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by quarter鄄inch鄄thick panels of stainless steel, the boxes can

withstand massive force and temperatures up to 2,000毅F. When
10篇真题记400词 submerged, they蒺re also able to emit signals from depths of
20,000 ft. Experts believe the boxes from Air France Flight
真题对备考四级的考生来说袁最具权威性遥编者从历年真 447, which crashed near Brazil on June 1, 2009, are in water
题中精选出10篇含高频词汇最为丰富的文章袁 以帮助考生高 nearly that deep, but statistics say they蒺re still likely to turn up.
效复习四级词汇袁做到事半功倍遥 In the approximately 20 deep鄄sea crashes over the past 30
years, only one plane蒺s black boxes were never recovered.
Passage 1

A Brief History of Black Boxes 黑匣子简史

You never see them, but they蒺re with you every time you 你从来都不会看到它们袁但是每次飞行时它们都与你同行遥 它
fly. They record where you蒺re going, how fast you蒺re traveling 们记录你去往何方袁 飞行速度是多少以及飞机上的一切是否运转
and whether everything on your airplane is functioning 正常遥 它们拥有几乎能够抵御任何灾难的能力袁这种能力如此强
normally. Their ability to withstand almost any disaster makes 大袁使得它们看起来就像是来自漫画书里的东西一样遥 人们把它们
them seem like something out of a comic book. They are 称之为黑匣子遥
known as the black box. 如果飞机从空中坠毁袁正如2009年6月30日也门一架客机在印
When planes fall from the sky, as a Yemeni airliner did 度洋上非洲科摩罗群岛坠毁袁 黑匣子成为了帮助确认事故原因的
on its way to the Comoros Islands in the Indian Ocean June 30, 最好工具遥 因此当一艘法国潜水艇在这次造成152名乘客罹难的空
难发生5天后探测到黑匣子的导航信号时袁这一发现标志着向确定
2009, the black box is the best bet for identifying what went
灾难的原因迈了一大步遥
wrong. So when a French submarine ( 潜 水 艇 ) detected the
1958年袁澳大利亚科学家David Warren研发了一个飞行记忆
device蒺s homing signal five days later, the discovery marked a
记录设备袁能追踪飞行高度和方向等基本信息遥 这种设备就是黑匣
huge step toward determining the cause of a tragedy in which
子的原型袁到1960年美国所有商用飞机都要求必须安装黑匣子遥 但
152 passengers were killed.
是早期型号的黑匣子往往在空难中损毁袁 所以1965年人们重新设
In 1958, Australian scientist David Warren developed a
计了该设备并把它从原本的飞机起落架舱移至机尾袁 因为这个位
flight鄄memory recorder that would track basic information like
置受到的影响最小遥 同一年袁美国联邦航空管理局要求所有黑匣子
altitude and direction. That was the first model for a black box,
(虽然它们从来都不是黑色的)的颜色统一成橙色或黄色以便于识别遥
which became a requirement on all U.S. commercial flights by
现代飞机上有两个黑匣子要要 要录音机和飞行信息记录仪院前
1960. Early models often failed to withstand crashes, however,
者追踪储存飞行员的谈话曰后者监控油量尧发动机的声音及其他运
so in 1965 the device was completely redesigned and moved to
作功能袁从而帮助调查者重构飞机失事前的情景遥 黑匣子装在一个
the rear of the plane要the area least subject to impact要from its 密闭的盒子里袁周围是厚度为0.25英寸的不锈钢板袁能承受巨大的
original position in the landing wells ( 起 落 架 舱 ). That same 冲击力和2000华氏度的高温遥 即使在两万英尺深的水下袁它也能够
year, the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes, 发射信号遥 2009年6月1日袁法国航空公司447次航班在巴西附近坠
which were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to 毁袁专家认为其黑匣子就处于水下那个深度袁不过数据显示这些黑
aid visibility. 匣子很可能会最终重见天日遥 在过去30年近20架坠毁于深海的飞
Modern airplanes have two black boxes: a voice recorder, 机中袁只有一架飞机的黑匣子未被找到遥
which tracks pilots蒺 conversations, and a flight鄄data recorder,
which monitors fuel levels, engine noises and other operating Passage 2
functions that help investigators reconstruct the aircraft蒺s final
moments. Placed in an insulated (隔绝的) case and surrounded
Foreign School Are Hiring Presidents from Abroad
When next year蒺s crop of high鄄school graduates arrive at
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Oxford University in the fall of 2009, they蒺ll be joined by a 外国学校正从国外聘请教授

new face: Andrew Hamilton, the 55鄄year鄄old provost (教务长) of 2009年秋袁 当明年的新的一批高中毕业生前往牛津大学就读
Yale, who蒺ll become Oxford蒺s vice鄄chancellor要a position 时袁他们将迎来一张新面孔院安德鲁窑汉密尔顿遥 这位现年55岁的耶
equivalent to university president in America. 鲁大学教务长即将出任牛津大学的副校长要要 要这个职位与美国的
Hamilton isn蒺t the only educator crossing the Atlantic. 大学校长相当遥
Schools in France, Egypt, Singapore, etc. have also recently 汉密尔顿并不是唯一一个跨越大西洋的教育家遥 法国尧埃及尧
made top鄄level hires from abroad. Higher education has become 新加坡等国的学校最近也都从国外聘请了顶级水平的人才遥 如今
a big and competitive business nowadays, and like so many 高等教育已发展成为一个规模巨大尧竞争激烈的行业袁并且如同其
businesses, it蒺s gone global. Yet the talent flow isn蒺t universal. 他许多行业一样袁高等教育也走向了全球化遥 然而现在人才的流动
High鄄level personnel tend to head in only one direction: 尚未全球化袁高级人才只倾向于向一个方向流动袁即从美国流向其
outward from America. 他国家遥
The chief reason is that American schools don蒺t tend to 造成这种情况的主要原因是院 美国大学往往不太愿意考虑从
seriously consider looking abroad. For example, when the board 国外招募人才遥 例如袁科罗拉多大学校董事会招募新校长时袁他们
of the University of Colorado searched for a new president, it 想要和州政府熟识的人袁因为州政府是该校主要的经费来源遥 野我
wanted a leader familiar with the state government, a major 们根本不会考虑聘请外籍人士袁冶科罗拉多大学校董事会主席帕特
source of the university蒺s budget. 野We didn蒺t do any global 里夏窑海斯如是说道遥 该董事会最终任命了69岁的布鲁斯窑本森袁他
consideration,冶 says Patricia Hayes, the board蒺s chair. The board 是一位科罗拉多商人和政治活动家袁 应该能够很好地承担起现代
ultimately picked Bruce Benson, a 69鄄year鄄old Colorado 大学校长的主要职责院筹集资金遥 筹集资金很显然具有美国特色袁
businessman and political activist (活动家) who is likely to do 因为美国的学校非常依赖捐赠遥 而在很大程度上袁筹集资金的能力
well in the main task of modern university presidents: fund鄄 取决于实践经验和对捐赠资金的需求遥
raising. Fund鄄raising is a distinctively American thing, since U.S. 与此同时袁许多欧洲大学则在很大程度上仍然依靠政府拨款遥
schools rely heavily on donations. The fund鄄raising ability is 但政府拨款的数额已经赶不上学生数量的增长遥 政府拨款减少使
largely a product of experience and necessity. 得筹集资金日益成为大学管理人员的一项必备技能袁 也使得负责
Many European universities, meanwhile, are still mostly 招聘事务的委员们纷纷急于从美国引进人才遥
dependent on government funding. But government support has 在过去几年里袁 全世界各著名院校也都表现出了这种趋势遥
failed to keep pace with rising student numbers. The decline in 2003年袁当剑桥大学任命耶鲁大学另一名前教务长艾莉森窑理查德
government support has made fund鄄raising an increasingly 为副校长时袁就公开强调艾莉森在耶鲁任职期间成功地使野耶鲁的
necessary ability among administrators, and has hiring 财力大大增强冶遥
committees hungry for Americans. 当然袁筹集资金的技能并不是外来人才的唯一砝码遥 教育事业
In the past few years, prominent schools around the world 的全球化意味着更多的大学将寻求那些具备某种国际经验的校长
have joined the trend. In 2003, when Cambridge University 以更好地推行国际项目以及吸引外国留学生遥 跨国人才往往能从
appointed Alison Richard, another former Yale provost, as its 新的角度看待学校的一些惯有做法遥
vice鄄chancellor, the university publicly stressed that in her
previous job she had overseen (监督) 野a major strengthening Passage 3
of Yale蒺s financial position.冶
Of course, fund鄄raising isn蒺t the only skill outsiders offer. Clothing: Eco鄄fashion
The globalization of education means more universities will be The January fashion show, called FutureFashion, exemplified
seeking heads with international experience of some kind to how far green design has come. Organized by the New York鄄
promote international programs and attract a global student body. based nonprofit Earth Pledge, the show inspired many top
Foreigners can offer a fresh perspective on established practices. designers to work with sustainable fabrics for the first time.
Several have since made pledges to include organic fabrics in

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their lines. and Loomstate公司使用全有机棉进行时装设计袁与Gregory同为该

The designers who undertake green fashion still face many 公司的创立者的Scott Hahn说袁 高质量的有机原材料仍然很难得
challenges. Scott Hahn, cofounder with Gregory of Rogan and 到遥 野大多数现有品牌设计师都发现袁找不到满意的有机布料来取
Loomstate, which uses all鄄organic cotton, says high鄄quality 代现在使用的尧顾客已经习惯了的布料袁冶他说遥 比如袁有机棉和非
sustainable materials can still be tough to find. 野Most designers 有机棉一旦织进服装布料中袁几乎分辨不出来遥 但是一些常用的合
with existing labels are finding there aren蒺t comparable fabrics 成材料袁像弹力尼龙袁仍然几乎没有什么有益生态的取代物遥
that can just replace what you蒺re doing and what your 那些已经开始使用有机布料的设计师们发现他们得到了更多
customers are used to,冶 he says. For example, organic cotton 的支持遥 去年袁颇具影响力的贸易展Designers & Agents向参加洛
and non鄄organic cotton are virtually indistinguishable once 杉矶和纽约两次春展的年轻的倡导绿色设计的企业家们免收参展
woven into a dress. But some popular synthetics, like stretch 费袁 并且向那些设计的服装至少使用了25%的有机布料的设计师
nylon, still have few eco鄄friendly equivalents. 们给予了特别的赞誉遥 现在倡导绿色设计的设计师有50多位袁而两
Those who do make the switch are finding they have more 年前连12位都不到遥 本周沃尔玛超市准备出台一项重大举措袁目的
support. Last year the influential trade show Designers & Agents 在于帮助棉农种植有机棉院 沃尔玛将以更高的价格收购过渡型的
stopped charging its participation fee for young green 棉花袁以此帮助扩大一种重要有机原材料的供应遥Hahn说袁野有机原
entrepreneurs (企业家) who attend its two springtime shows in 材料很快就要占主流地位了遥 冶
Los Angeles and New York and gave special recognition to 一些分析师对此尚不太确定遥 在消费者当中袁只有18%的人知
designers whose collections are at least 25% sustainable. It now 道有环保服装这么一回事儿袁而四年前这一比例只有6%遥 一位名
counts more than 50 green designers, up from fewer than a 叫Natalie Hormilla的时装作家是一个传统消费者的例子遥 当被问
dozen two years ago. This week Wal鄄Mart is set to announce a 及她是否有环保服装时袁她回答说院野我不知道什么是环保服装遥 冶
major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it 和大多数消费者一样袁她平时很少有时间逛街购物袁即便是她有空
will buy transitional ( 过 渡 型 的 ) cotton at higher prices, thus 去逛的时候袁也只是淘一淘野物美价廉的东西冶遥 她自己承认袁服装
helping to expand the supply of a key sustainable material. 是否环保还不是她所关心的遥 但是要要 要在设计师尧零售商和供应商
野Mainstream is about to occur,冶 says Hahn. 的共同努力下袁终有一天环保服装会成为大家的关心所在遥
Some analysts ( 分析 师 ) are less sure. Among consumers,
only 18% are even aware that ecofashion exists, up from 6% Passage 4
four years ago. Natalie Hormilla, a fashion writer, is an
example of the unconverted consumer. When asked if she
Both Customers and Retailers Contribute to High鄄
owned any sustainable clothes, she replied: 野Not that I蒺m aware quality Customer Service
of.冶 Like most consumers, she finds little time to shop, and High鄄quality customer service is preached (宣扬) by many,
when she does, she蒺s on the hunt for 野cute stuff that isn蒺t too but actually keeping customers happy is easier said than done.
expensive.冶 By her own admission, green just isn蒺t yet on her Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a
mind. But要thanks to the combined efforts of designers, retailers retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, co鄄
and suppliers要one day it will be. workers, strangers要and anyone who will listen.
Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and
服装——
—生态时装 often find out only when their regular customers decide to
frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted
1月份的时装秀渊名叫FutureFashion冤表明了绿色设计的理念 by Verde Group and Wharton School.
已经产生多大的影响遥 这次时装秀由总部位于纽约的非盈利组织 野Storytelling hurts retailers and entertains consumers,冶 said
Earth Pledge主办袁激发了许多顶尖设计师第一次使用不破坏生态 Paula Courtney, President of the Verde Group. 野The store loses
平衡的布料设计时装遥 好几位设计师承诺要在他们的设计中使用 the customer, but the shopper must also find a replacement.冶
有机布料遥 On average, every unhappy customer will complain to at
进行绿色时装设计的设计师们仍然面临着许多挑战遥 Rogan

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least four others, and will no longer visit the specific store. For 野顾客把自己的经历当作故事讲述伤害了商家但取悦了消费
every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up to three more 者袁冶维德集团总裁保拉窑科特尼说道袁野商家失去了客户袁但顾客也
due to negative reviews. The resulting 野snowball effect冶 can be 得另找一家商铺遥 冶
disastrous to retailers. 平均而言袁 每一个有不愉快购物经历的顾客至少会向四个人
According to the research, shoppers who purchased clothing 诉说他们的遭遇袁并且再也不会光顾那家商店遥 每一个不满意的顾
encountered the most problems. Ranked second and third were 客所带来的负面评价会使一家商店额外失去三个潜在顾客遥 这样
grocery and electronics customers. 的野雪球效应冶会给零售商店造成很严重的问题遥
The most common complaints include filled parking lots, 研究显示袁购买衣服的顾客遇到的问题最多袁其次是买杂货的
cluttered ( 塞 满 了 的 ) shelves, over鄄loaded racks, out鄄of鄄stock 顾客袁然后是买电子产品的顾客遥
items, long check鄄out lines, and rude salespeople. 导致顾客不满尧抱怨的最常见的原因包括没有空余的停车位尧
During peak shopping hours, some retailers solved the 货架上东西堆得太满尧缺货尧结账等待时间太长尧售货员态度粗鲁
parking problems by getting moonlighting ( 业 余 兼 职 的 ) local 等遥
police to work as parking attendants. Some hired flag wavers to 在购物高峰期袁 一些零售商会雇用当地警察做兼职停车服务
direct customers to empty parking spaces. This guidance 员来帮助顾客解决停车问题遥 有些会专门雇人挥舞手中的旗帜袁提
eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot 示顾客哪里有停车的空位遥 这种停车引导服务可以使顾客不用在
endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the 停车场不停兜圈寻找停车位袁 也避免了那些看到同一个停车位的
same parking space. 顾客间可能产生的冲突遥
Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store 零售商可以采取一些措施来缓解这些让顾客头疼的问题袁如
layouts, pre鄄stocking sales items, hiring speedy and experienced 改造商店的布局袁提前存储货品袁雇用手脚麻利有经验的收银员袁
cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer 派出销售代表随时解答顾客的问题遥
questions. 最重要的是袁销售人员需要有较强的交际能力袁而且能够礼貌
Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and 地对待生气的顾客遥
polite with angry customers. 野与态度不友好的商家相比袁反应迅速尧态度友善的商家更容
野Retailers who蒺re responsive and friendly are more likely to 易解决问题冶袁斯蒂芬窑霍奇教授说道遥 野或许仅仅是在商店门口安
smooth over issues than those who aren蒺t so friendly,冶 said 排一个人对来往客人打声招呼也会起作用遥 冶
Professor Stephen Hoch. 野Maybe something as simple as a 消费者也可以采取措施改善以后的购物体验遥 他们可以直接
greeter at the store entrance would help.冶 向商家投诉袁而不是到处散布自己不愉快的经历遥 零售商如果不知
Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by 道自己到底错在哪儿是很难改善他们的服务的遥
filing complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the
rest of the world. Retailers are hard鄄pressed to improve when Passage 5
they have no idea what is wrong.
Global Warming Promises to Become a Large and
高质量的客服离不开客户本身和零售商的努力 Gushing Source of National Hypocrisy
Global warming may or may not be the great environmental
很多人宣扬要为顾客提供高质量的服务袁 但实际上让顾客满 crisis of the 21st century, but要regardless of whether it is or
意是说起来容易做起来难遥 isn蒺t要we won蒺t do much about it. We will argue over it and
顾客很少直接向零售店的经理或店主投诉袁 而是会将他们不 may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn鄄sounding
要以及任
愉快的购物经历告诉他们的朋友尧亲戚尧同事尧陌生人要要 commitments to avoid it. But the more dramatic and
何愿意听他们抱怨的人遥 meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to
维德集团和沃顿商学院共同开展的一项研究显示袁 商店经理 be observed.
常常是最后一个听到顾客抱怨的人袁 而且只有当他们的老顾客开 Al Gore calls global warming an 野inconvenient truth,冶 as if
始频频光顾他们的竞争对手的时候他们才会发现顾客对他们的不 merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution. But
满遥
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the real truth is that we don蒺t know enough to relieve global 消耗和温室气体排放渊主要是CO2冤到2050年将会增长42%遥 但是肯
warming, and要without major technological breakthroughs要we 定不止这个数字袁因为日渐富裕的社会会消耗掉更多的能源遥 我们
can蒺t do much about it. 需要经济增长袁 除非我们要让全球的贫困人口永远保持目前的贫
From 2003 to 2050, the world蒺s population is projected to 困状态袁并且使其他人的生活水平也停滞不变遥 只消适度的增长袁
grow from 6.4 billion to 9.1 billion, a 42% increase. If energy 到2050年能源消耗量和温室气体排放量就会达到两倍有多遥
use per person and technology remain the same, total energy 没有哪个政府会对经济增长和个人自由渊限制电力的使用袁驾
use and greenhouse gas emissions (mainly, CO2) will be 42% 驶和旅游冤 采取严格的限制令袁 虽然这样的限制可以缓解全球变
higher in 2050. But that蒺s too low, because societies that grow 暖遥 即便事实如此袁执政者们还是想表明他们在野采取措施冶遥 就拿
richer use more energy. We need economic growth unless we 叶京都议定书曳来说吧袁它允许其成员国惩罚非成员国遥 但是它并没
condemn the world蒺s poor to their present poverty and freeze 有起到减少二氧化碳的排放量渊自从1990年以来上升了25%冤的作
everyone else蒺s living standards. With modest growth, energy 用袁并且袁许多签字国并没有采取足够严格的政策来尽力完成他们
use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050. 所制定的2008-2012年度的目标遥
No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic 比较实际的结论是袁如果全球变暖是一个潜在的灾难袁那么唯
growth and personal freedom (limits on electricity usage, driving 一的解决办法就是新技术遥 只有积极进取的研究开发项目才可能
and travel) that might cut back global warming. Still, politicians 会找到办法打破我们对于化石燃料的依赖袁 或者找到应对这一难
want to show they蒺re 野doing something.冶 Consider the Kyoto 题的办法遥
Protocol (京都议定书). It allowed countries that joined to punish 有关全球变暖的争论的难题是袁它已经成为了一个道德问题袁
those that didn蒺t. But it hasn蒺t reduced CO2 emissions (up about 而其实它只是一个工程技术上的问题遥 使人感到麻烦的事实是袁如
25% since 1990), and many signatories ( 签 字 国 ) didn蒺t adopt 果我们不解决这个技术问题袁那么我们就无计可施了遥
tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets.
The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a Passage 6
potential disaster, the only solution is new technology. Only an
aggressive research and development program might find ways
Privacy Lost: Does Anybody Care?
Someday a stranger will read your e鄄mail without your
of breaking our dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it.
permission or scan the Websites you蒺ve visited. Or perhaps
The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has
someone will casually glance through your credit card purchases
become a moral problem when it蒺s really an engineering one.
or cell phone bills to find out your shopping preferences or
The inconvenient truth is that if we don蒺t solve the engineering
calling habits.
problem, we蒺re helpless.
In fact, it蒺s likely some of these things have already
happened to you. Who would watch you without your
全球变暖很可能成为各国伪善之托
permission? It might be a spouse, a girlfriend, a marketing
全球变暖有可能是21世纪巨大的环境危机袁也有可能不是袁但 company, a boss, a cop or a criminal. Whoever it is, they will
要无论它是或不是要要
是要要 要我们都对此无能为力遥 我们会争论不 see you in a way you never intended to be seen要the 21st
休袁作为一个国家袁或许会做出一些听起来相当严肃的承诺来避免 century equivalent of being caught naked.
这一危机遥 但是这些承诺看起来越是令人印象深刻尧越是有意义袁 Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that it蒺s
就越是不太可能被遵守遥 important to reveal yourself to friends, family and lovers in
阿尔窑戈尔渊Al Gore冤称全球变暖是一个野使人感到麻烦的事 stages, at appropriate times. But few boundaries remain. The
实冶袁 似乎只要认识到它的存在就可以把我们带往一条解决问题的途 digital bread crumbs (碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy
径上去遥 但是真正的事实是袁我们没有掌握足够的知识去缓解全球 for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and
要若没有重大的技术突破要要
变暖袁并且要要 要我们对此也束手无策遥 what you like. In some cases, a simple Google search can
据估计袁从2003年到2050年袁全球人口会从64亿增长到91亿袁 reveal what you think. Like it or not, increasingly we live in a
增长42%遥 如果人均能源消耗和技术保持不变的话袁那么总的能源 world where you simply cannot keep a secret.

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The key question is: Does that matter? 期保护自己的隐私遥 很少有人会拒绝收费站的打折袁本来若是拒绝

For many Americans, the answer apparently is 野no.冶 的话就可以避免使用能跟踪汽车行踪的EZ鄄Pass系统遥 很少有人会
When opinion polls ask Americans about privacy, most say 拒 绝 超 市的 会 员 优惠 卡 渊 积 分 卡 冤遥 隐 私 经 济 学 家 Alessandro
they are concerned about losing it. A survey found an Acquisti进行了一系列的测试袁表明人们会透露像社保卡号这样的
overwhelming pessimism about privacy, with 60 percent of 个人信息袁就只是为了能拿到微不足道的便宜50美分的优惠券遥
respondents saying they feel their privacy is 野slipping away, and 但是袁隐私的确很重要要要 要至少有时候遥 就像健康一样袁当你
that bothers me.冶 拥有它的时候袁你不会去注意它遥 只有失去的时候你才会希望你当
But people say one thing and do another. Only a tiny 初能更用心地去保护它遥
fraction of Americans change any behaviors in an effort to
preserve their privacy. Few people turn down a discount at Passage 7
tollbooths (收费站) to avoid using the EZ鄄Pass system that can
track automobile movements. And few turn down supermarket
University of Phoenix Rocks
loyalty cards. Privacy economist Alessandro Acquisti has run a By almost any measure, there is a boom in Internet鄄based
series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal instruction. In just a few years, 34 percent of American
information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands universities have begun offering some form of distance learning
on a pitiful 50鄄cents鄄off coupon (优惠券). (DL), and among the larger schools, it蒺s closer to 90 percent. If
But privacy does matter要at least sometimes. It蒺s like you doubt the popularity of the trend, you probably haven蒺t
health: When you have it, you don蒺t notice it. Only when it蒺s heard of the University of Phoenix. It grants degrees entirely on
gone do you wish you蒺d done more to protect it. the basis of online instruction. It enrolls 90,000 students, a
statistic used to support its claim to be the largest private
失去隐私：
有人在乎吗？ university in the country.
While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs
有一天袁一个陌生人会不经你的允许看你的电子邮件袁或者浏
will differ, DL usually signifies a course in which the
览你访问过的网页遥 再或者有人会随意翻阅你的信用卡购物单或
instructors post syllabi ( 课 程 大 纲 ), reading assignments, and
手机话费单袁以此来了解你的购物喜好或通话习惯遥
schedules on Websites, and students send in their assignments
事实上袁很可能其中一些事情已经在你身上发生过了遥 谁会未
by e鄄mail. Generally speaking, face鄄to鄄face communication with
经你的允许而窥视你呢钥 也许是你的配偶袁你的女友袁营销公司袁老
an instructor is minimized or eliminated altogether.
板袁警察袁或者罪犯遥 无论是谁袁他们都会以一种你始料未及的方式
The attraction for students might at first seem obvious.
要这在21世纪就相当于你裸体时被别人撞见遥
窥视你要要
Primarily, there蒺s the convenience promised by courses on the
心理学家告诉我们和别人保持界限是健康的袁 而且在适当的
Net: you can do the work, as they say, in your pajamas (睡衣).
时机逐步地向你的朋友尧家人和恋人透露你的个人情况很重要遥 但
But figures indicate that the reduced effort results in a reduced
是现在已经没有多少界限存在了遥 你处处留下的野数字面包碎屑冶
commitment to the course. While drop鄄out rates for all freshmen
很容易让陌生人推想出你是谁袁你在哪里袁你对什么感兴趣遥 在有
at American universities is around 20 percent, the rate for
些情况下袁一次简单的Google搜索就可以暴露你的想法遥 无论我们
online students is 35 percent. Students themselves seem to
喜欢与否袁我们越来越生活在一个无法保有秘密的世界里遥
understand the weaknesses inherent in the setup. In a survey
关键的问题是院这有关系吗钥
conducted for eCornell, the DL division of Cornell University,
对于许多美国人来说袁答案很明显是野没有关系冶遥
less than a third of the respondents expected the quality of the
当民意调查问及美国人有关隐私的问题时袁 大多数人说他们
online course to be as good as the classroom course.
对于失去隐私颇为担心遥 一次调查发现人们对于隐私普遍持悲观
Clearly, from the schools蒺 perspective, there蒺s a lot of
态度袁60%的受访者说他们觉得隐私正在野离自己远去袁而这让我
money to be saved. Although some of the more ambitious
很忧心冶遥
programs require new investments in servers and networks to
但是人们言行不一遥 只有一小部分美国人改变自己的行为袁以
support collaborative software, most DL courses can run on

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existing or minimally upgraded (升级) systems. The more students the world,冶 said Salman Amin, the company蒺s head of global
who enroll in a course but don蒺t come to campus, the more the marketing. Amin believes there is no corner of the world that
school saves on keeping the lights on in the classrooms, paying can resist the charms of a Frito鄄Lay potato chip.
doorkeepers, and maintaining parking lots. And, while there蒺s Frito鄄Lay is the biggest snack maker in America, owned by
evidence that instructors must work harder to run a DL course PepsiCo, and accounts for over half of the parent company蒺s 溢3
for a variety of reasons, they won蒺t be paid any more, and billion annual profits. But the U.S. snack food market is largely
might well be paid less. saturated, and to grow, the company has to look overseas.
Its strategy rests on two beliefs: first, a global product
凤凰城大学的火爆 offers economies of scale with which local brands cannot
不管用什么标准来衡量袁 网络教育都在快速发展遥 短短几年 compete, and second, consumers in the 21st century are drawn
间袁美国34%的大学都已开始提供某种形式的远程学习遥 而在那些 to 野global冶 as a concept. 野Global冶 does not mean products that
规模较大的学校里袁提供网络教育的占几近90%遥 如果你还不相信 are consciously identified as American, but ones that
网络教育如此火爆袁那你可能没有听说过凤凰城大学遥 该大学颁发 consumers要especially young people要see as part of a modern,
的学位完全是通过网络教学提供的遥 学校招生人数达9万袁这个数 innovative ( 创 新 的 ) world in which people are linked across
字使其号称是美国最大的私立大学遥 cultures by shared beliefs and tastes. Potato chips are an
虽然网络课程提供的教学形式会各不相同袁 但远程学习通常 American invention, but most Chinese, for instance, do not
都表现为这样一种课程院教师将课程大纲尧阅读作业及课程进度安 know that Frito鄄Lay is an American company. Instead, Riskey,
排在网站上公布袁学生通过电子邮件提交作业遥 一般来说袁学生与 the company蒺s research and development head, would hope they
教师面对面的交流降低到最低程度袁甚至完全没有遥 associate the brand with the new world of global
初看起来袁这种教育形式吸引学生之处似乎显而易见遥 首先袁 communications and business.
网络课程声称可以给学生带来一大方便院就像有人说的那样袁你可 With brand perception a crucial factor, Riskey ordered a
以穿着睡衣学习遥 但也有数字显示袁 由于要求学生付出的努力减 redesign of the Frito鄄Lay logo (标识冤. The logo, along with the
少袁导致学生对学习不够用心投入遥 美国大学一年级学生辍学率为 company蒺s long鄄held marketing image of the 野irresistibility冶 of
20%左右袁而网络学生辍学率为35%遥 学生自己似乎也了解这种教 its chips, would help facilitate the company蒺s global expansion.
育形式本身固有的一些欠缺遥 在为康奈尔在线渊康奈尔大学远程教 The executives acknowledge that they try to swing national
育学院冤做的一次调查中袁预计在线课程的质量与在校课程的质量 eating habits to a food created in America, but they deny that
一样好的受访者不到三分之一遥 amounts to economic imperialism. Rather, they see Frito鄄Lay
显然袁从学校的角度来说袁远程教育可以节省大笔资金遥 虽然 as spreading the benefits of free enterprise across the world.
一些规模更大的课程需要斥资增加新的服务器尧 扩建网络来支持 野We蒺re making products in those countries, we蒺re adapting them
配套的软件袁 但大部分远程教育课程可以在现有的或稍加升级的 to the tastes of those countries, building businesses and
系统上运行遥 报考该校却不来校园上课的学生越多袁学校在用于教 employing people and changing lives,冶 said Steve Reinemund,
室照明尧 支付看门人及维护停车场的费用上就可以节省越多遥 而 PepsiCo蒺s chief executive.
且袁虽然有证据显示袁因各种原因袁为了开设远程教育课程教师得
更辛苦地工作袁但是袁他们得到的报酬并不会更多袁而可能会更少遥 炸薯条：
主宰全球的武器
乐事薯片的厚度只有0.05英寸袁呈浅浅的金黄色袁带有完美的
Passage 8 马鞍形状的弧度袁它似乎不像是一种能够主宰全球的食品遥 但是这
种薯条的生产商Frito鄄Lay却不这么认为遥 公司的全球市场营销部
Potato Chip: A Weapon for Global Domination 门经理Salman Amin说院野炸薯条是全世界人都吃的小吃食品遥 冶他
Just five one鄄hundredths of an inch thick, light golden in
还认为袁全世界没有哪个角落能够抵挡住Frito鄄Lay薯片的诱惑遥
color and with a perfect 野saddle curl,冶 the Lay蒺s potato chip
Frito鄄Lay是百事可乐公司麾下美国最大的小吃食品生产商袁
seems an unlikely weapon for global domination. But its maker,
利润占母公司30亿美元年利润的一半多遥 但是美国的小吃食品市
Frito鄄Lay, thinks otherwise. 野Potato chips are a snack food for
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场基本上已经饱和了袁公司要想进一步发展就得放眼海外遥 handball game when a referee refused a player蒺s request for a

公司的策略基于两个信念院首先袁全球性的产品能够提供地方 time out for a glove change because he did not consider them
品牌无法与之竞争的规模经济曰其次袁21世纪的消费者认可野全球冶 wet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his
这个概念遥 野全球冶并不意味着被认为是美国的产品袁而是指被消费 wet T鄄shirt and then exclaimed, 野Are they wet enough now钥 冶
者袁 特别是年轻人看做是一个现代和富有创新的世界中的其中一 In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw
部分产品袁在这个世界里袁来自不同文化的人们通过相同的信念和 themselves across the court without considering the consequences
趣味而联系在一起遥 比如说袁炸薯条是美国人的发明袁但是大多数 that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have
中国人并不知道Frito鄄Lay是一家美国公司遥 相反袁公司的研发部经 also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent蒺s intentional
理Riskey希望他们把这个品牌和以全球通讯和全球商务为特点的
and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as
新世界联系在一起遥
hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they
Riskey认为品牌效应是一个关键的因素袁 所以他要求重新设
are good friends. Does that make any sense? It certainly gives
计Frito鄄Lay的标识遥 这个标识和公司长久以来建立起来的炸薯条
proof of a court attitude which departs from normal behavior.
的不可抵挡的市场形象一起袁将会有助于加快公司的全球扩张遥
Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated (提升) the game
高层管理者承认袁 他们在试图把全国的饮食习惯都转向一种
在美国创造出来的食物袁即炸薯条上袁但是他们否认把这一行为等 to the level where it belongs, thereby setting an example to the
同于经济上的帝国主义行为遥 相反袁他们认为Frito鄄Lay是在把自由 rest of the sporting world. Replacing the term 野opponent冶 with
企业的好处扩展到全球遥 野我们在那些国家制造产品袁使我们的产 野associate冶 could be an ideal way to start.
品适应那些国家人民的口味袁在那里成立公司袁雇用员工袁并且改 The dictionary meaning of the term 野associate冶 is
变他们的生活袁冶百事可乐公司的总裁Steve Reinemund说遥 野colleague冶; 野friend冶; 野companion.冶 Reflect a moment! You
may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction
Passage 9 to the term 野associate冶 rather than 野opponent.冶

Sport Terms
体育竞技术语
野Tear 蒺em apart浴 冶 野Kill the fool浴 冶 野Murder the referee (裁 野撕碎他们浴 冶野那傻子去死吧浴 冶野杀死裁判浴 冶
判冤浴 冶 这些都是我们在各种体育赛事上经常听到的话遥 这些话说出
These are common remarks one may hear at various 口的时候可能并没有恶意袁但我们不要自欺欺人遥 我们知道袁这些
sporting events. At the time they are made, they may seem 言语会影响人们的行为并酿成真正的流血事件遥 已经有好几本书
innocent enough. But let蒺s not kid ourselves. They have been 论述言语对我们的影响遥 据表明袁具有某些含义的词语可能会使人
known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real
产生一些反应袁 而我们认为这些反应是违背我们正常的人性化行
bloodshed. Volumes have been written about the way words 为的遥 我本人认为野对手冶这一词语就是具有此类倾向的袁也许是时
affect us. It has been shown that words having certain 候要把野对手冶这个词从体育竞技的术语中删除掉了遥
connotations (含义) may cause us to react in ways quite foreign 野对手冶这个词的字典意思是野反对的人冶袁野敌人冶袁野与你利益
to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior. I see 相对立的人冶遥 因此袁当一个运动员碰到对手的时候袁他或她往往会
the term 野opponent冶 as one of those words. Perhaps the time
将对手看做敌人遥 在这种时候袁获胜的欲望可能支配他的理智袁他
has come to delete it from sports terms. 的每一个行为袁不管是多么粗俗袁也可能被认为是无可厚非的遥 我
The dictionary meaning of the term 野opponent冶 is 回想起在一次手球比赛中发生的事情袁 一个球员曾一度要求到场
野adversary冶; 野enemy冶; 野one who opposes your interests.冶 Thus, 外更换手套袁但是裁判员认为他的手套没有湿到必须更换的程度袁
when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat 所以拒绝了他遥 该球员便将手套往他自己湿溜溜的运动衫上擦来
that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may 擦去袁然后大吼道院野现在够湿了吧钥 冶
dominate one蒺s intellect, and every action, no matter how 在比赛的白热化阶段袁 人们注意到球员从球场的这头狂奔到
gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a

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球场那头袁 根本就没有考虑到他这样的动作会对阻挡他的其他球 (ISO) in September, 1999.

员产生什么样的后果遥 还有一次我看到过一个球员在比赛中因为 Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness
对方的一个有意犯规阻挡袁而故意使足了力气把球砸向对方遥 在场 made by about 2,000 products and found many too vague or
下袁他们是好朋友遥 这说明了什么钥 当然袁它证明了袁体育场上的态 too misleading to meet ISO standards.
度背离了正常行为遥 野Many products had specially鄄designed labels to make them
因而袁我认为袁现在是该把竞技比赛提升到它应有的水平上的 seem environmentally friendly, but in fact many of these
时候了袁这样可以为其他体育项目树立榜样遥 用野合作者冶替代野对 symbols mean nothing,冶 said report researcher Philip Page.
手冶可能是一个理想的开始遥 野Laundry detergents made the most number of claims with
野合作者冶在字典中的解释是野同事冶袁野朋友冶袁野伙伴冶遥 思考一 158. Household cleaners were second with 145 separate claims,
下这些词袁你可能很快就能看到袁并可能感觉到野合作者冶这个词会 while paints were third on our list with 73. The high numbers
给你带来不同于野对手冶的反应遥 show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the
true from the misleading,冶 he said.
Passage 10 The ISO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims
on product packaging, because terms such as 野environmentally
Pushing for Claims of Environmental Friendliness to
friendly冶 and 野non鄄polluting冶 cannot be verified. 野What we are
Meet ISO Standards
now pushing for is to have multinational corporations meet the
Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodge鄄 standards set by the ISO,冶 said Page.
podge ( 大 杂 烩 ) of environmental claims made by household
products, according to a 野green labeling冶 study published by
以符合ISO标准
推进环保声明，
Consumers International Friday.
根据消费者国际组织在星期五发表的野绿色商标冶研究报告袁
Among the report蒺s more outrageous ( 令 人 无 法 容 忍 的 )
消费者受到了各种家居产品五花八门的环保声明的误导袁 都被搞
findings要a German fertilizer described itself as 野earthworm
糊涂了遥
friendly,冶 a brand of flour said it was 野non鄄polluting,冶 and a
该报告中提到的最让人无法容忍的声明中包括院 一德国肥料
British toilet paper claimed to be 野environmentally friendlier.冶
品牌自称野对蚯蚓无害冶曰一面粉品牌写道野无污染产品冶袁一英国公
The study was written and researched by Britain蒺s National
司将他们生产的卫生纸说成是野更环保冶遥
Consumer Council (NCC) for lobby group Consumers International.
这个研究是由英国国家消费者委员会渊NCC冤为院外游说团体
It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and the
消费者国际调查并撰写的袁并由德国尧荷兰政府以及欧洲委员会共
European Commission.
同出资协助展开遥
野While many good and useful claims are being made, it is
消费者国际主任安南窑菲尔德尔说道院野虽然有许多好而有用
clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately
的声明袁但是袁很明显袁要确保购买者完全知晓所购产品对环境的
informed about the environmental impact of the products they
影响还需要很长的时间遥 冶
buy,冶 said Consumers International director Anna Fielder.
这个涉及10个国家的研究调查了英国尧西欧尧斯堪的纳维亚半
The 10鄄country study surveyed product packaging in
岛和美国等地的产品包装袁结果发现袁平均起来袁在德国和英国出
Britain, Western Europe, Scandinavia and the United States. It
售的产品所做出的环保声明最多遥
found that products sold in Germany and the United Kingdom
该报告主要是针对一些特殊产品的环保声明袁如洗涤剂尧杀虫
made the most environmental claims on average.
喷洒剂以及一些与园林有关的产品遥 它并没有验证这些产品的环
The report focused on claims made by specific products,
保声明袁只是把这些环保声明与1999年9月国际标准组织公布的标
such as detergents (洗涤剂冤, insect sprays and by some garden
识准则进行了对比遥
products. It did not test the claims, but compared them to
研究者记录下了约2000种产品所做的环保声明袁 并发现许多
labeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization

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声明要么太模糊袁要么会引起误导袁结果都不符合ISO的标准遥
野许多产品有特别设计的标签袁以使它们看上去是符合环保要
求的袁但事实上很多这些标记都是没有任何意义的袁冶报告研究者
菲利浦窑佩奇说道遥
他说院野洗衣剂环保声明最多袁达158条曰家居洗涤产品位居其
次袁有145条曰油漆在我们列表中排第三袁73条遥 这些庞大的数字表
明袁 消费者想要从这些具有误导性的环保声明中区分出真正的事
实是多么的困难遥 冶
ISO标识标准禁止在商品的包装上出现模糊的或会引起误导
的产品说明袁因为我们无法证明类似野环保冶尧野无污染冶等这样的字
样遥 野我们现在所能推进的事情就是使跨国公司的产品说明符合
ISO制定的标准遥 冶佩奇说遥

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