Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
41 km 53 km
1
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
5. Example:
An aeroplane flies from A to B, which is located 300 km east of A. Upon reaching B, the
aeroplane then flies to C, which is located 400 km north. The total time of flight is 4
hours. Calculate
i. The speed of the aeroplane
ii. The velocity of the aeroplane
A 300 km B
ii. velocity = displacement
C time
(Determine the displacement denoted by
AC and its direction)
400 km
= . 500 .
A B 4
= 125 km h-1 (in the direction of 0530)
300 km
2
20 – 0
2
= 10 m s-2
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Then , a = 0 – 30 = -6 m s-2
5
Analysing of motion
1. Linear motion can be studied in the laboratory using a ticker timer and a ticker tape.
Refer text book photo picture 2.4 page 26.
(i) Determination of time:
. . . . . . . .
the frequency of the ticker timer = 50 Hz ( 50 ticks in 1 second)
so, 1 tick = 1 second = 0.02 seconds
50
(ii) Determination of displacement as the length of ticker tape over a period of time.
.
x
. . . . . . .
xy = displacement over time t
y t = 7 ticks
= 0.14 s
3
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
.……………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv) Determination of velocity
. . . . . . . .
12.6 cm 10 x 0.02 = 0.2 s
displacement = ……………………… time = ………………………………..
-1
Velocity, v = 12.6 = 63.0 cm s
0.2
Example 2 : A van that is traveling with velocity 16 m s-1 decelerates until it comes to rest.
If the distance traveled is 8 m, calculate the deceleration of the van.
given : u = 16 m s-1 , v = 0(rest) , s = 8 m a=?
v2 = u2 + 2 as
02 = 162 + 2 a(8)
a = -16 ms-2
Execise 2.1
Length / cm
1. Figure 2.1 shows a tape chart
consisting of 5-tick strip. Describe 16
the motion represented by AB and BC.
In each case, determine the ; 12
(a) displacement 8
s = 4 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 16 + 16
= 72.0 cm 4
(b) average velocity
0 A Figure 2.1
72 .0
vaverage = B C Time/s
6(0.1)
= 120.0 cm s-1
16 .0
(c) acceleration Note : v = = 1.6 cm s-1
0.1
v −u 1.6 −0.4 4.0
a= = u= = 0.4 cm s-1
t 0 .5 0.1
= 2.4 cm s-2 t = 5 (0.1) = 0.5 s
2. A car moving with constant velocity of 40 ms-1 . The driver saw and obtacle in front and
he immediately stepped on the brake pedal and managed to stop the car in 8 s. The
distance of the obstacle from the car when the driver spotted it was 180 m. How far is the
obstacles from the car has sttoped.
u = 40 ms-1 v=0 t=8s
s initial = 180 m (from car to obstacle when the driver start to step on the brake)
sfinal = ? ( from car to abstacle when the stopped)
obstacle
sinitial
s sfinal
1
s= ( u + v )t = 1 ( 40 + 0)8 = 160 m
2 2
sfinal = sinitial – s
= 180 – 160
= 20 m
5
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
After t seconds,
in thethe object
form returns
of graph to origin
called (reverse)
a motion graphswith
The data of the motion of the car can beuniform
presented………………………………….
velocity
The displacement-time Graph Total displacement is zero
…….……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………….………………………………………
……………………………………………..………………………
…………………………………………………………………
6
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
t1 t2 t (s)
d) v (m s-1) Graph analysis:
The shape of the graph is a curve
...…………………………………..………………..
Its velocity increases with time.
……………………………………………………..
The gradient of the graph increases.
………………………………………………………
The object moves with increasing acceleration.
t (s) ………………………………………………………
The area under the graph is equal to the total displacement of
.……………………………………………………...
the moving object.
2. v/m s-1
Calculate:-
(i) acceleration,a over OP, PQ and QR
10
(ii) Displacement
P Given : VO = 0 m s-1, VP = 10 m s-1 ,
5 Q
Solution : VQ = 10 m s-1 VR = 0 m s-1
tOP = 4 s tPQ = 4 s tQR = 2 s
10 − 0 10 −10
(i) aOP = = 2.5ms−2 aPQ= = 0 ms −2
O 4 4
R
0 − 10 −2
0 2 4 6 8 10 t/s aQR = = −5.0 ms
2
1
(ii) S = (4 +10)(10) = 70.0m
2
8
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Excercise 2.2
1. (a) s/m (b) s/m (c) s/m
10
b) The body start move at 10 m infront of the initial point, then back to initial point
in 2 s. The body continue it motion backward 10 m..
The body move with uniform velocity.
2. Describe and interpret the motion of body which is represented by the velocity-time
graphs shown in figure 2.22. In each case, find the distance covered by the body and its
displacement
10
t/s 0 2 4 t/s
-5 -10
Figure 2.22
(a) The body move with uniform velocity , 5 m s-1 backward.
(b) The body start it motion with 10 m s-1 backward and stop at initial point
in 2 s, then continue it motion forward with increasing the velocity until
10 m s-1 in 2 s.
9
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
4. Meaning of inertia :
The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to
…………..………………………………………………………………………………….
continue its uniform motion in a straight line
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Mass and inertia
1. Refer to figure 2.14 of the text book, the child and an adult are given a push to swing.
An adult
(i) which one of them will be more difficult to be moved ……………………...
An adult
(ii) which one of them will be more difficult to stop? …………………………….
2. The relationship between mass and inertia : ……………………………….
The larger the mass, the larger its inertia.
……………………………………………………………..
have the tendency to remain its situation either at rest or in
3. The larger mass ………………………………………………………………………….
moving.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Effects of inertia
Application of inertia
1. Positive effect : …………………………………………………………………………
Drying off an umbrella by moving and stopping it quickly.
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………………
Building a floating drilling rig that has a big mass in order to be stable and safe.
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
To tight the loose hammer
(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
We should take a precaution to ovoid the effect.
2. Negative effect : ………………………………………………………………………….
During a road accident, passengers are thrust forward when their
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………...
car is suddenly stopped.
Passengers are hurled backwards when the vehicle starts to move and are hurled forward
……………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) when it stops immediately.
………………………………………………………………………………………
A person with a heavier/larger body will find it move difficult to stop his movement.
………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) ………………………………………………………………………………………
Execise 2.3
1. What is inertia? Does 2 kg rock have twice the inertia of 1 kg rock?
Inetia is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to continue its uniform
………………………………………………………………………………………………
motion in a straight line.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Yes, the inertia increase with the mass increased.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.
Figure 2,3
A wooden dowel is fitted in a hole through a wooden block as shown in figure 2.31.
Explain what happen when we
11
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Conservation of momentum
mg
mb vb vg = 0
Momentum = mbvb
(mb + mg)
Starting position before vb&g
she catches the ball
vb vg
mb
Momentum = mbvb mg
Starting position
before she throws Momentum = -
the ball mgvg
Throwing a massive ball
m1 u2 v2
m2 m1
m2
12
Momentum : m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
The objects involved are in contact with each other before explosion and are
3. explosion : …….....…………………………………………………………………...
separated after the explosion.
(m1 + m2), u = 0 v1 v2
m2
Before
Momentum : (mexplosion after explosion
1 + m2)u = m1 vv - m2 v2
Example 1 :
Car A Car B
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at
20 m s-1 in front of it. Car A and B move separately after collision. If Car A is still moving at
25 m s-1 after
Givencollision,
: m = 100determine
kg the, velocity
u = 30 m ofsCar
-1
, v B=after
25 mcollision.
s-1, m = 90 kg,
A A A B
-1
uB = 20 m s , vB = ?
Solution :
mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB
(100)(30) + (90)(20) = (100)(25) + (90)(vB)
vB = 25.56 m s-1
Example 2 :
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at
20 m s-1 in front of it. Car A is pulled by Car B after collision. Determine the common velocity of
Car A and B after collision.
Given : mA = 100 kg , uA = 30 m s-1, mB = 90 kg, uB = 20 m s-1 , v(A+B) = ?
Solution :
Example 3 :
A bullet of mass 2 g is shot from a gun of mass 1 kg with a velocity of 150 m s-1 . Calculate the
velocity of the recoil of the gun after firing.
Solution : Given ; mb = 2 g = 0.002 kg, mg = 1 kg, u(g+b) = 0 , vb = 150 m s-1
vg = ?
0 = mgvg – mb vb,
0 = (1)(vg) – (0.002)(150), vg = 0.3 m s-1
Exercise 2.4
1. An arrow of mass 150 g is shot into a wooden block of mass 450 g lying at rest on a
smooth surface. At the moment of impact, the arrow is travelling horizontally at 15 ms-1.
Calculate the common velocity after the impact.
ma = 150 g mwb = 450 g m (a+wb) = 600 g
va = 15 m s-1 vwb = 0 v(a+ wb) = ?
Force can make an object;
1. Move 2. Stop the moving
mava + mwbvwb = m(a+wb)v(a+wb) , (0.15 x 15) + (0.450 x 0) = 0.6 v(a+ wb)
3. Change the shape of the object v4. =Hold
3.75the
m sobject
-1 at rest
(a+ wb)
2. A riffle of mass 5.0 kg fires a bullet of mass 50 g with a velocity of 80 m s-1 .Calculate the
recoil velocity. Explain why the recoil velocity of a riflle is much less than the velocity of
the bullet.
mr = 5.0 kg mb = 50 g
vr = ? vb = 80 m s-1
mr vr = mb vb , ( 5.0 ) vr = ( 0.05)(80)
vr = 0.8 m s-1
Idea of force
1. What will happen when force act to an object?
14
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Idea of balanced forces
1. An object is said to be in balance when it is:
1. In a stationary state
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Moving at uniform velocity
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Stationary object
Normal reaction, N
……………………………… explanation :
Magnitude R = W but R acts in an opposite
Stationary object ………………………………………………
direction to the weight.
………………………………………………
( object is in equilibrium )
……….……………………………………..
weight, w = mg
…………………………………………
3. An object moving with uniform velocity
Normal reaction, N
…………………………….. explanation :
Frictional force Force, F Force , F = Friction
…..……………. …………… ……………………………………………..
Resultant = F – Friction
…………………………………………….. = 0 (object is in equilibrium)
weight, w = mg Examples :
……………………………………………..
……………………………… 1.A car move at constant velocity.
………..…………………………………….
2.A plane flying at constant velocity.
……………………………………………..
……………………………………………..
when it is moving in acceleration.
Idea of unbalancedResultant
forces force
1. A body is said to be in unbalanced..……………………………………………………
The ball move in acceleration
2. ……………………….. Explanation;
because the forces act are not balanced.
F > F’
………………………………………………
F F’ So, the ball move in F direction
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
……… …….. ………………………………………………
Relationship between forces, mass and acceleration (F = ma)
15
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Example 2 :
m = 25 kg
F = 200 N
2. A 1000 kg car is travelling at 72 km h-1 when the brakes are applied. It comes to a stop in
a distance of 40 m. What is the average braking force of the car?
Example 1; v u
5(10) - (- 5(10))
wall 100 = 100 N
If ; u = 10=m s-1100
, vNs
= - 10 m s-1 , m = 5 kg and t = 1 s 1
Example 2; v u
5(10) - (- 5(10))
Wall with a soft surface 100 = 50 N
= 100 Ns 2
Impulsive force , F ∝ 1 / t 17
Exercise 2.6
1. A force of 20 N is applied for 0.8 s when a football player throws a ball from the sideline.
What is the impulse given to the ball?
Fimpulse = Ft
= 20 x 0.8
= 16.0 Ns
2. A stuntman in a movie jumps from a tall building an falls toward the ground. A large
canvas bag filled with air used to break his fall. How is the impulsive force reduced?
18
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Crumple zones
Anti-lock brake
system (ABS)
Rubber bumper Absorb impact in minor accidents, thus prevents damage to the car.
Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and thus
Air bag
prevents injuries to the driver and passengers.
Prevents the passengers from being thrown out of the car. Slows
Safety seat belt down the forward movement of the passengers when the car stops
abruptly.
- The absorber made by the elastic material
Prevents the collapse
: To absorb the effectofofthe front (hentaman)
impact and back ofduring
the caritinto the
moving
Side bar- in doors
Made passenger
by the soft material compartment. Also gives good protection from a side-on
of bumper
collision.
: To increase the time during collision, then the impulsive
force will be decreased.
- The passenger’s space made by the strength materials.
Exercise 2.7 : To decrease the risk trap to the passenger during accident.
1. - Keep
By anphysics
using air bagconcepts,
at the in front
explainof dash board and infront
the midifications to the of
buspassengers
that help to improve that
: Acts as a cushion for
safety of passengers and will be more comfortable. the head and body in an accident and
thus prevents injuries to the driver and passengers.
- Shatter-proof windscreen
: Prevents the windscreen from shattering.
19
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
the object is said to be free
falling
is known as acceleration due to gravity.
1. = F = 4800 . = 8 N kg-1
The region around the earth isg ………………………………………………………….
2. m 600
The object in gravitational field …………………………………………………………
3. The gravitational field strength is defined ……………………………………………..
4. The gravitational field strength, g can be calculate as;
20
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
7. Example 1. Can you estimate the gravitational force act to your body?
mass = 60 kg, g = 9.8 N kg-1, F = ?
Example 2,
A satellite of mass 600 kg in orbit experiences a gravitational force of 4800 N. Calculate
the gravitational field strength.
Example 3,
A stone is released from rest and falls into a well. After 1.2 s, it hits the bottom of the
well.
(a) What is the velocity of the stone when it hits the bottom?
(b) Calculate the depth of the well.
Given : u = 0 ms-1, t = 1.2 s, a = g = 9.8 ms-2
(a) v = ? v = u + at
= 0 + (9.8)(1.2)
= 11.76 ms-1
(b) Depth = s = ? s = ut + ½ at2
= (0)(1.2) + ½ (9.8)(1.2)2
= 7.1 m
Weight
as the gravitational force acting on the object.
1. The weight of an object is defined ……………………………………………………..
2. For an object of mass m, the weight can be calculate as :
weight, W = mg
where, g = acceleration due to gravity.
Example : The mass of a helicopter is 600 kg. What is the weight of the helicopter
when it land on the peak of a mountain where the gravitational field is
9.78 N kg-1? W = mg
= 6000 x 9.78
= 58 680 N
21
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Exercise 2.8
1. Sketch the following graphs for an object that falling freely.
(a) Displacement-time graph,
(b) Velocity-time graph
(c) Acceleration-time graph
(a) s / m (b) v / m s-1 (c) a / m s2
2. The following data was obtained from an experiment to measure the acceleration due to
gravity.
Mass of steel bob = 200 g, distance covered = 3.0 m, time of fall = 0.79 s.
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity of steel bob.
Give the explanation why your answer different with the constant of gravitational
acceleration, g = 9.8 m s-2.
m = 200 g s = 3.0 m t = 0.79 s u=0 g=?
= 0.2 kg
sIt=isutin+a ½
stationary
g t2 state
3.0
It is=moving
0 (0.7) with g (0.792)velocity
+ ½ uniform
-2
g = 9.6 m s
Normal reaction, R Normal reaction, R
The answer less than the constant because of the air frictional force.
normal reaction, R
Weight, W
Addition of Force
a resultant force is a single force the
1. Addition of force is defined as ...……………………………………………………..
represents in magnitude and direction two or more forces acting on an object
………………………………………………………………………………………………
F resultant = the total of forces (including the directions of the forces)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Examples : the forces are acting in one direction
F1 = 10 N
F2 = 5 N
Resultant force, F = F1 + F2 = 10 + 5 = 15 N
Resultant force, F = F1 - F2 = 10 - 5 = 5 N
F2 = 5 N
500 F
23
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
F1 = 10 N
Parallelogram method:
1. Draw to scale.
2. Draw the line parallel with F1 to the edge of F2, and the line parallel with F2 to the
edge of F1
3. Connect the diagonal of the parallelogram starting from the initial point.
4. Measure the length of the diagonal from the initial point as the value of the
resultant force.
F2
F
F1
Triangle method
1. Draw to scale.
2. Displace one of the forces to the edge of another force.
Solution : Resultant force, F = 6000 – 5300
3. Complete the triangle and measure=700theNresultant force from the initial
point. They mere not in equilibrium
Example 1: During Sport Day two teams in tug of war competition pull with forces of
6000 N and 5300 N respectively. What is the value of the resultant force?
Are the two team in equilibrium?
24
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
pulls with a force of 200 N while workmen while workmen B pulls with a
force of 300 N. The ropes used make an angle 250 with each other. Draw a
Fx
parallelogram and label the resultant force using scale of 1 cm : 50 N.
Cos θ = F , therefore Fx = F cos θ
Determine the magnitude of resultant force.
Fy
Sin θ = , therefore Fy = F sin θ
F
250
10.5 cm
Fx = F cos θ = 50 cos 60
Fx = 50 (0.5)
= 25 N
mg = 800 N
Refer to trigonometric formula:
Example : The figure below shows Ali mopping the floor with a force 50 N
at an angle of 600 to the floor.
F = 50 N
600
25
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
200 N
400
400
Problem solving
the resultant force is equal to zero.
1. When a system is in equilibrium, ……………………………………………………….
2. If all forces acting at one point are resolved into horizontal and vertical
the sum of each component is equal to zero.
components, ……………………………………………………………………………
3. Example 1; Show on a figure;
a) the direction of tension force, T of string
b) the resultant force act to lamp
700 700 c) calculate the magnitude of tension force, T
a)T b) T’ T (c ) T’ = 2T sin 700
Fmaximum when both of forces act inTherefore,
same direction;
mlampg = 2T sin 700
Fmaximum = 18 + 6 18 N mlamp g24 N
= 24 mNlamp = 1.5 kg 6 NT =
2sin70 0
Fminimum when theWforces
lamp = 14.7 N
act in opposite direction ; 1.5(9.8)
Fminimum = 18 – 6 18 N = 012 =N 7.82 N
= 12 N 6N 2sin70
Exercise 2.9
1. Two force with magnitude 18 N and 6 N act along a straight line. With the aid of
diagrams, determine the maximun possible value and the minimum possible value of the
resultant force.
F = Resultant of Force
F2 = 2202 + 2002
F = 297.32 N
F
26
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2. A football is kicked simultaneously by two players with force 220 N and 200 N
respectively, as shown in Figure 2.9. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force.
220 N
900
200 N
4. Example 1;
Force, F
W = Fs s
If, F = 40 N and s = 2 m
Hence, W = 40 x 2
= 80 J
Example 2;
27
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
80 N
600
W = Fs s= 5m
Example 3;
T T
F = 30 N
h = 1.5 m
W=Fs=Fh
= 30 (1.5)
= 45.0 J
Example 4;
W=Fs
= 600 x 0.8
F = 600 N = 480 J
S = 0.8 m
Energy
It is the potential to do work.
1. Energy is .................................................................................................................
created nor be destroyed.
2. Energy cannot be ....................................................................................................
potential energy, kinetic energy, electrical
energy, sound energy, nuclear energy and
28 chemical energy.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Force, F
3. Example 1; A small car of mass 100 kg is moving along a flat road. The
resultant force on the car is 200 N.
a) What is its kinetic energy of the car after moving through 10 m?
b) What is its velocity after moving through 10 m?
29
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
h = 1.5 m
energy
created or destroyed butofcan
an be
object due tofrom
changed its position.
one form to
1. Gravitational potential energy is………………………………………………………...
(possessed by an object due toform.
another its position in a gravitational field)
………………………………………………………………………………………………2.
W = Fs = mg h where, F = mg
Refer to the figure above; So, Gravitational energy, Eenergy
Maximum Potential p = mgh
3. Example in calculation : A coconut falls from a tree from a height of 20 m. What is the
velocity of coconut just before hitting the earth?
30
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Power
1. Power is …………………………………………………………………………………
2. A weightlifter lifts 180 kg of weights from the floor to a height of 2 m above his head in a
time of 0.8 s. What is the power generated by the weightlifter during this time?-2
g = 9.8 ms-2) Solution : Given : m = 180 kg, h = 2 m, t = 0.8 s and g = 9.8 ms . P = ?
W mgh
P= =
t t
180 × 9.8 × 2
= = 4 410 W
Efficiency 0.8
as the percentage of the energy input that is transformed into useful energy.
1. Defined……..…………………………………………………………………………….
2. Formulae of efficiency :
Useful energy output
Efficiency = ×100 %
Energy input
Energy transformation
4. Example;Solution
An electric motor
: Given in=a toy
:m 0.12crane can0.4
kg, s= liftm,
a 0.12
t = 5kgs,weight
Einputthrough
= 0.8 J a height of
0.4 m in 5 s. During this time, the batteries supply 0.8 J of energy to the motor. Calculate
(a) Eoutput
(a) The useful = ? of the motor.
of output
Eoutput of
(b) The efficiency = the
F x motor
s
= (0.12 x 10) x 0.4
= 0.48 J
(b) Efficiency = ?
E
output
Efficiency = E x 100 %
input
0.48
= x 100% = 60%
0.80
31
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Carry out hands-on activity 2.11 on page 39 of the practical book to measure the power.
Exercise 2.10
1. What is the work done by a man when he pushes a box with a force of 90 N through a
distance of 10 m? State the amount of energy transferred from the man to the force.
W=Fs The energy transferred to the force = 900 J
= 90 x 10
= 900 J
2. A sales assistant at a shop transfers 50 tins of milk powder from the floor to the top shelf.
Each tin has a mass of 3.0 kg and the height of thee top shelf is 1.5 m.
32
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
1. During the process of transformation the input energy to the useful output energy,
some of energy transformed into unwanted forms of energy.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
The efficiency of energy converters is always less than 100%.
2. .……………………………………………………………………………………………..
The unwanted energy produced in the device goes to waste.
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
Example of wasting the energy;
Kinetic energy
………..…………………
Input enegy output
from the petrol energy
Energy loss due to Energy loss Energy loss Energy loss due to friction at
…………………… ……………. ……………… …………………….
friction in as heat as sound other parts in the
..………………….. …………….. ………………….. …………………….
moving parts engine
..………………….. ……………. …………………. …………………….
4. The world we are living in face acute shortage of energy.
5. It is very important that a device makes
the best possible use of the input energy.
…………………………………………………………………
Ways of increasing the efficiency of devices
Engine must be designed with the capability to produce greater amount of
1. Heat engines ……………………..………………………………………………………
mechanical work.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Electrical devices. ...……………………………………………………………………...
Light Fittings
……………………………………………………………………………………………
- replace filament light bulb with fluorescent lamps which have higher efficiency.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
- use a lamp with a reflector so that the illumination can be directed to specific areas
……
of the user.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Air-conditioners.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
- choose a model with a high efficiency.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
- accommodate the power of air-conditioner and the size of the room
Refrigerators
………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Ensure that the room totally close so that the temperature in the room can be
- choose the capacity according to the size of the family.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
maintained.
- installed away from source of heat and direct sunlight.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
- the door must always be shut tight.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
- more economical use a large capacity refrigerator.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
- use manual defrost consumption.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Washing machines
- use a front loading as such more economical on water and electricity
33
- front loading use less detergent as compared to a top loading machine.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Explanation :
1. The atoms are separated by a distance called the equilibrium distance and vibrate at
………………………………………………………………………………………………
it position.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Force of repulsion = Force of attraction
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Forces between atoms in compression
compressive force
compressive force
34
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Explanation ;
1. Force of repulsion takes effect.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. When the compressive force is removed, force of repulsion between the atoms
………………………………………………………………………………………………
pushes
………………………………………………………………………………………………
the atom back to their equilibrium positions.
5. Forces between atoms in tension
force of attraction
0 R x (cm)
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
0 8 x/cm
Example 1; A spring has an original length of 15 cm. With a load of mass 200 g
attached, the length of the spring is extend to 20 cm.
a. Calculate the spring constant.
b. What is the length of the spring when the load is in increased
by 150 g? [assume that g = 10 N kg-1]
Given : lo = 15 cm, m = 200 g , F = 2.0 N, l = 20 cm x = 5 cm
2.0
a. k = ?, k = Fx = = 0.4Ncm−1
5
b. l = ? , when m = 150 g, F = 1.5 N From a, k = 4.0 N cm-1
F 1.5
x= = = 3.75 cm
k 0.4
l = 15 + 3.75 = 18.75 cm
Example 2; The graph shows the relationship between the
Graph F against x of stretching force, F and the spring extension, x.
F (N) spring P and spring Q (a) Calculate the spring constant of P and Q.
(b) Using the graph, determine the
8
stretching force acts to spring P and
P
spring Q, when their extension are 0.5 cm
7
Solution
6 a. Spring constant, k = gradient of graph
5 Q 6
kP = =15.79 N cm −1
4 0.38
3
3 kQ = = 6.0 N cm−1
0.5
2
b. When x = 0.5, FP = 8.0 N
1 ( extrapolation of graph P)
FQ = 3.0 N
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 x (cm)
36
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
x / cm
Example ;
5 kg x = 15 – 8
= 7 cm
= 0.07 m
Force act to the spring,
15 cm F = 5 x 10 = 50 N
8 cm
Elastic potential energy = ½ Fx
= ½ 50 (0.07) = 1.75 J
37
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Exercise 2.12
1. A 6 N force on a spring produces an extension of 2 cm. What is the extension when the
force is increased to 18 N? State any assumption you made in calculating your answer.
To solve the problem, determine the spring constant to use the formula F = k x
F = 6 N , x = 2 cm
F = kx When, F = 18 N, x = ?
6 = k (2) 18 = 3 x
-1
k = 3 N cm x = 6 cm
Reinforcement Chapter 2
A. Velocity
38
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
A. 2N 2N
What is the momentum of the stone
B. 12 N 7N just before it hits the ground?
C. 12 N 14 N A. 0.15 kg m s-1
B. 0.3 kg m s-1
D. 20 N 17 N C. 1.5 kg m s-1
D. 3.0 kg m s-1
E. 15.0 kg m s-1
6. The graph below shows the motion
of a trolley with mass 1.5 kg.
Solution :
P = mv (find v first to calculate the P)
Velocity / ms-1 Ep = Ek mgh = ½ mv2
(0.3)(10)(5) = ½ (0.3) v2
4 v = 10 m s-1
P = (0.3)(10)
= 3.0 kg m s-1
39
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
1.
Method (a)
(c) Suggest a method to move Car B so that the acceleration produced is equal to that
of method A.
……………………………………………………………………………..………..
………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ceiling
Tin
P
(i)
Q
water
Diagram 2.1
M N
(ii)
R
hand
a) Diagram 2.1(i) shows tin P that is empty and tin Q that is filled with water. A
student find difficult to pushed tin Q. Write the inference about the observation.
The difficulty to move the tin depends to its mass.
………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Diagram 2.1(ii) shows a tin being released from the different positions M and N.
The hand of a student at position R needs greater force to stop the motion of the
tin falling from position M. Explain this observation.
From position M the velocity of tin is more than the velocity compare when it is
………………………………………………………………………………………
from N. Ek increase then the force to stop it will be increased.
………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Based on the observation (i) and (ii), state two factors that affect the magnitude of
the momentum of the object.
mass and velocity
………………………………………………………………………………………
d) If water flows out from a hole at the bottom of the tin Q, how would the inertia of
Tin Q depends on time ?
inertia of tin Q will decrease because the mass of tin decreased.
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. 2 ms-1
P iron ball ( 2 kg )
S T
41
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Q R
Diagram 3 Rough surface
The figure shows a iron ball that is rolled through PQRST. The rough surface of QR has
frictional force of 4 N.
a) Calculate
(i) the kinetic energy of the iron ball at P.
Ek = ½ mv2
= ½ (2)(22) = 4.0 J
1.
42
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
(i) (ii)
Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.1(i) shows the condition of a car moving at high velocity when it suddenly
crashes into a wall.
Diagram 1.1(ii) shows a tennis ball hit with racquet by a player.
a) (i) What is the meaning of momentum?
(ii) Based on the observations of Diagram (i) and (ii), compare the
characteristics of car when it crashes into the wall and the tennis ball when
it is hit with a racquet. Hence, relate these characteristics to clarify a
physics concept, and name this concept.
b) Explain why a tennis player uses a taut racquet when playing.
Answer
a) (i) momentum is product of mass and velocity
(ii) - The shape of car changed but the shape of wall remained.
- The shape of ball remained but the shape of the racquet string was
changed. (The racquet string is elastic but the wall is harder)
- The time taken of collision between the ball and racquet string more
than
the time taken when the car hit the wall.
- The impulsive force will decrease when the time of collision increased.
- The concept is the impulsive force.
b) - To decrease the time of collision between the ball and the racquet string.
- Impulsive force will be increased.
- The force act to the ball will be increased.
- The velocity of ball will be increased.
43
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2.
Properties
Engine thrust Resistance
Brand Reaction time / s Mass / kg
force / N force / N
A 0.3 1.5 10.0 4.0
B 0.5 1.8 12.5 2.4
C 0.2 0.9 6.5 2.2
D 0.6 2.5 16.0 6.5
In a radio-controlled car racing competition, 4 mini-cars branded A, B, C and D took
part. The information of the 4 cars is given in the table above. Details of the above
information are given as below;
Reaction time - Duration between the moment the radio-controlled is switched on and
the moment the car starts moving.
Resistance - Average value of opposing forces includes the friction between
wheels and track, and air resistance.
(a) What is the meaning of acceleration?
(b) Draw a graph of velocity against time that shows a car moving initially with
constant acceleration, then moving with constant velocity and followed by
constant deceleration until it stops.
(c) Explain the suitability of the properties in the above table in constructing a radio-
controlled car racing purpose. Hence, determine which brand of car will win the
50-metre race.
(c) If Car B in the above table is moved up the plane at the angle of 30o to the
horizon,
(i) Show that the car is able to move up the plane.
(ii) Determine the acceleration of the car.
Answer :
(a) Increase the velocity
(b) v / ms-1
displacement = area under the graph
44
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
t/s
(c) - time reaction mast be short : fast to detect the signal to start its move
- has a small of mass : to decrease the inertia, then easier to start move and to
stop its moving.
- thrust force is high : has more power during its moving / increase the
acceleration
- friction force is low : decrease the lost of force
- the best car is A : because it has short of time reaction, small of mass, high of
thrust force and low friction of force.
(d) (i) EB = (12.5 – 2.4 ) (50) = 505.0 J
50 m0 50Sin300 E (suitable to move up) = 1.8 (10)
(50Sin300) 30
= 450 .0 J
EB> E ( car B can move up the plane)
(ii) F = ma , 12.5 – 2.4 = 1.8 a, a = 5.61 ms-1
45