Building Energy Saving Potential

Cooperative Energy Efficiency Design for Sustainability

16 July, 2010
James Russell
Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre
 Outline
• Purpose of the study
• Findings from literature review
• Methodology
• Data requirements
• Next steps
 Purpose
The estimate of energy saving potential will:
1. provide key decision makers and important
stakeholders with information that they can use
to prioritize this particular policy.
2. Put building energy codes into the context of
other goals, programs and studies.
In addition to the two main purposes, this study will
also provide a better understanding of what data is
currently available, and what additional information
may need to be collected as part of the policy
design process.
9/8/2010 PURPOSE 3
 Literature Overview
• Sources consulted: Academic journals,
conference proceedings, and studies by
governments and other organizations
• Key Findings:
1. Assessment of the energy saving potential is performed in
many economies prior to code adoption
2. A common method for assessing the energy saving
potential is to simulate the before and after energy
consumption of a somewhat representative sample of
buildings
3. Some previous work on this subject has been conducted
by the participating economies and this should be
referenced by our analysis.

9/8/2010 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

 Specific Findings from the Literature
• Potentials and costs of carbon dioxide mitigation in the world’s buildings (2008, ongoing) – This
study performed a meta-analysis of previous regional/national studies of energy saving potential to
CONTEXT

estimate that 29% of global, building-related CO2 emissions can be cost-effectively eliminated.
• The economics of energy efficiency in buildings (2009) – Using the WBCSD model, finds that using
codes and standards to induce a 10% premium on building-sector investment (which is recouped in
energy savings) and a modest carbon price can reduce CO2 emissions ~50% below BAU in 2050.
• Modeling of end-use energy consumption in the residential sector: A review of modeling
METHOD

techniques (2010) – reviews modeling techniques available to a study of this type, defining bottom-
up type approaches (like ours) to be flexible and appropriate for estimating technological changes
induced by a building code, but sensitive to assumptions about users’ actual behavior.
• Revised Building Energy Code of Thailand: Potential Energy and Power Demand Savings (2010) –
using an audit database to establish the baseline, estimates large savings for the new building energy
code in the area of lighting, but only small savings from the modest envelope improvements.
• Building energy efficiency labeling program in Singapore (2008) – summarizes surveys of over 100
buildings. The cutoff for the nation’s top 25% performing buildings is a normalized 178 kWh/m2/year.
DATA

• Implementing building energy codes in Hong Kong: energy savings, environmental impacts and
costs (2005) – estimates a large benefit:cost ratio for making building codes mandatory.
• Indoor thermal environment and energy saving for urban residential buildings in China (2006) –
improving the envelope reduces energy use by 40% (Beijing) and 67% (Shanghai).
• Indonesia: Energy Conservation Partnership Program (2010) – Audits of 62 buildings conducted by
2007 show building energy intensities generally higher than ASEAN’s benchmark intensities.
9/8/2010 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
 Scope
• Considerations
– Likelihood of near-term implementation
– Clarity of impact
– Data availability

Introducing or strengthening a mandatory
building energy code for new buildings in urban
areas.
New Urban
Buildings

Building Efficiency
9/8/2010 METHODOLOGY 6
 Overview of Approach
Repeat as Needed
Baseline
Define Building Define Baseline Characteristics Performance
Categories New Building
Existing Code, Utility Data,
Growth Forecast
Past Building Audits, Literature
in Modeling
QA Check Period
For Each Building Energy
Economy Characteristics
Building Simulation Energy Saving per Total Energy Saving
Climate, Materials, Usage
Category [RETScreen]
Building Area in Modeling Period

Define High Performance Characteristics

High
International Energy Conservation Code
Performance
Recently adopted codes (e.g. Hong Kong)

Repeat as Needed

1. Select key building categories

2. Model savings potential of building prototypes
3. QA check using building energy intensity data
4. Extrapolate savings to future building stock
9/8/2010 METHODOLOGY 7
 Select Key Building Categories
• Criteria
1. Residential and
public/commercial How to get to this
point depends on
2. Collectively represent a large the economy
portion of building energy use

Understanding
3. Reflect common
design/construction practices

• Preliminary selection:
1. Commercial – office
2. Commercial – retail
3. Residential – large Resources

4. Residential – small

9/8/2010 METHODOLOGY 8
 Small Residential
Name Small residential building (SRB)
Class Residential
Description A 3 story apartment building with 2 units per story
Represents Estimated to represent __% of new urban residences
Envelope Wood-framed, clay brick or cement block (select one) + clear glass, and clay tile roof
HVAC Split-systems air conditioner (or heat pump) installed by occupant
Lighting Occupant installed mix of incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps
Zones and Bedrooms – 18-7, M-F; 18-9, Sa-Su
Schedules living/dining – 13-22, M-F; 9-21, Sa-Su
kitchen/bath – na
Building Chile: Residential building code article 4.1.10 (M)
Energy Code China: Regional Energy Efficiency Codes for Residential Buildings (M)
M-mandatory Indonesia: na
V-voluntary Malaysia: na
Mexico: na
Philippines: na
Vietnam: na

9/8/2010 METHODOLOGY 9
 Large Residential
Name Large residential building (SRB)
Class Residential
Description A 20 story apartment building with 16 units per story
Represents Estimated to represent __% of new urban residences
Envelope Mass (tile, cement plaster, heavy concrete, gypsum plaster) + clear glass, and built-
up roof (insulation board, concrete)
HVAC Split-systems air conditioner (or heat pump) installed by occupant
Lighting Occupant installed mix of incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps
Zones and Bedrooms – 18-7, M-F; 18-9, Sa-Su
Schedules living/dining – 13-22, M-F; 9-21, Sa-Su
kitchen/bath – na
Building Chile: Residential building code article 4.1.10 (M)
Energy Code China: Regional Energy Efficiency Codes for Residential Buildings (M)
M-mandatory Indonesia: na
V-voluntary Malaysia: na
Mexico: na
Philippines: na
Vietnam: na
9/8/2010 METHODOLOGY 10
 Commercial - Retail
Name Retail (RET)
Class Commercial
Description A 3 story retail complex with 4 shops per story
Represents Estimated to represent __% of new commercial floor space
Envelope Cavity walls (thin stone, air gap, insulation board, steel frame, gypsum board) + clear
glass, and built-up roof (insulation board, concrete)
HVAC Multi-split system air conditioner (or heat pump)
Lighting Primarily T12 linear fluorescent lamps with magnetic ballasts
Zones and Retail space – 10-22, M-Su
Schedules
Building Chile: na
Energy Code China: National Energy Efficient Design Standard for Public Buildings (M) and Standard for
M-mandatory Lighting Design in Buildings (M)
V-voluntary Indonesia: Commercial building energy code (V)
Malaysia: Guidelines for Energy Efficiency in Buildings (V)
Mexico: Mexico Thermal Insulation Standard, Building Envelope Standard, and Lighting
Systems Standard (M)
Philippines: Philippine National Building Code, energy provisions (V)
Vietnam: Vietnam Energy Efficiency Commercial Code (M)
9/8/2010 METHODOLOGY 11
 Commercial - Office
Name Office (OFF)
Class Commercial
Description A 20 story office building
Represents Estimated to represent __% of new commercial floor space
Envelope Cavity (concrete panel, air gap, insulation board, steel frame, gypsum board) + clear glass,
and built-up roof (insulation board, concrete)
HVAC Water-cooled chiller and one air-handler per floor, + hot water boilers if needed
Lighting Primarily T12 linear fluorescent lamps with magnetic ballasts
Zones and Lobby – 6-22, M-F
Schedules Offices – 8-19, M-F
Building Chile: na
Energy Code China: National Energy Efficient Design Standard for Public Buildings (M) and Standard for
M-mandatory Lighting Design in Buildings (M)
V-voluntary Indonesia: Commercial building energy code (V)
Malaysia: Guidelines for Energy Efficiency in Buildings (V)
Mexico: Mexico Thermal Insulation Standard, Building Envelope Standard, and Lighting
Systems Standard (M)
Philippines: Philippine National Building Code, energy provisions (V)
Vietnam: Vietnam Energy Efficiency Commercial Code (M)
9/8/2010 METHODOLOGY 12
 Modeling Software

Sample Calculation:
Thermal conductance * Area
(including leakage)
Cooling degree days

24 * CDD * ∑ UA
Q fuel =
η ac *η dist

Fuel requirement
System efficiencies
9/8/2010 METHODOLOGY 13
 Data: Model Inputs
Baseline Proposed

1 Climate
Dimensions

?
Operation
- Hours of use ?
- Heating and cooling set points ?
Envelope
- U-values (walls, windows, roof) ? Code
- “Tightness” ? Code
- Window area and solar heat gain coefficient ? Code
- Shading ? Code
Equipment
- Heating/cooling efficiency ? Code
- Ventilation: rate & efficiency ? Code
- Lighting: levels & efficiency ? Code
- Plug loads ? Code
Retail Energy Prices ?
9/8/2010 DATA REQUIREMENTS 14
 Data: QA and Forecast
2 Energy use intensity of baseline buildings
Example: Taipower provided:
1. Consumption by sector and city
New Urban 2. Number of customers by sector
Buildings
? and city
3. Design assumptions for new
building services by sector
Building Efficiency
3 New construction forecast (2010 – 2035)
Data Hierarchy: Local Study – Surveys, audits, or other studies of local buildings
Local Expert – economy participants and their
recommended expert sources
Regional Study – values from a similar economy
Assumed – based on researcher judgment and literature
9/8/2010 DATA REQUIREMENTS 15
 Proposed Schedule for Next Steps
TASKS COMPLETION DATE
1. Agree on the key building types This workshop
2. Agree on a schedule for next steps This workshop
3. APERC provides default model inputs to delegates October 8
(items 1-3)
4. Delegates provide approved/revised model inputs to November 1
APERC (items 1-3)
5. APERC models building energy saving potential and December 3
provides draft results to delegates for review
6. Delegates review and provide comments to APERC December 17
7. Results presented and discussed at the second January
workshop

FEEDBACK?
9/8/2010 NEXT STEPS 16
 THANK YOU!

9/8/2010 METHODOLOGY 17