Rydell Justin C.

Ayroso
2014-55353

Embryonic Structures

1. Ectodermal Derivatives

Structure Origin Fate Function

The Nervous System

Central Nervous Prosencephalon Neural Tube Telencephalon and

System Diencephalon
The Brain
Future Telencephalon Neural Tube Telencephalon/Cerebral Control of voluntary actions, sensory
Hemisphere processes and memory formation

Future Diencephalon Neural Tube Diencephalon/Thalamus and Relay station for sensory information
Hypothalamus

Mesencephalon Neural Tube Optic lobes Visual and auditory reflex center

Rhombencephalon Neural Tube Cerebellum Muscle Coordination

Medulla Oblongata Reflex centers controlling autonomic functions

Other structures Prosocoel Neurocoel Telocoel and Diocoel CSF Passageway

associated with the
brain Future telocoel Neurocoel Telocoel CSF Passageway

Future diocoel Neurocoel Diocoel CSF Passageway

Epiphysis Neural Tube Pineal Gland/Body Secretes melatonin

Infundibulum Neural Tube Posterior pituitary gland Secretes oxytocin and ADH

Hypophysis Neural Tube Anterior pituitary gland Secretes GH, Prolactin, FSH, LH, TSH, and
ACTH

Mesocoel Neurocoel Aqueduct of Sylvius, Optic CSF Passageway

Vesicles

Rhombocoel Neurocoel 4th ventricle CSF Passageway

Anterior Choroid Plexus Neural Tube Anterior Choroid Plexus Deposits CSF

Posterior Choroid Plexus Neural Tube Posterior Choroid Plexus Deposits CSF
 Basal plate Neural Tube Metencephalon (Cerebellum) Involuntary muscle coordination

Spinal cord Neural Tube Spinal Cord Sensory and motor signal transmission

Central canal Neurocoel Central Canal Passageway of CSF

The Peripheral Optic cup Neural Tube Optic cup Regulates light
Nervous System
Eye Pigmented epithelium Neural Tube Pigmented epithelium Provides nutritional support by forming
blood/retinal barriers

Retina Neural Tube Retina Contains rods and cones for photoreception

Optic lens Epidermal ectoderm Optic lens Focuses light rays to retina

Ear Otic vesicles Otic placode / Inner ear Balance

Epidermal ectoderm

Olfactory organs Olfactory epithelium Epidermal Ectoderm Olfactory epithelium Where ciliated olfactory receptor neurons,
supporting cells, and basal cells are located

Olfactory canal Epidermal Ectoderm Nasal fossa/nasal cavity Respiration; connects internal and external
nares

External nares Epidermal Ectoderm External nares For intake of air

Internal nares Epidermal Ectoderm Internal nares For intake of air

Cranial nerves Optic nerves (II) Neural Crest Optic nerves (II) Innervates the eyes

Trigeminal ganglion (V) Neural Crest Trigeminal ganglion (V) Innervates the head and visceral arch

Acoustico-facialis Neural Crest Facial Nerve (VII) & Auditory Innervates the ears and face
ganglion (VII-VIII) Nerve (VIII)

Glossopharyngeal Neural Crest Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Supplies the 1st branchial arch, mouth,
ganglion (IX) tongue, pharynx

The Skin

Epidermis Epidermal Ectoderm Epidermis Protection

Melanophores Neural crest Melanophores Gives skin color

Additional Structures
Oral suckers Epidermal ectoderm Degenerates Adhere to substrate in tadpoles; None in
Adult Frog

Oral cavity Epidermal ectoderm Buccal cavity Respiration, digestion

Stomodeum depression Epidermal ectoderm Disappears Lining of the buccal cavity in tadpoles, None
in Adult Frog

II. Endodermal Derivatives

Structure Origin Fate Function

The Foregut

The Respiratory Pharynx Primitive Gut Pharynx Food and Air Passage
System
Pharyngeal Primitive Gut Middle Ear; Parathyroids, Thymosine and parathyroid hormone excretion; ET
pouch Eustachian Tube regulates pressure for tympanic membrane

External gills Primitive Gut Disappears Respiration in tadpoles; None in Adult Frog

The Lungs Lung buds Primitive Gut Lungs Respiration in adults; None in Tadpoles

Trachea Primitive Gut Trachea Air passageway

The Digestive Esophagus Primitive Gut Esophagus Passageway of food

System

Stomach Primitive Gut Stomach Digestion

Liver Primitive Gut Liver Bile secretion and detoxification

Gall bladder Primitive Gut Gall Bladder Bile storage

The Midgut

Midgut Primitive Gut Duodenum and the small Digestion

intestine
 The Hindgut

Hindgut Primitive Gut Large intestine Digestion

Cloaca Primitive Gut Cloaca Receives waste, gametes & undigested material

Cloacal opening Primitive Gut Cloacal opening Expels feces, gametes, and waste

III. Notochord

Structure Origin Fate Function

Notochord Chordamesoderm Disappears Axial support in tadpoles; None in Adult Frog.

IV. The Mesodermal Derivatives

Structure Origin Fate Function

Epimere

The Skeleton and Muscles Dermatome Epimere Dermis Contains chromatophores

Myotome Epimere Skeletal Muscles Supports the body

Sclerotome Epimere Vertebral Column Supports head, chest, back

Branchiomeric muscles Epimere Mouth Muscles Movement and sensation of face, head and neck

The Skull Parachordal cartilage Epimere Floor of chondocranium Supports the floor of the cranium

Prechordal/trabecular Epimere Chondocranium Houses the brain and the auditory organ
cartilage

Visceral Arches Visceral arches Epimere Visceral skeleton Supports the pharynx

Hypobranchial cartilage Epimere Visceral skeleton Controls the larynx and hyoid

Mesomere
The Excretory System Pronephros kidney Mesomere disappears Filters blood (to form urine)

Pronephric duct Mesomere Mesonephric duct Passageway of urine

Hypomere

The Coelom Pericardial cavity Coelom Pericardial Cavity Surrounds the heart

Parietal pericardium Somatic Parietal Pericardium Lines the pericardial cavity along the body wall
Mesoderm

Visceral pericardium Splanchnic Visceral Pericardium Separates heart from pericardial cavity; protection;
Mesoderm holds heart in place

Peritoneal cavity Coelom Pleuro-peritoneal Contains most of the internal organs

Cavity

Parietal peritoneum Somatic Parietal Peritoneum Lines the peritoneal cavity along the body wall
Mesoderm

Visceral peritoneum Splanchnic Visceral Peritoneum Holds and protects the visceral organs; separates
Mesoderm the organs from the cavity

Aortic Arches Efferent branchial vessels Splanchnic Internal Carotid Carry oxygenated blood from gills in tadpoles
Mesoderm

Afferent branchial vessels Splanchnic External Carotid Carry deoxygenated blood to gills in tadpoles
Mesoderm

Dorsal aorta Splanchnic Dorsal Aorta Supplies blood to lumbar region, urogenital organs
Mesoderm and kidney

The Heart Truncus arteriosus Splanchnic Truncus arteriosus Gives off external carotid
Mesoderm

Bulbus/conus arteriosus Splanchnic Conus arteriosus Receive blood from the ventricle
Mesoderm

Atrium Splanchnic Right and left atria Receivetelo

Mesoderm s blood from lungs and organs in adult

Ventricle Splanchnic Ventricle Pumps blood to conus arteriosus

Mesoderm

Common cardinal vein Splanchnic Precava Pumps blood to sinus venosus

Mesoderm
 Sinus venosus Splanchnic Sinus venosus Pacemaker
Mesoderm

Other Parts of the Anterior cardinal vein Splanchnic Jugular and subclavian Drains blood from the tongue and lower jaw in
Circulatory System Mesoderm veins adults

Posterior cardinal vein Splanchnic Postcava Enters posterior angle of sinus venosus in adults
Mesoderm

Caudal artery Splanchnic Disappears Supplies blood to the tail in tadpole; None in Adult
Mesoderm Frog

Caudal vein Splanchnic Disappears Drains blood from tail in tadpole; None in Adult
Mesoderm Frog

Gill capillaries Splanchnic Disappears Gas exchange in tadpole; None in Adult Frog
Mesoderm

Sources:

Hill, M.A. (2014) Embryology Book - The Frog Its Reproduction and Development 11. Retrieved January 26, 2015, from
https://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Book_-_The_Frog_Its_Reproduction_and_Development_11