60 b y = 30.6 + 0.688x

Behavior problems
30
50 c 99.4 25
Fuel (litres)

40 This should be reasonably 20

30 accurate since the product–
15
20 moment correlation
10
coefficient shows fairly strong
10 5
correlation.
0 x
200 400 600 800 4 a 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Distance (km) Agreeableness
y
c 32 litres 50 b Behavior problems
3 a and c 40 decrease.
Test 2

y 30 c − 0.797
13.6 20 d Strong, negative
13.2 10 correlation
12.8 e Fewer
x
Time (seconds)

0 20 40 60 80
12.4 f y = –10.2x + 51.0
Test 1
12.0
Mean point g 5.1
b Positive, strong
11.6
c high 7 a y = 10.7x + 121
11.2
d y = 0.50x + 0.48 b i Every coat on average
10.8
20 30 40 50
x
e 20.48
costs $10.66 to
Age (years) produce.
5 a, c and f ii When the factory
b Mean age = 34 years,
y does not produce any
mean time = 12 seconds
38 clothes it has to pay
d Approximately 11.7 s 36 costs of $121.
34
c $870
Review exercise GDC 32
Height (cm)

L d 13
30
1 a y
28
26
24 Chapter 11
number of push ups

22
Skills check
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x 1 a x = 90º
Week
b x = 50º
b (4, 30) d i r = 0.986 c x = 68º
0 time, minutes x
ii (very) strong positive d x = 23.3º
b As the time increases, correlation e x = 6.09 (3 sf)
the number of push-ups e y = 1.83x + 22.7 f x = 14.7 (3 sf)
decreases. g 30.9 cm

754 Answers
Exercise 11A 6 70.7 m d B (0.974, 0.225),
1 b = 16 cm, Â = 36.9°, B̂ = 53.1° 7 44.8 km, 243.5° C (– 0.974, 0.225)
2 B̂ = 50°, a = 31.0 cm, 8 135.7 m, 202.2 m e B (0.087, 0.996),
c = 48.3 cm C (– 0.087, 0.996)
9 91.2 m
3 Â = 35°, a = 2.58 cm, 2 a 70.6° b 17.3°
10 40.7 m
b = 3.69 cm c 25.4° d 39.7°
11 4.01 s
4 a = 36 cm, Â = 36.9°, B̂ = 53.1° 3 a 0.2588, 165°
12 a 20.6° b 26.6°
5 B̂ = 55°, b = 15.7 cm, b 0.5878, 144°
c 35.1° d 50.0°
c = 19.2 cm c 0.9877, 99°
q
Exercise 11D d 0.8988, 116°
6 c = 12.9 cm, Â = 41.2°,
B̂ = 48.8° 1 a (0.940, 0.342) 4 a 60.6°, 119.4°
7 x = 5, Â = 22.6°, B̂ = 67.4° b (0.956, 0.292) b 25.8°, 154.2°
c (0.5, 0.866) c 30.3°, 149.7°
Exercise 11B
d (0.276, 0.961) d 30°, 150°
1 a b = 12 3 cm, Â = 30°,
e (0, 1) Exercise 11F
B̂ = 60°
2 a 66° b 81° 1 a 1.50 b –1.92
b B̂ = 45°, a = 9 cm,
c 45° d 14° c –0.910 d 1
c = 9 2 cm
2 a y = 1.09x, q = 48°
c  = 30°, a = 2.25 cm, 3 a 0.161 b 0.243
b y = 1.87x, q = 62°
9 3 c 0.186 d 0.217
b= cm c y = –2.80x, q = 110°
4
Investigation – Obtuse angles d y = –1.21x, q = 129°
d a = 2 3 cm, Â = 30°,
1 e y = –0.75x, q = 143°
B̂ = 60° y f y = 2.36x, q = 113°
e b = 5 2 cm, Â = 45°, (–0.766, 0.643) (0.766, 0.643) Exercise 11G
140° 1 a Ĉ = 50°, a = 17.7 cm,
B̂ = 45° 40°
x
c = 18.5 cm
2 x = 8 2 cm, y = 8 3  8 cm, 0
b B̂ = 68°, a = 1.69 cm,
z = 16 cm
2 b = 2.44 cm
2 3 +2 4 3 +2 y c B̂ = 40.9°, Ĉ = 84.1°,
3 x= , AC =
3 3 c = 5.46 cm
4 x = 1, AB = 3 2 cm or x = 3, (–0.906, 0.423) (0.906, 0.423) d  = 40°, a = 149 cm,
155°
AB = 11 2 cm 25° c = 190 cm
0 x
e Ĉ = 110°, a = 2.80 cm,
5 w = 9.8 cm, x = 13.9 cm,
b = 4.21 cm
y = 6.5 cm, z = 15.4 cm 3
y 2 26.9 cm
Exercise 11C (–0.375, 0.927) (0.375, 0.927) 3 3.37 km, 2.24 km
1 a 10 2 cm 4 15.8 m
68°
b BÂC = 70.5° Investigation – Ambiguous
0 112° x triangles
A B̂C = 38.9°
2 a AE = 29.1 cm, BE = 34.4 cm 1 Ĉ1 = 62°, Ĉ 2 = 118°. The
Exercise 11E
b AÊD = 74.1°, angles are supplementary.
1 a B (0.866, 0.5),
E B̂A = 54.5°, 2 B̂1 = 86°, B̂2 = 30°,
C (– 0.866, 0.5)
AÊB = 51.5° b1 = 5.65 cm, b2 = 2.83 cm
b B (0.545, 0.839),
3 758 m Exercise 11H
C (– 0.545, 0.839)
4 71.5° and 108.5° 1 a Ĉ1 = 61.0°, B̂1 = 89.0°,
c B (0.707, 0.707),
5 4.78 km, N21.1°W C (– 0.707, 0.707) b1 = 8.0 cm

Answers 755
 Ĉ 2 = 119.0°, B̂2 = 31.0°, b  = 28.9°, B̂ = 52.8°, 4
c
b2 = 4.1 cm Ĉ = 98.4° 9

b Ĉ1 = 71.1°, Â1 = 58.9°, c  = 44.4°, B̂ = 107.8°, 11

d
Ĉ = 27.8° 6
a1 = 19.0 cm
d b = 7.5 m, Â = 43.5°, 2 a 0.977 rad
Ĉ 2 = 108.9°, Â2 = 21.1°,
Ĉ = 105.5° b 1.87 rad
a2 = 8.0 cm
e c = 92.8 m, Â = 49.4°, c 5.65 rad
c B̂1 = 68.5°, Â1 = 91.5°, B̂ = 60.6° d 4.01 rad
a1 = 7.3 cm f  = 48.6°, B̂ = 56.4°, 3 a 150°
B̂2 = 111.5°, Â2 = 48.5°, C = 75.0° b 300°
a2 = 5.5 cm c 270°
2 12.1 km
d 225°
d Ĉ = 30.5°, B̂ = 107.5°, 3 4.07 cm, 6.48 cm
4 a 85.9°
b = 47.0 cm 4 18.8 km
b 20.6°
e Triangle does not exist 5 043.5° or 136.5°
c 136°
f B̂1 = 77.8°, Ĉ1 = 32.2°, 6 a 45° b 71.8°
d 206°
c1 = 14.2 cm c 63.8°
Exercise 11M
B̂2 = 102.2°, Ĉ 2 = 7.8°, Exercise 11J
c2 = 3.6 cm 1 a 26.7 cm2 1 a
2
2
g B̂ = 26.7°, Ĉ = 108.3°, b 40.8 cm2
1
c = 29.5 cm c 152 cm2 b −
2
d 34.1 cm2
h Ĉ1 = 67.1°, Â1 = 56.9°, 3
e 901 cm2 c
a1 = 45.5 cm 3
f 435 cm2
Ĉ1 = 112.9°, Â2 = 11.1°, 3
2 47.8° d
a2 = 10.4 cm 2
3 22.7 cm
2 a BE = 8 m, CE = 6 m, 2 a 0.892
DE = 15 m 4 a 76.7°
b 0.949
b EAB = 53.1°, b 81.4 cm2
c –1.12
BĈ E = 53.1°, 5 x = 2.5 cm
d 0.667
BĈ D = 126.9°, 6 5.31 mm, 18.5 mm 3 a 9.76 cm2
AB̂D = 98.8°,
CB̂D = 25.1° b 5.45 cm
Exercise 11K
B D̂C = 28.1° c 50.5 cm2
1 9.52 cm
c Given side BD = 17 m 4 10.9 m2
2 39 cm
in △ABD and angle 5 a 17.1 cm2 b 12.1 cm2
D̂ = 28.1°, and side 3 5 radians
c 2.63 rad d 15.8 cm
AB = 10, then there are 2 4 3000 cm2, 220 cm
possible triangles, fitting 5 22.95 cm2, 21.3 cm Review exercise non-GDC
this data, namely DBA and
6 q = 1.7 radians, r = 16 cm 1 7 2 cm
DBC.
7 7.96 cm2 2 a 30° b 8 3 cm
3 b 5.80 km c 19.1 km
d 143.5° Exercise 11L 2
3
5
Exercise 11I 1 a 5
12 4 10 cm2
1 a a = 65.7 m, B̂ = 36.0°,
4 5 a 25 cm b 125 cm2
Ĉ = 80.0° b
3

756 Answers
Review exercise GDC ⎛3⎞ ⎛ −7 ⎞
1 72.7 m c = ⎜⎜ 8 ⎟⎟ = 3i + 8j c AC = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
2 a (0.848, 0.530)
⎛0⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
b 72.9° d = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 6j d CB = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝6⎠ ⎝ −7 ⎠
c (−0.600, 0.800)
⎛ −3 ⎞ 3 a 2i – 3j + 5k
3 a 54.7° b 10.9 cm e = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −3i − 6j
⎝ −6 ⎠ b –i + 5j – 6k
4 a 18.0 m b 34.3°
4 a 5 c –i + 5j – 6k
5 a 121° b 8.60 cm
b 10 = 3.16 d i – 5j + 6k
6 54.1 km
c 29 = 5.39 ⎛ 5 ⎞
7 a 31.9° b 13.9 cm ⎜ ⎟
d 5.3 4 LM = ⎜ −4 ⎟
c 119° d 27.6 cm2 ⎜ ⎟
e 29 = 5.39 ⎝ −3 ⎠
8 a 21.6 cm b 14.5 cm
c 11.16 cm d 47.3 cm 5 a 38 = 6.16 5 US = 2i + 8j – 3k
b 26 = 5.10 6 x = 0, y = 7, z = 9
c 3
Exercise 12D
Chapter 12 d 7
⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
e 2 = 1.41 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
Skills check 1 AB = ⎜ 5 ⎟ , AC = ⎜ −5 ⎟ ,
1 a (3, 0, 0) ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
Exercise 12B ⎝ −4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
b (3, 4, 0) 1 a c = –3b ⎛ 6 ⎞
c (3, 0, 2) 1 ⎜ ⎟
d= a BC = ⎜ −10 ⎟ . Any two of
2
d (3, 4, 2) ⎜ ⎟
e = –5b ⎝ 8 ⎠
e (1.5, 4, 2)
f = –2a these are scalar multiples
2 6.71 of each other and share a
b They are perpendicular.
3 a 21 cm common point.
2 a, b, e
b 101° −24 28 ⎛ 3 ⎞
3 a b ⎜ ⎟
7 5 2 a AB = ⎜ −2 ⎟
Exercise 12A 8 ⎜ ⎟
4 t = –25, s = − ⎝ 8 ⎠
5
1 a x = −2i + 3j
⎛ 6 ⎞
b y = 7j 5 a OG = j + k ⎜ ⎟ 1
b AC = ⎜ −4 ⎟ so AB = AC
b BD = –i – j + k ⎜ ⎟ 2
c
z=i+j−k
⎝ 16 ⎠
⎛2⎞ c AD = –i + k
2 a AB = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 1 3 
⎝3⎠ d OM = i+j+k  
2 or BC =  −2 so AB = –BC
⎛ −1⎞ 6 a OG = 4j +3k  
⎜ ⎟  8 
b CD = ⎜ 6 ⎟ b BD = –5i – 4j + 3k
⎜ ⎟ Also they contain a common
⎝ −1⎠ c AD = –5i + 3k point.
5
⎛0⎞ d OM = i + 4j + 3k ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ − 6⎞
2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
c EF = ⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟ 3 P1P2 = ⎜ −1 ⎟ , P1P3 = ⎜ − 2 ⎟ ,
⎜ ⎟ Exercise 12C ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝1⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎛ −5 ⎞ ⎛5⎞
1 PQ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , QP = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎛ −3 ⎞ −
⎝ ⎠1 ⎝1⎠ ⎛ −3 ⎞
3 a = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −3i − 5j ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −5 ⎠ ⎛− 4⎞
P2P3 = ⎜ −1 ⎟ ; P4 ⎛⎜ 2, 7 , 4 ⎞⎟
2 a AB = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎝− 4⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎛ −2 ⎞
b = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −2i + 4j 5
⎝ 4⎠ ⎛4⎞ 4 x = ; AB : BC = 2 : 1
b BA = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 3
⎝4⎠

Answers 757
 Exercise 12E ⎛ −2 ⎞ e Perpendicular
⎛ 5 ⎞
2 a ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ f Parallel
⎜ ⎟
1 AB = ⎜ 0 ⎟ ; 29 = 5.39 g Parallel
⎜ ⎟ ⎛1⎞
⎝ −2 ⎠ b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 4 –15
⎝8⎠ ⎛2⎞
2 |AB | = 129 , |AC | = 242 ⎜ ⎟
⎛ −1.5 ⎞ 5 d = ⎜1⎟
|BC | = 129 . Two sides c ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟
equal length therefore ⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝3⎠
isosceles. Angle CAB = 46.8° ⎛ −5 ⎞
6 45°
d ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 7 a 94.8°
3 t = ±6 ⎝ 15 ⎠
4 x=± 5 b 161.6°
⎛ 3 ⎞
e ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ c 136.4°
5 a = ±2 ⎝ −34 ⎠
⎛ −1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
6 a 15 3 a 8i – j – 3k 8 a AB = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , AC = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠
b 10 b –i + 2j + 3k b –11
c 13 c i – 2j – 3k −11 −11
c =
Exercise 12F d 8i – 6j – 10k 26 5 130

⎛3⎞ ⎛4⎞
2 2
⎛ 4 ⎞
⎛ 19 ⎞ 9 a 79.0°
1 ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ =1 ⎜ ⎟
4 x = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , y = ⎜ 3 ⎟ , b 90°
⎝5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ −5.5 ⎠ ⎜ −16 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
2 2 2 c 118.1°
2
⎛1⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ − 6⎞
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ =1 z = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 10 a AB = 17 ; AC = 26
⎝3⎠ ⎝3⎠ ⎝3⎠
⎝ 10 ⎠
1 1 1
3 (4i – 3j) 5 x = – 4.5, y = 10.5 b cos BAC = =
5 17 26 442
6 s = 4.5, t = 9, u = 9 c 10.5 cm2
⎛ −1 ⎞
1 ⎜ ⎟ Exercise 12H 11 54.7°
4 ⎜ −5 ⎟
42 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ 4 a i b–a 12 a OA ∈OB = 0 therefore
1 ii b – a perpendicular
5 (2i + 2j – k) iii 2b – 2a
3 b 62 ≈ 7.87
1 5 iv b – 2a 13 λ = 2.5
6 =
5 5 v 2b – 3a 14 λ = ±9
5 b AB is parallel to and half
7 (2i – j) 15 p = ±3
5 the length of FC
 −1   −1  c FD and AC are parallel
7   14   Exercise 12J
8  −3  =  −3  5 d MX = 3MP and share a
14   2    1 3
 2   2  common point. 1 ar    t  
2 2
⎛ cosθ ⎞
9 a ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ Exercise 12I  1  5 
⎝ sin θ ⎠ br    t  
1 a –18 b 5 0  2 
⎛ cos α ⎞
b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ c 20 d –13 ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
⎝ sin α ⎠ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
e –13 c r = ⎜ 1 ⎟ + t ⎜ −2 ⎟
Exercise 12G 2 a –9 b 20 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −2 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠
1 a 5i + j c 20 d –58
e 13 d r = 2j – k + t(3i – j + k)
b 2i + 3j
3 a Perpendicular 4  1 
c 2i + 4j 2 a 
E.g. r    t  
d 8i + 4j b Neither 5
   7 

e –i – 3j c Parallel  4  1
b 
E.g. r    t  
f 2i d Neither 
 2 0

758 Answers
 3  1  ⎛ 23 1 2 ⎞ b AB ∈ AC = –9
    3 ⎜ , , ⎟
c E.g. r 5
   t  9  ⎝ 3 3 3⎠
    ⎛ −2 ⎞
2  3  ⎛ 5⎞ 6 a ⎜ ⎟
4 ⎜ −1, ⎟ ⎜ 10 ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
0 1 ⎜ ⎟
    ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎝ 1 ⎠
d E.g. r  0   t  1 ⎜ ⎟
    6 a ⎜ −8 ⎟ b t=2
 1  1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎛2⎞ ⎛1⎞
 1  2  ⎝ 15 ⎠ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
3 a 
E.g. r    t   7 a r = ⎜ 2⎟ + s ⎜3⎟
b Dot product = 0
 6  3  ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
7 a a = 5; b = 8 ⎝4⎠ ⎝2⎠
 1 2
b 
E.g. r    t   c (4, 8, 8)
b (4, 5, 7)
0 5
⎛2⎞
4 1 c 3 10 ⎜ ⎟
    2  1 
d ⎜6⎟
c E.g.
 r 2  t 0     ⎜ ⎟
    8 a E.g. r  1  t  1  ⎝4⎠
1 3    
2  3  e 2 14
d E.g. r = 5k + t(4i – k)
b (3, –2, –1) 8 a 12.30 p.m.; ⎛⎜
−2 ⎞
4 a Yes b No ⎟⎜ 11.5 ⎟
c 11 ⎝ ⎠
c Yes d No b 3 km
d 120°
2  2  Review exercise GDC
    Exercise 12L
5 r 4  t  3  1 122°
    ⎛ 15 ⎞ ⎛ −1⎞ ⎛0⎞
5  8  1 a ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ or 10 km north and ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠ 2 a QR = ⎜ 0 ⎟ , QP = ⎜ −1⎟
p = –2, q = 21 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
15 km east ⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 1⎠
⎛ − 6⎞ ⎛0⎞
6 E.g. r = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + t ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ b 5 13 km b 46.1°
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝1⎠  5  c 2.60
2 a   m s–1
7 a
Coincident  −2  3 a i 4j ii i + 3k
b Perpendicular ⎛ 50 ⎞ iii 2i + 4j
c Parallel b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −20 ⎠ b BC = –i + 4j – 3k
d None
c 13 m s –1
BD = i + 4j – 3k
e None
d 8 29 m c i 20 ii 20
8 a 53.6° b 115.2°
e They will collide. iii 18
10 a i 2i + 5j + 3k
3 a 4 p.m. b 7i + 6j d 25.8°
ii –2i + 5j + 3k
4 a 3 2 m s–1and 86 m s–1 4 a 0, 4, –2 b 82.9°
b i |OF | = 38 ⎛0⎞
c 52.0 m ⎜ ⎟
ii |AG | = 38 5 a OP ∈ PQ = 0, PQ = ⎜ 6 ⎟
Review exercise non-GDC ⎜ ⎟
iii OF ∈ AG = 30 ⎝2⎠
⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞
c 37.9° ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 1 0
1 a AB = ⎜ 1 ⎟ , BC = ⎜ −3 ⎟ , b E.g.r  1    6 
11 a AB = 7i – 8j + 8k ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
49 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠ 3
 
2
 
b cos OÂB = ⎛1⎞
30 177 ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟
49 ⎜ ⎟ c ⎜2⎟
d µ= AC = ⎜ −2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
177 ⎜ ⎟ ⎝4⎠
520 , 493 , 38 ⎝ −4 ⎠
e d 22°
177 177 177 BC = −3AB and ⎛ 6 ⎞
Exercise 12K ⎜ ⎟
AC = −2AB 6 a AB = ⎜ −2 ⎟
1 (4, 2) ⎜ ⎟
Also B is a common point. ⎝ 0 ⎠
⎛ 48 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ 3 (a + b) ∈ (a – b) = 0
2 ⎜ 5 ⎟ c (36, 18, 0) d 5.10 m s–1
⎜ −3 ⎟ 4 (7, 9, 0)
⎜ ⎟ ⎛3⎞ e 6 seconds f (18, –6, 6)
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎛ −1 ⎞
5 a AB = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , AC = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
3
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠ Answers 759
 Chapter 13 c e
Skills check 250°
r
2
1 a b 3 3
2
3 2
c − d − d f
2 2
3 330°
2 a b −1
2 5r
6
c
−1 d −0.5
3 a −1.48 b ±2
e g
4 a −0.182, 2.40 b ±1.14
2π
Investigation – Sine, cosine,
and tangent on the unit circle 100°

1 sin90° = 1, cos90° = 0, tan90°

does not exist f h
2 sin180° = 0, cos180° = −1, 3

tan180° = 0
3 sin270° = −1, cos270° = 0, 270°
tan270° does not exist
4 sin360° = 0, cos360° = 1, For questions 3 to 8, there are many
g
other possible correct answers.
tan360° = 0
5 sin(−90°) = −1, cos(−90°) = 0, 3 a 120°, −240°, −300°
tan(−90°) does not exist 180°
b 340°, −20°, −160°
6 sin(−180°) = 0, cos(−180°) = –1,
tan(−180°) = 0 c 255°, 285°, −105°
h
7 sin0 = 0, cos0 = 1, tan0 = 0 d 65°, −245°, −295°
   40° 4 a −35°, ±325°
8 sin = 1, cos = 0, tan
2 2 2
b −130°, ±230°
does not exist
9 sinp = 0, cosp = –1, tanp = 0 c −295°, ±65°
3 3 d 240°, ±120°
10 sin = −1, cos 3 = 0, tan 2 a
2 2 2 5 a 230°, −130°, −310°
does not exist
r b 280°, −80°, −260°
3
11 sin  3 = 1, cos  = 0, 6
c 40°, −140°, −320°
2 2
3 d 155°, 335°, −205°
tan  does not exist b
2 5r 2 4 5
12 sin4p = 0, cos4p = 1, 3 6 a , ,
3 3 3
tan4p = 0
7  3
b , ,
Exercise 13A 4 4 4
1 a c c 3p − 4.1, 4.1 − 2p, p − 4.1
r
75° 2 d p + 3, 2p − 3, 3 − p
 11
7 a  ,
6 6

b b −1, ±(1 − 2p)

d
c −2.5, ±(2.5 − 2p)
11r
110°
6 3 7
d ,
5 5

760 Answers
  3  5
c  , d  , c ±150°, ±30°
5 3 7 4 4 6 6
8 a , ,
4 4 4 d −90°, 30°, 150°
b 1.3 + p, 1.3 − p, 1.3 − 2p Exercise 13D 3 a 0, p
12 2 9 1 a ±15°, ±165°  7
c , , b ,
7 7 7 b −165°, −105°, 15°, 75° 8 8
d 2p − 5, p − 5, −5 − p c 90° 2
c 0,
d ±180° 3
Exercise 13B
5  7 11   5
2 a  , , , d 0, ,
1 a 0.940 b 0.342 12 12 12 12 , ,
6 2 6
c −0.342 d −0.940 1111 7 7  5 53 3 
b   ,  ,  , −,, , , , , ,  5
1 3 12 12 12 124 412 1212 124 4 4 a , b
2 a − b − 8 8 2
2 2  3  3
c  d 
2 4 c 0, p d ,
1 3 4 4
c − d 2 4
2 2 3 a , b 7  3 11 6 k=6
3 3 , ,
3 a 0.8 b 0.6 c 0.6 6 2 6 7 b=8
3 7 
4 4 c , d Exercise 13G
d −0.8 e f − 4 4 2
3 3
1 −346°, −194, 14°, 166°
4
g −0.8 h Exercise 13E 2 ±27°, 333°
3
a 5 11 7 5 11
4 a b a c −b 1 a b  c − 3 244°, 296°
b 18 18 7
4 55°, 235°, 415°
a 4 5 1
d e −a f b 2 a − b − c 4 5 5 −5.33, −4.10, 0.955, 2.19
b 9 9
g −a h −b 11 5 11 6 ±1.71, 4.58
3 a b
Exercise 13C 5 18 7 −0.739
1 a −300°, −240°, 60°, 120° 7 5 11 8 −0.637, 1.41
c d
b ±120°, ±240° 18 7 Investigation: graphing tan x
63 31
c −315°, −135°, 45°, 225° 4 a b 1
32 32
d −360°, −180°, 0°, 180°, 360° Angle Tangent
63 31 63
e ±45°, ±135°, ±225°, ±315° c
31
d measure (x) value
512
f ±30°, ±150°, ±210°, ±330° 3 4
(degrees) (tan x)
5 a b 0 0
11 7  5 5 5
2 a  , , , 1
6 6 6 6 24 7 1
c d -30, +30 − ,
b 0, ±p, ±2p 25 25 3 3

7 24 -45, +45 -1, 1

 11 6 a − b −
c  , -60, +60
6 6 25 7 - 3 , 3
336 527
d   , 3 c − d − 120 - 3
625 625
2 2 135 -1
2 4 5 a b
e  , , , 7 a b 1
3 3 3 3 a2 + b2 a2 + b2 150 -
3
7 3  5 2ab b −a
2 2
f  , , , c d
4 4 4 4 180 0
a + b2
2
a2 + b2
1
3 a 0°, 360°, 720° 210
Exercise 13F 3
b −135°, −45°, 225°, 315°,
1 a 30°, 90°, 150° 225 1
585°, 675°
b 22.5°, 112.5° 240 3
c −45°, 135°, 315°, 495°,
675°,−225° c 135° 300 - 3
d 45°, 135° 315 -1
d ±60°, ±120°, 240°, 300°,
420°, 480°, 600°, 660° 2 a −150°, −120°, 30°, 60° 1
330 −
 5  b 90° 3
4 a b  ,
360 0
2 6 6

Answers 761
 3 tan ± 90° and tan ± 270° 5 y 8 y
are undefined. The limit
8
of the tangent as the angle
approaches ± 90° or ± 270° is 0 x 4
infinite. Asymptotes are often
shown on graphs for values –2r –r 0 r 2r x
that do not exist. Exercise 13I –4
1 y ⎛ 2π ⎞
Exercise 13H 9
= y cos ⎜ x − ⎟ or
1 ⎝ 3 ⎠
1 −297°, −117°, 63°, 243° ⎛ π⎞
–2r –r 0 r 2r x =y sin ⎜ x − ⎟
2 −107°, 73°, 253° –2 6
⎝ ⎠
3 124°, 304° –4 10y sin x  1

4 38°, ≥42°, 398°, 502°
–6 11
 y tan  x  
 4 
5 −5.88, −2.74, 0.405, 3.55

6 −1.88, 1.26
2 y y cos  x    1.5
12 
 4
7 4.55 4
8 −4.66, 1.20, 2.28, 4.77 2 Exercise 13J
1 y
Investigation: transformations
of sin x and cos x –2r –r 0 r 2r x
–0.5
y
3 y
–2r –r 0 r 2r x
4 –0.5
0 x
2 2 y
4
1 y
–2r –r 0 r 2r x 2
–2

–4 –2r –r 0 r 2r x
–2
0 x 4 y
–4
1
2 y 3 y
4
–2r –r 0 r 2r x
–1 2

5 y
0 x –2r –r 0 r 2r x
1 –2

–4
3 y –2r –r 0 r 2r x 4
y
–1
1
6 y
–2r – 3r –r – r 0 r r 3r 2r x
0 x –2r –r 0 r 2r x 2 2 –1 2 2
–2

–4 5 y
4 y 2
7 y
1
–2r –r 0 r 2r x
–1
–2r –r 0 r 2r x
0 x –2 –1

–3 –2

762 Answers
 6 y 5 y d

3 5
4
1 3
2
–2r –r 0 r 2r x
–1 1

–3 –3r –2r –r –10 r 2r 3r x

7
y 6 y
3

1 –r –r 0 r r x
2 –1 2
–2r – 3r –r – r –10 r r 3r 2r x
2 2 2 2 –2
–3

8 y 7 y
–2
1
–1 2 a, b
⎛ ⎛ ⎛ 2π 2⎞π2⎛π⎞ ⎞ 2π ⎞
2π
0 =y=
y= =
y=3.5sin
3.5sin
3.5sin
y 6.3 ⎜−x⎜ x−−⎟ (x
y ⎜ x3.5sin
cos − −
⎟–−−
⎜ ⎟x1.5 1.5⎟ − 1.5
1.5
25)
–2r –r r 2r x 0 ⎝ ⎝ ⎝ 30 3 ⎠3⎝3⎠ ⎠ 3 ⎠
–r r x + 15.6
–1
–1

9 y  7.5sin x –2

10 y  cos(0.25x ) 8 y
7
11 y = tan ( 0.25x ) 6
5
12 y  3cos  0.5x  or 4
3
⎛ x –π ⎞ 2
y = 3sin⎜ ⎟ 1
⎝ 2 ⎠ c
–3r –2r –r –10 r 2r 3r x

Exercise 13K
For questions 1 to 4, answers may vary.
Exercise 13L
⎛ ⎛ 22ππ 2⎞π ⎞
⎛ 2π ⎞ 1 a, b=y=
y y=3.5sin ⎜ x ⎜−x −x ⎟ −+⎟1.5
3.5sin
4.8 cos −71.5
⎝ ⎝ 23 ⎠3 ⎠
1 =y 3.5sin ⎜ x − ⎟ − 1.5 ,
3 ⎠
⎝
⎛ 5π ⎞
=y 3.5cos ⎜ x + ⎟ − 1.5 d
⎝ 6 ⎠

1 4 
y sin   x 
2     2,
2 3 
1  
y cos   x     2
2 3 

3 y 2 sin  2 x   1,
 c
  
y 2 cos  2  x     1
  4 

2  
4 y  5sin   x    ,
3 2 
 
 2 2  25π
⎛ 

yy
=
y= y
y= 3.5cos
y 5cos
5cos x  ⎞⎟− 1.5
  ⎜2xxx−
2 cos
3.5sin + 1
3
  3

⎝  4 3
644⎠

Answers 763
 3 a, b c 10.3 m 4 a P = 4, Q = 7
d 4.75 minutes y
b 14
⎛ 2p
4 a g ( x ) = −16 cos ⎜ ( x − 1) ⎞⎟ 10
⎝ 12 ⎠
+ 21 6

b 21 gallons 2
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 x
c Early May and late
August c t = 2, at 2:00
d 8 hours
c Review exercise non – GDC
5 a A= 2.825, B = 12.175
1 a −0.342
b 9.91 hours
b −0.342
c 0.342
2 a 0.643 Chapter 14
b −0.643 Skills check
c −0.643 2
1 a
3 a ±120°, ±240° 2
d b –1
b −330°, −150°, 30°, 210°
1 3
c −270°, −150°, −30°, 90°, c − or −
3 3
210°, 330°
2π 3
4 0, ,p d −
3 2
5 a i a = 5, c = 4, d = 6 2 a x = 0, π, 2π
2 π π 5π 3π
ii b  , and the b x = 6, 2, 6 , 2
period
2 
period is 8. b   π 3π
8 4 c x = , π,
2 2
b 4<x<8
3 a 6x2ex + 2x3ex
21 21 4 21
6 a b c b ln(x2) + 2
5 2 25
− x 2 + 10 x + 4
7 y c
( x 2 + 4 )2

Exercise 13M –3 –2 –10 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 − ln x

d
1 a Approximately 12 hours –2 x2
b 9.49 m –4
Exercise 14A
c 13.5 m –6
1 3cos x + 2sin x
d 05:30
Review exercise GDC 3
2
2 a −3.06 °C cos 2 3 x
1 a 48.6°, 131.4°
b 30 °C, day 187 (about 6 2 cos x
b ±129°, 231° 3 −
July) sin 2 x
c −70.3°, 109.7°, 289.7° 4 – 2sin t cos t or – sin (2t)
c about 90 days: days 1−49
inclusive and days 2 a −3.36, 0.515, 2.85, 6.06 cos x
5
325−365 inclusive b 0.607 2 x
3 a 46 m c ±1.89, 0 6
2 tan x
2π π cos 2 x
b h ( t ) = 22.5 sin  ( t − 5)  3 a a = −4, b = ,c=3
 20  2 1 x
7 − sin + 4 cos ( 4 x )
+ 23.5 b 0.667, 3.33, 4.67 2 2

764 Answers
 2 sin (2 x ) Exercise 14D 5 a f ′(x) = – 2sin 2x
8 ⎛ 4π ⎞
cos 2 (2 x ) 1 relative minimum: ⎜ , − 2 ⎟; + 2cos x(–sin x)
⎝ 3 ⎠
= – 2sin 2x – 2sinx cos x
−8π cos (π x ) ⎛ π ⎞
9 relative maximum: ⎜ , 2 ⎟ = – 2sin 2x – sin 2x
sin 3 (π x ) ⎝3 ⎠
2 relative minimums: = – 3sin 2x
10 [cos(sin x)] cos x
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
3x 2 ⎜ , 1⎟ , ⎜ , − 3 ⎟ ; relative b ⎜ , − 1⎟
11 a ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
cos 2 ( x 3 ) ⎛ π 3 ⎞ ⎛ 5π 3 ⎞
maximums: ⎜ , ⎟ , ⎜ , ⎟ c f ′′(x) = – 6cos 2x
b – 4cos3 x sin x ⎝ 6 2⎠ ⎝ 6 2⎠
⎛ π 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3π 1 ⎞
12 a 3cos (3x – 4) π d ⎜ , ⎟,⎜ , ⎟
3 decreasing: < x < π; ⎝ 4 2⎠ ⎝ 4 2⎠
b – 9sin (3x – 4) 2
π
increasing 0 < x < ; concave
Exercise 14B 2 6 a i f ′(x) = x cos x + sin x
down: 0 < x < π; relative
1 π ii a = –1, b = 2
⎛ π⎞
y − 1 =1⎜ x − ⎟ ; y − 1 =−1⎜ x − ⎟
⎛ π⎞ maximum: ⎛⎜ , 1⎞⎟
2 ⎝ ⎠ 2 ⎝ ⎠ 2 ⎝ ⎠ b i x ≈ 2.03, 4.91
f (x) ii f ″(2.03) ≈ – 2.71 < 0
2
⎛ π⎞ 1⎛ π⎞
y − 2 =4 ⎜ x − ⎟ ; y − 2 =− ⎜ x − ⎟ 1
( r2 , 1 ) f(x) = √sin x
∈ relative maximum
⎝ 4 ⎠ 4 ⎝ 4⎠ at x = 2.03
3 –2 f ″(4.91) ≈ 5.21 > 0 ∈ 
1 0 r r 3r r x relative minimum at
4 a − b – 2sin (2x) 4 2 4
2 x = 4.91
1 ⎛ π⎞
c y+ =− 3⎜x − ⎟ 7 a f ′(x) = – x2 sin x + 2x cos x
2 ⎝ 3⎠ 4 decreasing:
π 5π π π 3π ; b minimum: –11.6;
5 , 0<x < , <x<
3 3 4 2 4 maximum: 7.09
increasing 8 a
Exercise 14C π π 3π 4 sin θ cos θ
<x< , < x <π ; d '(θ ) =
d' −2sin θ −
⎛ π⎞ 4 2 4 25 − 4 sin 2 θ
1 −12sin ⎜ 2 x − ⎟ + 3 2 sin 2θ
⎝ 3⎠ concave up: or − 2sin θ −
π 3π 5π 7π 25 − 4 sin 2 θ
1 <x< , <x< ;
2 8 8 8 8
(1 + cos x )
concave down: b
3 xex
π 3π 5π 7π d
4 e sin2t cos 2t 0<x < , <x< , < x < π; 2 (5.05, 2.16)
8 8 8 8
5 2e sin x x
1
⎛π ⎞
t relative maximum: ⎜ , 1⎟; (, 0) (2, 0)
6 + tan t ⎝2 ⎠
cos 2 t 0   5 3 7 2 
3 
relative minimums: –1 4 2 44 2 4
7 3e3x cos 4x – 4e3x sin 4x 4sin  cos 
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ –2 d'() = –2sin  –
1 ⎜ , 0 ⎟, ⎜ , 0 ⎟; (1.23, –2.16) √25 – 4sin2
8 ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ –3
cos 2 2 x tan 2 x
inflexion points:
cos x ⎛ π 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3π 1 ⎞ ⎛ 5π 1 ⎞ ⎛ 7π 1 ⎞ c i The blade is closest
9 − ln x sin x
x ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟ to the center of the
⎝ 8 2⎠ ⎝ 8 2⎠ ⎝ 8 2⎠ ⎝ 8 2⎠
sin x wheel when d (θ) has
10 − or –tan x
cos x f (x) a relative minimum or
at an endpoint. There
11 a
2
b
1
cos
x ( r2 , 1 ) f(x) = cos2 (2x)
is a relative minimum
x 2 2 1
( r, 1
8 8 ) ( 5r8 , 12 ) when d′ (θ) changes from
c
11
(3x
x x 22 x x
) cos ++ sin
3 x32x2cos
lnln 2
sin
( 3r , 1
8 2 ) ( 7r8 , 12 ) negative to positive at
22 22 x x 22 0 r r 3r r 5r 3r 7r r
x θ = π. Testing the
12 a = 1, b = 2 8 4 8 2 8 4 8 endpoints and critical

Answers 765
 numbers we find 3− 2 b i
d(0) = 7, d(2π ) = 7 4 ; 0.159
2 v
and d(π) = 3. So the 6
closest distance is 3 5
metres and it occurs Exercise 14G
4
when the angle of 1 12.1
rotation is π. 3
2 6.31 2
ii The distance is π
3 1
changing fastest 6
when d ′ (θ) has a 4 a 3.97 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 t
relative minimum or
b 38.3
maximum. This occurs ii 1.11 s, 2.03 s, 7.39 s,
when θ is 1.23 radians 5 a a = 2, b =
1
8.31 s
or 5.05 radians. 2
2π iii No, the particle does
Exercise 14E ⌠ ⎛1 ⎞
b ⎮ 2sin ⎜ x ⎟ dx = 8 not return to the origin.
⌡0 ⎝2 ⎠
1 2sin x – 3cos x + C Looking at the area
6 a i c = 1, d = 2 between the curve
1 3 ⎛1 ⎞
2 x + 3sin ⎜ x ⎟ + C and the t-axis, there is
π
and 7π
3 ⎝3 ⎠
ii more area above the axis
2 6
3 – cos (px) + C than below, indicating
1 b i 2 that the particle moves
4 − cos (2 x + 3) + C to the right a greater
2 ii 4.25
distance than to the left,
5 sin (5x ) + C4
c 9.12 so it never returns to the
6 1 origin.
sin (4 x 2 − 4 x ) + C
4 c 24.1 m
Exercise 14H
7 1 tan 3 x 1 a v = e t cos t + e t sin t
e +C
3 Review exercise non–GDC
b a = 2e t cos t
8 sin (ln x) + C 1 a 2sin(1 – 2x)
2 a −2 m s−1
9 1 b 3sin2 x cos x
sin 3 x + C p
3 b s e tan t
2 c
10 – ln(cos x) + C, cos x > 0 c −1 m cos 2 t
11 a –e sin x sin x+ e sin x cos2 x x cos x 2
π 3π d
3 a i , sin x 2
b e sin x + C 2 2
π 3π e –x2 sin x + 2xcos x
1 ii <t <
12 a f=
'( x ) ( − sin x ) 2 2 1
or
1
cos x f
tan x cos 2 x sin x cos x
sin x b a(t) = – e sin t +
sin t
= − sin x
cos x e sin t cos2 t g (ln x )(cos x ) +
= − tan x c s(t) = e sin t + 3
x
1 2
h – 2sin2 x + 2cos2 x or
b − ⎣⎡ ln(cos x ) ⎦⎤ + C 4
2 4 a ∫ 0
(4 sin t + 3cos t )dt 2cos 2x
2 a x 4 + cos x + C
b 4.34 m
Exercise 14F 1
5 a i –2.52 m s–2 b sin (3x ) + C
1 3; 1.73 3
ii speeding up
c 1
2 4; 4 − cos ( 4 x + 1) + C
b 2.51 s and 3.54 s 4
3 3 c 7.37 m 1
3 ; 1.30 d sin (2 x 2 ) + C
4 6 a 5.82 m s –2 4

766 Answers
 e
1
+C
Chapter 15 c n P(N = n) d p P(p )
2 cos (2t + 1) 11 1 1
Skills check 1
36 36
f – cos (ln x) + C 1 a 5.5
9 2 2
1 sin x 2 568 2
g e +C b = 14.6 (3sf) 36 36
2 39
3 2
2 a 15 7
6 3 36
h − +C 36
2 + sin x b 56
4 3
c 0.267 5
3 a 0 b 2+p 4 36
36
3 a 1.71875 5 2
c 2 d 2 3
b 2.98 5 36
4 x=2 36
c 8.68 6 4
⎛ 2π 3 ⎞ 1 36
5 ,
⎜⎜ 3 2 ⎟⎟ Exercise 15A 6
⎝ ⎠ 36 8 2
1 a discrete
36
1 b continuous
6 f (x)y = x 2 + cos x + 1 9 1
2
c discrete 36
7 a p = 2, q = 2
d continuous 10 2
b 3p + 2 2 a b 36
12 4
s P(S = s) n P(N = n)
Review exercise GDC 36
1 25 15
1 a 4.53 2 0 2
36 36
36
b 1.36 2 10
3 1 16 1
2 a 4.93 36 36 36
b 45.0 3 1 18 2
4 2
3 1.23 36 36 36
20 2
4 a i s ′(t) = – 10 sin (5t) e cos (5t) 4
5 36
36
ii s ′′ (t) = – 10 sin (5t)
24 2
× [e cos (5t) ) (–sin (5t))(5)] 5
6 36
36
+ e cos (5t) [–10(cos (5t)) (5)] 25 1
6 36
= 50 sin (5t)[e
2 cos(5t)
7
36
– 50 cos (5t)(e cos (5t))] 30 2
5 36
= 50 e [sin (5t)
cos (5t) 2 8
36 36
– cos (5t)] 1
4 36
iii 9
36
   
s     0 and s     18.4  0 3
5
  5 10 3 a
36
Therefore by the second t 2 3 4 5 6
derivative test s has a 2
11 P(T = t) 1 4 10 12 9
relative minimum at 36
36 36 36 36 36
π
t= . 12
1
5 21 7
36 b P(T > 4) = =
b 14.2 m 36 12

Answers 767
 4 a 5 Same mean 10 a P(Z = 0) = 0.7489
6 35 b E(Z ) = 1.7 = $1.70, The
s 1 2 3 6 10
18 expected amount to be
P(S = s) 1 1 1 1 1
6 3 6 6 Exercise 15B won on a ticket
6
91 c Lose $0.30
1 1 = 15.2(3sf)
b 6
2
1 3 1 Investigation: The binomial
5 a 1 b 2 =
x = ,y
2 8 8 quiz
6 1
1 3 5 1 T 2 T 3 F 4 F 5 F
6
36 3
7 0.2 2 You would expect to get 2.5
4 5
3 1 questions right
27 5 a k=
8 25 Probability that you get exactly 3
40
1 5 b E(X) = 5 right out of 5 = 0.3125
9 a =
a = ,b
8 24 6 a
125 X 1 2 3 Exercise 15C
b 1 1
96 P(X = x) 0.2 1 − k k − 0.2 1 a b
10 b 4 16
5 15
c 2 3 4 5 6 b 0.2 ≤ k ≤ 1 c d
16 16
P(C = c) 1 5 6 5 1 c k + 1.6 2 a 0.329
18 18 18 18 18 7 0.2 b 0.351
Investigation – dice scores 8 a c 0.680
1 r P(R = r ) d 0.649
d 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 18 3 a 0.0389
P(D = d) 90 b 0.952
6 10 8 6 4 2
36 36 36 36 36 36 2 16 c 0.00870
90
2 d 0.932
d 0 1 2 3 4 5 3 14
90 Exercise 15D
Expected
6 10 8 6 4 2 1 1; 0.422
frequency 4 12
90 2 a 0.257
3 Mean = 35
18 5 10 b 0.260
4
90 3 a 0.851
d Expected
frequency 6 8 b 0.000491
0 150 90 c 0.0109
9 7 6 4 a 0.0584
1 250 90 b 0.9996
9 8 4 5 0.913
2 200 90 6 a 0.224
9 9 2 b 0.399
3 150 90 7 a i 0.0307
9 ii 0.463
b 2
4 100 3
3 iii 0.171
9
c 1 b i 0.215
5
mean = 35 n −1
50 16 , c ⎛4⎞ ⎛1⎞
18 9 b ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ d 1 ii 0.0292
9 125 ⎝5⎠ ⎝5⎠
iii 0.158

768 Answers
Exercise 15E 3 a 0.159 Exercise 15M
1 n=4 b 0.00820 1 8.33
2 68 4 a 0.159 2 15.4
3 μ = 49.9 and σ = 4.23
3 n=7 b 0.0401
4 μ = 71.4 and σ = 13.8.
4 9 attempts 5 a 0.742 5 7.66 cm
5 7 times b 0.236 6 546.5 g
c 0.0359 7 a 0.389 kg b 35.0%
Exercise 15F 8 54.3 cm
d 0.977
1 a 20 9 0.260 m
2 e 0.390 10 a 126; 33.7
b 6
3 6 a 0.306 b Yes (60.5%)
c 10
b 0.595 11 μ = 507.1 and σ = 7.34
2 n = 25
c 0.285 Review exercise non-GDC
3 a X~B(15, 0.25)
7 a 0.311 1 a 6 b −7
b 3.75 15
b 0.215 1
c 0.000795 2 a b 3
35
4 a 0.51 Exercise 15I
3 13
b 38.2 1 a 0.655 b 0.841 3 x= ,P=
8 64
Exercise 15G c 0.186 d 0.5 4 a 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16
1 Mean = 0 2 a 0.672 b 0.748
1 2 1 2 1 1
Variance = 0 c 0.345 b , , , , ,
8 8 8 8 8 8
2 Mean = 7.2 3 a 0.994 b 0.977 c 7.5 d £62.50
Standard deviation = 1.70
c 0.494 40
(3 sf ) 5
Exercise 15J 243
3 Mean = 20
1 a 0.933 b 0.691 6 0.2
Standard deviation = 3.16
c 0.736 7 a 85 b 0.023
(3 sf )
5 2 477
3 a E (X) = Review exercise GDC
3 3 a 0.0668 b 15.9%
25 1 a 19
b Var (X) = 4 53.6%
18 27
c P (X < μ) = 0.485 (3 sf ) 5 a 0.106 b 0.00118
b
22 x −5 1
5 a E (X) = Exercise 15K
5 P(X = x)
88 1 a 1.42 b 0.407 8 19
b Var (X) =
25 c 2.58 27 27
c P (X < 4) = 0.332 (3 sf ) 2 a 1.77 b −1.00 c i lose $0.78
6 P (X ≥ 3) = 0.873 (3 sf ) c −0.841 ii lose $7.00
3 a 0.385 b 1.60 2 a 0.254 b 0.448
7 a n = 26 4 a 1.64 b 0.842 3 0.0243
b Var (X) = 5.46 4 a i 0.0881
8 n = 12, p = 0.8, Exercise 15L
ii 0.00637
P (X = 6) = 0.0155 1 5.64 b 2 c 14
2 a 413
Exercise 15H b 433 5 1.44
3 a 0.106 b 0.864 6 a 8.68
1 a P(−1 < Z < 1) = 0.683
c 499 and 505 b 0.755
b P(−2 < Z < 2) = 0.954 7 38.9 hours; 8.63 hours
4 a 0.673 b 582 g
c P(−3 < Z < 3) = 0.997 5 a 79.7 marks 8 a 33.3 min b 0.328
2 a 0.272 b 0.483 b 35.8 marks c 0.263

Answers 769
 Chapter 18 d 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28 5 3 km = 3000 m = 300 000 cm
e 1, 2, 3, 6, 13, 26, 39, 78 so the scale is 1:300 000 ÷ 5
Exercise 1A = 1:200 000
2 a 22×32 b 22×3×5
1 a 11 b 10 c 8 Footpath = 0.04 cm on the map
c 2×33 d 25 e 24×7
d 4 e 5 f 3 6 72 USD = 5 + 3 = 8 parts,
3 a 40 b 240 so 1 part = 9 USD Hence 45
g 20 f 3
1 4 a 8 b 18 USD: 27 USD is donated
2 a 5 b 1
2 7 5:3:2 so 5 + 3 + 2 = 10 parts
c 5 d 24 Exercise 1D
4 11 16 1 part = 15 items So 75:45:30
1 a b c 1
3 a 12 b 540 12 15 items, i.e. 75 brownies, 45
c 16 d 5 211 49 chocolate chip cookies, 30
d or 2 81 flapjacks
4 a 5 b 8 c 8 d 2 81
2 a 4 b 7
Exercise 1H
5 a 2 b 4 c 34 20
9
5 1 5000:7000:4000 simplifies to
c 2 d
Exercise 1B 8 5:7:4. 5 + 7 + 4 = 16 parts =
3
1 a 2 b 2 3 c 5 18 22 24 000 so 1 part is 1500 USD
3 a b
2 5 7 so they receive: Josh = 1500 ×
d 2 10 e 10 c 93 d 167 5 = 7500 USD, Jarrod = 1500
5 4 72 × 7 = 10 500 USD, Se Jung =
2 a 2 3 b 5 3 c 6 2 4 1 1500 × 4 = 6000 USD
4 a 4 b 33
7 3 2 12 + 18 + 20 = 50 marks
d 6 2 e 15 3 8
c 41 d 14 = 75 minutes so 1 mark =
3 a 6 b 9 c 16 3 4 11
1.5 minutes. So 12 × 1.5
5 a 0.32 b 0.714
d 6 6 e 75 15 = 18 minutes, 18 × 1.5 =
c 3.8 d 2.65 27 minutes, 20 × 1.5 = 30
4 a 5 5 b 2 2 c 4 3
minutes
Exercise 1E
d − 2 e 0 Exercise 1I
1 a 52% b 70%
5 a 11+6 2 b 5+2 6 1 a, b, d, e, g, i are rational
2 a 2.24 CHF b 0.54 GBP
c 1−2 2 The rest are irrational.
c 187.57 EUR d 10 400 JPY
d 2 a a and g b a
4+ 3 −4 2 − 6
Exercise 1F 3 a 83 b 4
e 2
1 576 GBP 1 9
( 21 + 7 ) −24
6 a 2 14875 JPY c not rational d
7 25
3 7% −5
(1 + 2 3 ) e f not
b − 4 26.5% 11
11 rational
c (5 − 5 ) 5 26 500 000 36
g – h not
4 6 32 USD 1
rational
d 16+11 2 7 3.40 to 4.00 USD so 0.60 USD 1123
I j not
11 3 13 3 8 No, new amount is 900 rational
7 a b 49.50 AUD, a 1% reduction
3 6
c 12 5 Exercise 1J
Exercise 1G
5 1 a 2180 b 400 c 4000
1 5:4
Exercise 1C d 21 e 13
2 95.1:100
1 a 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 2 a 0.69 b 28.8 c 1.00
3 21:160
b 1, 3, 9, 27 d 77.985 e 0.06
4 15.6 × 72 = 1123.2 cm or
c 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30 3 a 2200 b 440 c 3500
11.232 m
d 21 e 13

770 Answers
4 a 0.694 b 28.8 c 1.00 Exercise 1M Exercise 1N
d 78.0 e 0.0588 1 a Yes, all the elements of 1 a x<2
5 a 0.667 b 0.0652 c 0.385 B are contained in A b –1 ≤ x < 5
6 a 50÷10=5 b (3 × 4 ) = 6 b No, they have elements in c x≥2
2
(7 −1) common d –4 ≤ x ≤ 3
c =0.07
92 c {4, 5}
7 a 5.46 b 5.77 c 0.0841 2 a
d {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Exercise 1K –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
2 a A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, b
1 a 1.475×103 b 2.31×105 18, 36} and
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
c 2.8×109 d 3.5×105 B = {1, 3, 5, 15} c
e 7.35×106 b No, B has elements that –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
2 a 62 500 b 420 000 000 are not elements of A d
c 355.4 c No, they have some –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
3 a 1.232×10 -4 elements in common
b 4.515×10-5 d {1, 3} Exercise 1O
c 6.17×10-1 e {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 15, 1 a Input Output

d 7.5×10-6 18, 36} 0 0

1 2
e 3.49×10-4 3 a A = {17, 18, 19…}
2 4
4 a 0.00000035 B = {20, 40, 60, 80…} 3 6
4 8
b 0.000000089 b Yes
5 10
c 0.01253 c No, they have some
elements in common b x 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 1 sec = 3×105 m
1 d {20, 40, 60, 80…} = B y 0 2 4 6 8 10
So sec = 105 m
3 e {17, 18, 19, 20…} = A c (0, 0), (1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6),
So 1 m= 0.33×10-5=3.3×10-6 (4, 8), (5, 10)
4 {x|x is all positive integers
Exercise 1L which are not multiples of 3} d y
1 a A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 10
5 {40, 50, 60, 70,… }
18, 24, 36, 72} 6 (different answers possible)
8
b B = {2, 3} 6
a A = {1, 3, 5, 7,…} and
c C = {2} B = {2, 4, 6, 8,…} 4

d D = {14, 28, 42, 56, 2

b A = {4, 7, 10} and
70,… } B = {4, 7, 10, 13, 16,…} 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
e E = {–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
c A = {1, 2, 3}
2 a Input Output
f F = {20, 21, 22, 23, 24,…} B = {4, 5}
g G = {} –3 0
d A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and –2
2 a 12 B = {2, 4, 6, 8} –1 1
e A = {1, 3, 5, 7} and 0
b 2
1 2
c 1 B = {2, 4, 6, 8} 2
d infinite f A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and 3 3
B = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8}
e 7 b x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
g A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and
f infinite y 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
B = {2, 4, 6}
g 0 c (–3, 3), (–2, 2), (–1, 1),
(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)

Answers 771
 d y d (5x + 1)(5x – 1) Exercise 2I
4 e (m + n)(m – n) 1 a 17 b 144 c 64
3 1 1
f (4x – 7y)(4x + 7y) 2 a 1 b c
2 9 16
Exercise 2E 3 a 525.219 b 4.081
1
(u − v ) c 1.667
1 t=
g
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3x
Exercise 2J
2 c = (a 2 − b2 )
Exercise 2A c 1 a x≤3
x2 3 r=
2
1 a 3x – 6x b x – xy +
2 3
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
y a sin B
c 3ab – 2ac + b2 4 b= b x>8
sin A
2 a 3pq(1 – 2pq r) (b 2 + c 2 − a 2 ) 9 x
2
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 cos A =
b 3c(4ac + 5b – c) 2bc
c x<2
9
c abc(2a + 3b – 5c) 6 F = C + 32
5 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
Exercise 2B 7 Stock = Current assets – Acid 2 a x≤5
1 x2 + 3x – 28 ratio test × Current liabilities 3
b x>–
2
2 x – 5x + 6
2
c x ≥ –1
Exercise 2F
3 3x2 + 2x – 8
1 2.487 Exercise 2K
4 6x2 – 11x – 10
2 3.728 1 a 3.25 b 6.18 c 0
5 9x2 + 9x + 2
3 40.073 2 when x = 3, |5 – x| is 2; when
Exercise 2C x = 8, |5 – x|is 3
Exercise 2G
1 x2 + 10x + 25 3 a 2 b 2 c 2
1 x=4
2 x – 8x + 16
2
Exercise 2L
2 x=4 3x + 1
3 x2 – 4 1
3 x = –3 x +7
4 9x2 – 24x + 16
4 x=3 x +1 1
5 4x2 + 20x + 25 2 or
2x + 2 2
5 x=5 6x + 8
6 4x2 – 49 3 or 2
6 x=9 3x + 4
Exercise 2D 5x + 4x + 5
2
7 x=2 4
1 a (x + 4)(x + 7) (x + 5)(2x − 1)
8 x = –2
b (x – 1)(x – 13) 2x2 + 5x + 8
9 x=3 5
c (x + 4)(x – 5) x(x + 2)
10 x = 1.5
d (x + 4)(x – 2) 6 5x2 + 8x − 3
11 x = 1
e (x + 4)(x + 9) (x − 2)(4x + 3)
12 x = 2
f (x + 2)(x – 9) 12x2 − x − 5
7
2 a (2x – 3)(x – 3) Exercise 2H (5x + 1)(2x − 5)

b (3x + 1)(x + 2) 1 a x = 1, y – 1 13x + 2

8
c (5x – 2)(x – 3) b x = 1, y = −2 (x − 4)(x + 2)
d (4x + 3)(x – 1) c x = −3, y = 4
Exercise 2M
e (3x + 2)(x – 3) 2 a x = 6, y = −1
1 x=1
f (7x – 5)(2x – 1) b x = 2, y = −1
2 k=5
3 a (x – 3)(x + 3) c x = −2, y = 2
3 x = 1.5
b (x – 10)(x + 10) d x = 2, y = 1
4 x = 1.1
c (2x – 9)(2x + 9) e x = 3, y = −1
19
5 x=–
23

772 Answers
Exercise 3A so ASA and congruent Hence similar triangles
1 27.6 cm Hence x = 6 cm, y = 4 cm and Scale factor is 6/4 or 1.5
2 2.24 m z = 9 cm So AB = 2 × 1.5 = 3 cm and
3 5.03 cm 2 QP = AB BP = AB – AP = 3 - 2 = 1 cm
PR = BC So AC = 3 × 1.5 = 4.5 cm
Exercise 3B QR = AC 5 a Angle AXB = Angle
1 a Reflection in x = 0 (y-axis) Three sides are the same (SSS) CXD (vertically opposite
⎛ −6 ⎞ so congruent angles)
b Translation of ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −4 ⎠ x = 89˚, y = 58˚, z = 33˚ Angle BAX = XDC
c Rotation about (0, 0) by 90 (parallel lines and
3 Angle DEF = Angle
degrees clockwise alternate angles)
ABC = 90˚
d Reflection in y = x Angle ABX = XCD
EF = BC
2 a,b y (parallel lines and
DF = AC = Hypotenuse alternate angles)
One side and the hypotenuse Hence similar triangles
are the same in a right-angled
C A b XD
triangle (RHS) so congruent
c 3.9 cm
x = 50˚, y = 40˚
x
Exercise 3E
Exercise 3D
B
1 Rectangles with sides 5, 11 1 a
and 4, 8.8
Rectangles with sides 5, 6.25
and 4, 5
c Rotation of 90° anti-
Rectangles with sides 5, 8 and
clockwise about (0, 0)
y
8, 12.8
3
2 a Scale factor is 10.08 ÷ 7.2
= 7/5
5 b
D
F y = 9.1 × = 6.5 cm
7
A 7
x
x = 13 × =18.2 cm
5
B b Scale factor is 4.5 ÷ 3
E C
= 1.5 c

y = 1 × 1.5 =1.5 cm
x = 2 × 1.5 = 3 cm
3 a A and B
g Reflection in the x axis
b A and C d
h Enlargement scale factor 2
center (0, 0) c A and B
i Enlargement scale factor d None
1
− center (0, 0) e None
2
j Reflection in the y axis 4 Angle PAQ = Angle BAC
2 a Reflex b Obtuse
Exercise 3C Angle ABC = APQ (parallel
c Acute
1 Angle DFE = Angle ACB lines and corresponding
3 a Obtuse b Acute
angles)
Angle DEF = Angle ABC c Reflex d Acute
Angle ACB = AQP (parallel
EF = BC lines and corresponding e Reflex f Reflex
Two angles and included side angles)

Answers 773
 Exercise 3F 2 a Isosceles triangle, 2 Pyramid: 96 cm3
parallelogram, right-
1 Cylinder: 2.22π × 5.6
angled triangle, scalene
= 85.15 cm2 3
triangle, rhombus, (4.5   12)
arrowhead, kite Cone:
3
b Equilateral triangle, = 254.47 cm3
square, parallelogram, h
3 Volume = πr2
right-angled triangle, 3
4p h
trapezium 23 =
3
Exercise 3G 69 = 4πh
1 a 3.2 + 3.2 + 4.3 = 10.7 cm h = 5.49 cm
b 5.5 + 2.7 + 5.5 + 2.7 4 Volume = πr2h
= 16.4 cm 2120.6
h= = 27.000 cm
25p
c 7.2 + 4.2 + 4.8 + 4.2
New volume =
= 20.4 cm  × 2.52 × 27
= 176.7
d 20π = 62.8 cm 3
5 a Surface area = 4πr2
e 3.2 + 3.2 + 3.2 + 1.6π
= 14.6 cm = 4π × 3.52
= 153.938 cm2
f 3(5.2π)/4 + 2.6 + 2.6
   πr = 4 –––––––
π × 7.5
3 3
= 17.5 cm Volume = 4––– 3 3
Exercise 3H = 179.594 cm3
b Surface area = 4πr2 =
1 4.52π = 63.6 cm2
4π × 7.52
(6.2 + 4.5)
2 × 4.3 = 23.0 cm2 = 706.858 cm2
2
   πr = 4––––––––
π × 7.5
3 3
3 6.5 5.8=37.7 cm2 Volume = 4–––
1 3 3
4 2 × 5.7 × 3.6 = 10.3 cm2
= 1767.146 cm3
5 6.48 m2
6 Surface area = 2πr2 + πr2 + 2πrh
6 2.9(2.7 + 4.1)
+ (6.3 × 4.1) = 2π × 62 + π × 62
2
+ 2π × 6 × 5
(2.052)
+ = 42.3 cm2 = 527.788 cm2
2
r3
Exercise 3I Volume = 2 + πr2h
3
4(7 × 8) π × 63
1 Pyramid: (7 × 7) + = 2 ––––– + π × 62 × 5
2 3
= 161 cm2
=1017.876 cm3
Cylinder: 2(2.22π) + (4.4π
× 5.6) = 107.8 cm2 7 Volume of container
( 40 2 × 70 )
Cone: (π × 4 × 10) + (4 π) 2 = = 37 333.33 cm3
3
= 175.9 cm2

Diagonals Irregular Rectangle Parallelogram Rhombus Square Trapezium Kite

Perpendicular × × × ü ü × ü
Equal × ü × × ü × ×
Bisect × ü ü ü ü × ×
Bisect angles × × × ü ü × ×

774 Answers
 Volume of one ball −1
4 r 3 44π 
 10 3 2
4
= – 0.25 gradient of 5 and the
× 103 4
=  ––––––– 2
3 33 3 = 0.4
5 other has a gradient of 0)
= 4188.79 cm3 −6
Volume of eight balls 4 = –1.5 d Perpendicular (gradients
4
= 33 510.32 cm3 −5 of 1 and −1)
5 = –5
Space left in the container is 1 e Parallel (gradients of 1.5)
6 undefined
37 333.33 − 33 510.32 3
7 =3 Exercise 3P
= 3823.012 cm3 1
1 y − 5 = 3(x − 1)
8 Surface area = 2πr2 + 2πrh 2 1
8 = y − 5 = 3x − 3
= 2π × 4.52 + 4 2
2π × 4.5 × 14 9 0 y = 3x + 2
= 523.1 cm2 Exercise 3N 2 y − 11 = 4(x − 5)
Volume = πr2h = π × 4.52 × 14 1 ( −15 − −16)
=
1 = -0.039
y − 11 = 4x − 20
= 890.6 cm3 ( −7 − 19 ) ( −26)
y = 4x − 9
9 Volume = π × 5.52h = 250 2 ( −7 − −19 ) 12
= -4
= 3 y − 12 = 2.5(x − 4)
250 ( −2 − 1) −3
–––––––
π × 5.52 = h 2y − 24 = 5(x − 4)
3 (−4 − 7) − 11 = 5.5
h = 2.63 cm = 2y − 24 = 5x − 20
(−6 − −4) −2
10 Surface area = 2πrh = 950 2y = 5x + 4
950 (16 − 8) 8
4 = = -0.73
=r (9 − 20 ) −11 y = 2.5x + 2
2  60
r = 2.5 cm (7 − −13) 20 = undefined 4 y − 20 = 0.5(x − 12)
5 =
Exercise 3J (17 − 17 ) 0 y − 20 = 0.5x − 6

1 y (3 − 3) 0 y = 0.5x + 14
6 = =0
10 (1 − 14 ) −13 5 y − − 13 = 5(x − − 2)
8 ( −15 − 0 ) −15 y + 13 = 5(x + 2)
7 = =1.071
6 ( −11 − 3) −14 y + 13 = 5x + 10
4 (10 − −2) 12 y = 5x − 3
8 = = -0.4
2 ( −11 − 19 ) −30
6 y - 1 = − 3(x − 1)
(15 − −10 ) (25) y - 1 = − 3x + 3
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x 9 = = -1.19
–2 ( −15 − 6) ( −21)
y = − 3x + 4
–4 ( −18 − −18) 0
10 = =0 7 y − − 1 = − 2(x − − 3)
–6 (18 − 12) 6
2 A(4, 9), B(– 4, 2), C(–8, – 6), y + 1 = − 2x − 6
D(8, –8) y = −2x − 7
Exercise 3O 1
Exercise 3K 6 9 8 y − −3 = − (x − −4)
1 a 3 and , 4.5 and 2
1 (5, 5) 2 2
1
2 (–1, –1) 1 −2 y + 3 = − (x + 4)
b -3 and , 4.5 and , 2
3 9
3 (1.5, 2.5) 2
and -1.5 1
y+3=− x−2
Exercise 3L 3 2
2 a Parallel (both have
1 5 1
gradient of 2) y=− x−5
2 9.43 2
b Perpendicular (one has 19 − 7
3 14.8 a gradient of 4 and the 9 Gradient is =4
5−2
Exercise 3M 1
other’s is − ) y − 7 = 4(x − 2)
−4 4
1 = – 0.8 c Neither (one has a y − 7 = 4x − 8
5
y = 4x − 1

Answers 775
 −11 − −3 −8 1 5
10 Gradient is = =2 2 2 3 5 5 9
−5 − −1 −4 2
3 1 2 2 3
y − − 3 = 2(x - -1) 3 4 2 3 3 6 7 8
y + 3 = 2(x + 1) 4 5 2 2 2 4
6 0 3 4
y + 3 = 2x + 2 8 7 3 4
y = 2x − 1 12 Key 6|3 means 6.3
Exercise 4A Exercise 4C
1 Bar graph to show colors of Pictogram to show number of 1 Discrete
cars visits to the cinema by Ida’s 2 Discrete
16 classmates 3 Continuous
14
12
Times visited Numbers of 4 Continuous
Number of cars

10
8 per month students 5 Continuous
6 1 △ △
4 6 Discrete
2 △ △ △
2
7 Discrete
0 3 △ △
Black Red Blue Green Silver White
8 Continuous
Color 4 △
Pie Chart to show colors of cars 8
9 Continuous
Black 12 Exercise 4D
Red 1 a mode=1
Key Δ is 2 students
Blue
Exercise 4B median=4
Green
1 mean=4
Silver
2 1 3 5 6 8 b mode=5
White 3 0 0 0 3 6 7 9 9
median=5
Pictogram to show colors of 4 0 1 2 2 2 2 6 9
5 0 4 mean=4
cars
Numbers of cars Key 2|1 means 21 c mode=2 and 8
Black △ △ △ △ △ △ 2 median=5
Red △ △ △ 12 1 3 mean=5
Blue △ △ △ △ △
14 5 8 9 d mode=25
Green △ △ △
15 1 2 7 median=25
Silver △ △ △ △ △ △ △ 16 3 4
White △ △ △ △ △ 17 6 6 7 mean=25
Key Δ is 2 cars 18 5 e mode=10.2
Key 16|4 means 164 median=10.2
2 Bar graph to show number
of times Ida’s classmates had 3 mean=9.42
visited the cinema 1 9
2 2 5 6 7 8 9 2 a 1
8 3 0 4 6 7
7
b 1
4 2 3 4 6 8 8 9
c 1.67
Number of students

6
5 2 3 5 7 8
5
6 2
4 3 a 8
3 Key 4|2 means 42
2 b 8
1 4
c 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 1 4 4 6 8 9
Visits to the cinema
2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 4 a 4.82
3 0 4 5 6 8
Pie chart to show number of 4 b 5.06
visits to the cinema by Ida’s 5 1 6 c 5.02
classmates Key 2|4 means 24
5 a 497

776 Answers
 b 497
c 400
Exercise 4E
1 a 38 − 26=12
b 34 − 28=6
2 a 8 − 0=8
b 4 − 1=3
3 a 8 − − 7=15
b 4 − − 4=8
4 a 20 − 12=8
b 18 − 14=4
5 a 23.5 − 2.45=21.05
b 12.4 − 3.5=8.9

Answers 777
 Mark scheme
Practice Paper 1
SECTION A
1 a p = −1, q = 3 (or vice versa) A1 A1 N2
b i x = 1 (must be an equation) A1 N1
ii correctly substituting the values for x, p and q
f (1) = 2(1 + 1)(1 − 3) M1
vertex (1, −8) A1 A1 N2
2 a f ′(x) = −2e−2x A1
f ″(x) = 4e−2x A1
f ″′(x) = −8e−2x A1
f (4)(x) = 16e−2x A1 N4
b generalization of alternating signs (A1)
f (n)(x) = (−1)n2ne−2x or f (n)(x) = (−2)ne−2x A1 A1 N3
3 a 6 A1 N1
b evidence of using binomial expansion (M1)
⎛5⎞
( ) ( −2 x )
2 3
evidence of calculating the factors ⎜ ⎟ x 4 A1 A1 A1
⎝2⎠
−80x11 A1 N2
3 2
4 a i sin q = , cos q = (A1) (A1)
13 13
correct substitution A1

e.g. sin 2q = 2 ⎜
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13 ⎠ ⎝ 13 ⎠
12
sin 2q = A1 N3
13
ii correct substitution A1
2 2 2
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
2 ⎜ cos⎟2θ−=
cos 2q = e.g. 1, ⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13 ⎠ ⎝ 13 ⎠ ⎝ 13 ⎠
5
cos 2q = − A1 N1
13
12
b tan 2q = − A1 N1
5
5 a i p=6 A1 N1
ii q=5 A1 N1
iii r=9 A1 N1
iv s = 20 A1 N1
9
40
b P (V | D ′ ) = (M1)
29
40
9
P (V | D ′ ) = A1 N2
29
c valid reason R1
e.g. P(V ∈ D) ≠ 0 or P(V ∈ D) ≠ P(V) + P(D) or
correct numerical equivalent thus, V and D are
not mutually exclusive AG N0

778 Answers
6 a correct expression A1 N1
4 4

( ) ⎟⎟⎞ ( )
2
⎛ 1
2
1
2
⎜ sin x sin x
π ⎜⎜ π
⎟ dx ,
1 1
dx
⎝ x 4 ⎠ x 2
0 0
b uses a correct substitution
4 2

e.g. π
( )
sin x
1
2

dx = 2π sin u du (M1)
1
2
x
0 0
correct antiderivative

( )⎤⎦⎥
2 4
sin u du = −2p [ cos u ]0 or − 2p ⎡ cos x
2 1
2π 2
A1
0 ⎣⎢ 0

correct evaluation
2π (cos 2 − cos 0) = −2π (cos 2 − 1) A1
p = −2, q = 2 A1 A1 N0
7 a 0 A1 N1
b interchanging x and y (may be seen at any time) (M1)
e. g. x = 4−y
evidence of correct manipulation A1
e. g.−y = log4x, y = log4x−1
−1 1
f ( x ) = log 4 AG N0
x
c finding g(4) (seen anywhere) A1
attempt to substitute M1

( f −1 ° g ) (4 ) = log 4
2
1
4
1
( f −1 ° g ) ( 4 ) = log 4
16 (A1)
( )
f −1° g (4) = −2
A1 N1

SECTION B
8 a i finds the derivative of f A1 A1 A1
f ' (x) = 6x2 − 3x − 3 (M1)
sets the derivative equal to 0
e. g. 6x2 − 3x − 3 = 0, f ' (x) = 0 A1
solves the equation
1
e. g. 3(2 x 2 − x − 1) =0 ⇒ 2(2 x + 1)( x − 1) =0⇒x =− ,1
2
chooses the negative value
1
x=− A1 N0
2
ii finds the second derivative of f A1 A1
f ' (x) = 12x − 3 (M1)
sets the second derivative equal to 0
e. g. 12x − 3 = 0, f '' (x) = 0
solves the equation A1 N0
1
x=
4

Answers 779
 b i reflection gives (1, −2) (A1)
translation gives (1, −5) A1 N2
ii reflection gives y = −2x3 + 1.5x2 + 3x − 4.5 (A1)
translation gives g(x) = −2x3 + 1.5 x2 + 3x − 7.5 A1 N2
9 a Shows evidence of using product rule M1
f ' (x) = (x) (−e−x) + (e−x) (1) A1 A1
= e−x (−x + 1) A1
= e−x (1− x) AG N0
b f '' (x) = (e−x)(−1) + (1− x) (−e−x) A1 A1
= −2e − x + xe − x (= e − x ( x − 2)) A1 N3
c i f ' (1) = 0 A1
f ' (1)= 
1 A1 N2
f '' (1) e
ii applies the second derivative test A1
There is a relative maximum at x = 1 R2 N0
1
since f ' (1) = 0 and f ' (1)   e  0
10 a recognizing scalar product must be zero (seen anywhere) R1
e.g. a · b = 0
⎛ 8 ⎞ ⎛2⎞
evidence of choosing direction vectors ⎜ −2 ⎟ , ⎜ 2 ⎟ (A1) (A1)
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ (A1)
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ l ⎠
correct calculation of scalar product
e.g. 8(2) + (−2)(2)+12l
simplification that clearly leads to a solution A1
e.g. 12+12l = 0 AG N0
l=−1
b i evidence of equating vectors M1
⎛0⎞ ⎛8⎞ ⎛4⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
e.g. ⎜ 4 ⎟ + p ⎜ −2 ⎟ = ⎜ −2 ⎟ + s ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝1⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 15 ⎠ ⎝ −1⎠
any two correct equation A1 A1
e.g. 8p = 4 + 2s, 4 − 2p = −2 +2s, 1 + 12p = 15 − s
attempting to solve equations (M1)
finding one correct parameter (p = 1, s = 2) A1
⎛8⎞
OA = ⎜ 2 ⎟ A1 N3
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13 ⎠
c i evidence of approach A1
⎛8⎞ ⎛9⎞
e.g. BABA = OA − OB, BA = ⎜ 2 ⎟ − ⎜ 6 ⎟
= OA − OB, BA =
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 13 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
⎛ −1 ⎞
BA== ⎜ −4 ⎟
BA A1 N2
⎜ ⎟
⎝3⎠
ii choosing correct vectors, BA and BC (A1)
calculating BA • BC A1
⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ −4 ⎟ • ⎜ −5 ⎟ = 25
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

780 Answers
 calculating |BA |and |BC | A1 A1

|BA |= 26 and |BC |= 30

evidence of using the formula to find cosine
25
cos q = =26.5º A1 N4
26 30

Mark scheme
Practice Paper 2
SECTION A
1 a 0.969 (A1)
b Strong, positive correlation. (A1)(A1)
c y = 4.89x + 5.67 (A1)
d y = 4.89(20) + 5.67 = 103 grams (M1)(A1)

2 a 4 A1
b Evidence of appropriate approach e.g. un = 329 (M1)
Correct working e.g 329 = 5 + (n − 1)4 A1
n = 82 A1
c Evidence of correct substitution (M1)
e.g. S = 82 (2(5) + (82 − 1)4)
82 2
S82 = 13 694 (A1)
3 a Evidence of choosing the product rule
e.g. (x cos x) + (1sin x) (M1)
f '(x) = sin x + x cos x (A1) (A1)
b y
6
4
2

–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
–2
–4
–6
A1 for correct domain, with endpoints in the correct place.
A1 for approximately correct shape.
A1 for local minimum in the correct place.
A1 for local maximum in the correct place.

∑ fx
4 a Evidence of substituting into the mean = ∑ f (M1)
70 + 5x
Correct substitution e.g. = 44 ⇒ x = 6
= (A1)
19 + x
b 1.33 (A1)
c 4.6 (A1)
d No change. (A1)
BD 8
5 a Using the Sine rule e.g. = (M1)
sin100° sin30°
BD = 15.8 (A1)(A1)
82 + 102 − BD2
b Using the Cosine rule e.g. CosBCD = (M1)
2 × 8 × 10
Angle BCD = 122º (A1)(A1)

Answers 781
 1
c Using the area formula e.g. A = × 8 × 10 × sin BCD (M1)
2
Area BCD = 34.0 (A1)
6 Evidence of integrating the acceleration function. (M1)

⎛1 ⎞
e.g. ⎜ + 3sin 2t ⎟ dt
⎝ t ⎠
3
correct expression e.g. lnt − cos 2t + c
2
3
evidence of substituting (1,0) e.g. 0 = ln1− cos 2 + c (A1)( A1)
2
c = − 0.624 (M1)
3
v = ln t − cos 2t − 0.624 (A1)
2
v (5) = 2.24 (A1)

7 a Evidence of using binomial probability. (M1)

⎛ 10 ⎞
Correct substitution e.g. ⎜ ⎟ (0.25) 4 (0.75) 6 (A1)
⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
P = 0.146 (A1)
b P (X ≥ 2) > 0.9 ∈ P (X < 2) < 0.1
P (X < 2) = P (X = 0) + P (X = 1)
⎛n⎞ ⎛n⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟ (0.25)0 (0.75) n + ⎜⎜⎟ (0.25)1 (0.75) n −1 (M1)
⎟ ⎟
⎝0⎠ ⎝1⎠
(A1)
= (0.75)n + 0.25n (0.75)n −1 < 0.1
Use of graphical or table function. (M1)
The game must be played at least 15 times. (A1)

SECTION B
8 a i 1am (A1)
ii 10am (A1)
b The depth of water can be modeled by the function
y = Acos(B(x − C )) +D
9 −1
i Amplitude = =4 (M1) (A1)
2
ii 1 (A1)
iii 5 (A1)
2π π
iv B = = (M1) (A1)
12 6
⎛π ⎞
=
v y 4 cos ⎜ ( x −1) ⎟ + 5 (A1) (A1)
⎝6 ⎠


c Correct use of the model 4.5 4 cos ( x  1)  5 (M1)
6
Evidence of using a graphical method (M1)
The Seahawk can enter after 9:46 am. (x = 9.76) (A1)

782 Answers
9 a y (A1) (A1)
6
4
2 R
g(x)
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
–2
–4
f(x)
–6

(A1) for showing the basic shape of f (x).

(A1) the basic shape of g (x).
(A1) for the correct x-intercepts.
(A1) for the correct y-intercepts
b i x = −3 is the vertical asymptote. (A1) (A1)
ii x-intercept: x = 4.39 ( = e − 3)
2
(A1)
iii y-intercept: y = −0.901 ( = ln 3 − 2) (A1)
c f (x) = g (x)
x = −1.34 or x = 3.05 (M1) (A1)
d i See graph 3.05
(M1)
ii Area of R = (4 − (1 − x) ) − (ln (x + 3) − 2) dx
2
(M1) (A1)
0
iii Area of R = 10.6 (A1)
10 a P(G > 170) = 1 − P(G < 170) (M1)
⎛ 170 − 155 ⎞
P(G > 170) = 1 − P ⎜ Z < ⎟ (M1)(A1)
⎝ 10 ⎠
P(G > 170) = 1 − Φ (1.5) = 1 − 0.9332
= 0.0668
b z = −1.2816 (A1)
Correct calculation
(e.g. x = 155 + −1.282 × 10) A1
x = 142
c Calculating one variable (A1)
e.g. P(B < r) = 0.95, z = 1.6449
r = 160 + 1.645(12) = 179.74 (M1)
= 180 (A1)
Any valid calculation for the second variable, including
use of symmetry
e.g. P(B < q) = 0.05, z = −1.6449
q = 160 − 1.645(12) = 140.26 (M1)(A1)
= 140
d P(M ∈ (B > 170)) = 0.4 × 0.2020, P(F ∈ (G > 170)) The following symbols (A1)(A1)
= 0.6 × 0.0668 are used in this mark A1
P(H > 170) = 0.0808 + 0.04008 scheme: A1
= 0.12088 = 0.121 (3 sf) Girls’ height
P(F ∈ (G > 170)) 0.04008 G ~ N(155, 102),
e (P(F/H > 170) = ––––––––––––––– = –––––––– (M1)(M1)(A1)
P(H > 170) 0.12088 boys’ height
= 0.332 B ~ N(160, 122).
Height H, Female F,
Male M.

Answers 783