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! ""1000v/µsec !
"

Overdrive
Overdrive

# " " !
v

# " # $
##

R2
Vref' 2 Vref' 1 (Vsat Vsat )
R1 R2

Vref' Vref VR2 R2

Vref' Vref V0
V R2 f (V0 ) R1 R2

- 171 -
 Multiribrators

RC

RC

V CC
- VO
C
+
V EE
V ref

R2
R1

V0 Vsat+ ,Vsat- Vsat+ ,Vsat-

R1
Vref 1 VSat
R1 R2
R1
Vref 2 VSat
R1 R2

- 172 -
! Vsat+
Vsat-

" F.F

V VC
Vsat+ $ R1/(R1+R2)
Vsat
Vref 1

t
Vref 2
Vsat Vsat % $ R1/(R1+R2)

T1 T2
VO

Vsat

t
Vsat

1
f
T1 T2

T2 T1
t
VC (t ) (V Vo ) (1 e RC
) Vo
.

T1
V VSat
R1
Vo Vref 1 VSat
R1 R2
R1
VC (T1 ) Vref 2 VSat
R1 R2 T1 #

- 173 -
 T2
V VSat
R1
Vo Vref 2 VSat
R1 R2
R1
VC (T2 ) Vref 1 VSat
R1 R2
T2 #
1
f T1 T2 VSat VSat
2T1

&&
Vsat- Vsat+ # Slew Rate
'() !
! 10KHz 10v 0.5v/µsec S.R
Slew Rate
KHz

30v +&*v
VSat VSat 30
T 60 sec
S .R 0.5v / sec
f=1/2$60µ = 8KHz
VO

Vsat

Vsat
T

, !
Vsat+$R1/(R1+R2)

- 174 -
 R1 Vce
!

10k
Vsat 5v
2
Vref 5 3.3v
3
1
Vref 5 1 .6 v
3

VC VC

t 3.3 t

1.6

Vce "

T1-T2 Vsat- Vsat+

! Duty Cycle
! ! Rs
! R

D RS

R
V CC
- VO
C
+
V EE
V ref

R2
R1

- 175 -
VC

t
VO

'&
5v !
3.5v '() 5v
! 3.5-0.7

! !
. 50µA !
!
!

Voltage Controlled Oscillator VCO

" RC
" . VCO

0.05 F

Vin
Vin

VO1
VO1 VO

V
2

V
2

Q1
!

- 176 -
 )&
/
Q1
R2 ! !

reference V/2= 2.5v

Vsat $R3/(R3+R4) +2.5 2.5v 2.5v

). (
2.5v
R4 R3
2.5v Ra,Rb R3,R4

)'

! Q1
! Q1

! Vsat-
2.5v ! 2.5v R3
2.5-1.25 = 1.25v R3,R4 1.25v R3
! R1 ! R2 !
1.25v &
! (

- 177 -
 !
R1 ! R2
R2 IR1 = (Vin – 2.5)/R1 R1
IR1<IR2 IR2 = 2.5/R2
2.5+1.25 = 3.75v

Vo

'.*

& (*

))
T1,T2

Vin 2.5
dv R1
S1 0 Vin 0
dt C
( R1 R2 )
2 .5 Vin 2.5 vin
dv R2 R1 R2
S2 0
dt C

Vin !
T2 0 T1 = 2.5/S1 2.5v
5v
S.R

!
Bias offset " DC

- 178 -
 #Data Sheets " ! *

5V
V in
" # R3
R A D
RC
V CC
- VO
C
+
V EE
Rb
V ref

R2
R1

*&

2.5V R1 R3 R1 % R3 0

2.5V 2.5V

V0 0 R2

% V0 0 2.5V %

2.5V

RB C D Vo=0
D V0 VSat

Vsat
V sat 0 .7
D RA RB
Vsat 0 .7

Ra Ra

Rb C
C

- 179 -
 *(

VC
$

2.5V

# $

t
VO T1 T2

VSat 0 .7 2.8V VSat 3.5V

2.8V % &
VC
1$

2.8V
2.5V

2$

# VSat 0.7V

0 duty-cycle%
1
&*' RC Vin

- 180 -
 Vin Rc $
# !
Vin % RC 0

Vin V0 C

Vin

! Vsat 0 .7

T1 duty-cycle% Vin 0

T2
Pulse Width Modulation-PWM

PWM
R2
C
R1
+
R
A I -
VO1 VO 2
- II VO
+ "

Vin

V02

* '&
RC Vsat % V02 % V01 Vsat

R1 R1
V I V01 Vsat 0 A
R1 R2 R1 R2

V01 Vsat

- 181 -
 Vsat Vsat
% V I VA V02 %
RC RC
R1 R2
V I Vsat V02
R1 R2 R1 R2

V01 Vsat V01 V I

V01 Vsat V(+)<0 VA !

Vsat
V I V I V02 V02 % V01 Vsat
Rc
Vsat % V01 %

Vsat Vsat Vo2 * '(

O2 RC RC

%
R1 R2
VSat V 02 0 V01 VSat V( )
R1 R2 R1 R2

& V02

R1 R2
VSat V 02 0 %
R1 R2 R1 R2

( V02

Vin Vin II

Vin % V0

VO 2

V in 2 0 0 Vin
V in 1

V0 Vin
VO

- 182 -
 & '
RC

! Vsat+
Vsat-

1
f
T1 T2

R1
Vref 1 VSat
R1 R2
R1
Vref 2 VSat
R1 R2

t
VC (t ) (V Vo ) (1 e RC
) Vo

Vsat- Vsat+ # Slew Rate

!

T1-T2 Vsat- Vsat+

! Duty Cycle

Voltage Controlled Oscillator VCO

" RC
" . VCO

- 183 -