RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN USING CUMULATIVE EQUIVALENT SINGLE AXLE LOAD (CESAL)

1.) Determine the Design Traffic for Each Vehicle Type.

Design Traffic = Pi (1+i)n - 1 365

i
where,
Pi = Annual Average Daily Traffic
i = Traffic Growth Rate
N = Design Life Period (20 years for PCCP,10 years for ACP)

2.) Determine the Traffic Equivalence Factor (EF) for each vehicle type.

The damaging effect per pass to a pavement by a type of axle relative to the damage per pass of a
standard axle load ( ussually the 8,200 kg. single axle load) is expressed as Equivalent Factor (EF). The
EF for each axle is calculated using the following formula.

4
axle load(tons)
EF =
8.2

Then, determine the EF for each vehicle type.

4
axle load(tons)
EF = Σ
8.2

3.) Compute the Cumulative Equivalent Single Axle Load (CESAL) for each vehicle type.

ESAL = (Design Traffic x DD x DL) EF

where,
DD = Directional distribution factor, which is generally 50%
DL = Lane Distribution Factor
 The DL factor may be calculated using the Table:

Table for Lane Distribution Factor

Number of Lanes in each Percentage of 18-tons ESAL in
direction the design Lane
1 100%
2 80% - 100%
3 60% - 80%
4 50% - 75%

4.) Add the ESAL for all vehicle types.

CESAL Design Design x

EF2 axle
(W18) = Traffic2 axle x 50% x 100% x + Traffic3 axle 50%

Design
+ x 50% x 100% x EF4 axle
Traffic3 axle

DETAILED CALCULATION OF CESAL

I) DATA
- Taken from the AADT of a given road section.

Truck Type AADT (one direction)

2-axle 21
3-axle 0
4-axle 0

Assumed traffic growth rate = 2%

Design Period = 20 years

II) DESIGN CALCULATION

1. Determine the Design Traffic for each truck type.

a) 2-axle trucks = 21 (1+ 0.02 )20- 1 365 = 186,239

 a) 2-axle trucks = 21 365 = 186,239
2%

b) 3-axle trucks = 0 (1+ 0.02 )20- 1 365 = 0

2%

c) 4-axle trucks = 0 (1+ 0.02 )20- 1 365 = 0

2%

2. Determine the equivalence factor (EF) for each axle and truck type.

The table on GVW and maximum allowable axle load prescribed under RA 8794 as shown will be used
in calculating the EF of each truck type.

GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT (GVW) PER RA 8794

Truck Type Code GVW (kg.)
2 - axle 1-1 16,880
3 - axle 1-2 27,250
4 - axle 11 - 3 30,380

Maximum allowable axle load = 13,500.00 kg.

a) In a 2 - axle truck, the load distribution for each axle is as shown in the figure below

Axle 1 Axle 2

Dist. b/n axles

0.2 (GVW) 0.8 (GVW)

= 3.38 tons 13.50 tons

4 4
EF2 axle = 3.38 13.50
+ = 7.38
8.2 8.2

b) In a 3 - axle truck, the load distribution for each axle is as shown in the figure below

Axle 1 Axle 2 Axle 3

Dist. b/n axles

0.2 (GVW) 0.4 (GVW) 0.4 (GVW)

5.45 tons 10.90 tons 10.90 tons
 4 4 4
EF3 axle = 5.45 10.90 10.90
+ + = 6.44
8.2 8.2 8.2

c) In a 4 - axle truck, the load distribution for each axle is as shown in the figure below

Axle 1 Axle 2 Axle 3 Axle 4

0.169 (GVW) 0.298 (GVW) 0.279 (GVW) 0.254 (GVW)

5.13 tons 9.05 tons 8.48 tons 7.72 tons

4 4 4 4
EF3 axle = 5.13 9.05 8.48 7.72
+ + + = 3.57
8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2

3. Determine for CESAL for all types of Vehicles

CESAL (W18) = ( 186,239 x 50% x 100% x 7.38 ) + ( 0 x 50%

+( 0 x 50% x 100% x 3.57 )

= 0.69 x 10⁶

4. Determine the Thickness of PCCP

Rigid Pavement Design Design Conditi

- Design Period:
- Loading:
Design Equation: (including overload
log10W18 = ZR*So + 7.35*log10(D+1) - 0.06 + {log10[APSI/(4.5 - 1.5)]} / {1 + [(1.624*107)/(D+1)8.46]} - Design ESAL:
+ (4.22 - 0.32pt)*log10{[Sc' * Cd(D 0.75
- 1.132)] / [215.63*J(D 0.75
-(18.42/(Ec/k) 0.25
))]} - Concrete Streng
DESIGN PARAMETERS: Flexural at 14-
Design Performance Period, = 20 years Note:
Design Traffic: (ESAL), W18 = 0.690 x 106 (18 KIP ESAL)
Design Reliability, R= 85 % PAVEMENT STRU
Standard Normal Deviation, ZR = -1.037
Standard Error, So = 0.35
Design Terminal Serviciability Index, pt = 2.00
Design Serviciability Loss, APSI = 2.50
 PCCP Modulus of Rapture, S'c = 560 psi
PCCP Modulus of Elasticity, Ec = 3.372 x 106 psi
Design Subgrade, CBR = 4.60%
Effective Roadbed Resilient Modulus, Mr = 5,800 psi ////\\\\////
Sub-base Elastic Modulus Esb = 15,000 psi (MR =
Sub-base Thickness, Item 200 = 20 cm
Effective Modulus @ Subgrade Reaction, k= 350.00 pci
Drainage Coefficient, Cd = 1.00
Load Transfer Coefficient, J= 3.80 Without Dowel Bars
Loss of Support, LS = 1.00
kcorrected = 110 pci

(For try&error computation)

5.839 5.839

Result:
D= 7.395 inches o.k. !!! 18.78 cm, Say 19 cm ( = 7.0

Notes: Without Dowel Bars at Contraction Joints

mage per pass of a
nt Factor (EF). The
x 100% x EF3 axle
own will be used
 8.3333333333
45.8333333333

3.57

x 100% x 6.44 )

Design Conditions:
- Design Period: 20 years Reliability Standard Normal
- Loading: Actual (100%) R% Deviate ZR
(including overloaded-trucks) 50 0.000
- Design ESAL: 0.690 x 106 60 -0.253
- Concrete Strength: 3,500 psi 70 -0.524
Flexural at 14-days (3.80 kN/mm2) 75 -0.674
Note: Without Dowel Bars 80 -0.841
85 -1.037
PAVEMENT STRUCTURE 90 -1.282
91 -1.340
PCC Thickness 92 -1.405
T= 19 cm 93 -1.476
94 -1.555
 Aggregate Sub-Base Thickness 95 -1.645
T= 20 cm 96 -1.751
Subgrade CBR = 4.60% 97 -1.881
98 -2.045
(MR = 5,800 psi ) 99 -2.327
99.9 -3.090
99.99 -3.750

inches )