SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING SCIENCE II BLD 61303

STUDIO INTEGRATION PROJECT:

DAYLIGHTING, ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING & PSALI ANALYSIS

COMMUNITY LIBRARY @ JALAN BESAR

CHERILYN CHIA
0321986
TUTOR: MR AZIM
CONTENTS

1. Introduction
1.1 Objective
1.2 Introduction to Jalan Besar Community Library
1.3 Lighting strategies in the community library design
1.4 Site response strategies in the community library design
1.5 Daylighting strategies in the library design

2. Lighting analysis and execution

2.1 List of Formulas
2.2 Community Library Drawings
2.3 Game space
2.3.1 Daylight factor calculation
2.3.2 Artificial lighting calculation
2.3.3 PSALI
2.4 Media room
2.4.1 Daylight factor calculation
2.4.2 Artificial lighting calculation
2.4.3 PSALI

3. Conclusion

4. References
1. Introduction

1.1 Objective

The objectives of this project are:

1. To design spaces that integrate both natural and artificial lighting

2. To understand the mechanisms of artificial lighting in a public building
3. To formulate daylighting strategies (PSALI)
4. To solve design problems in relation to sustainability issues

1.2 Introduction to Jalan Besar Community Library

The community library at Jalan Besar was designed to encourage social interaction between
the various communities through time. The site is diverse in businesses, however the
engagement between is more focused on the adult groups. The reasoning behind the library
design is to stimulate and prolong spaces of interplay between the community and reviving the
communing identity of place.

The library is designed to be open, even providing for visual connection between spaces. The
planning of spaces seeks to create a welcoming ambiance with transparency of activities, also
allowing constant ventilation and openings throughout the building.
1.3 Lighting Strategies in the Community Library Design

The library is designed to be a landmark of Jalan Besar. Thus, it is designed to break away from
the traditional pre-war shophouses of the surroundings. To achieve this, passers-by are greeted
with a timber louvered façade, allowing visual connectivity with the interior space and acting as
a shading device for the building. These timber louver claddings are lightweight. The following
are the lighting strategies employed in the community library:

1
3

1. The use of double skinned timber louver façade as an external shading device. The
external shading device is more effective at preventing excessive daylight into interior
spaces, reducing glare problems in the reading spaces. It also limits heat from entering
the space, maintain the optimum comfort level in the interior without maximizing the
use of air-conditioning systems. The effectiveness of the louvers can be strengthened
with the spacing between each louver.

2. To provide daylight into the building, a central atrium is connected to the glass roof
above. The void forming from the ground to the top acts as an attraction contributing to
the sense of arrival, and allowing all floors to receive adequate amount of daylight till
the ground floor – acting as a public realm. The space receives sun regularly on a daily
basis.

3. The South and West walls are recessed from the building setback line to create visual
interest at the pedestrian level. The recessed walls also aid in decreasing glare into the
interior space and provide more shaded area for comfortability in space.
1.4 Site Response Strategies in the Community Library Design

Jalan Besar is surrounded by buildings of 3 storeys height, except for the modern development
such as the OCBC Bank which is 5 storeys height. Even so, the building skyline is comparatively
low and the absence of high rise buildings results in high exposure towards sunlight at the site.
The building facade are mostly exposed to sunlight, thus shading strategies are being thought
of to minimize sola gain in the interior spaces.

Shadow stimulation on site at 9am, 21st June 2018

Back façade of the building is exposed to the

eastern sun, while the front façade is shaded. Bright
morning sun diffuses into the building through
window openings at the back.

Shadow stimulation on site at 12pm, 21st June 2018

The building is exposed to harsh afternoon sun

penetrating through the glass roofing covering the
atrium space.

Shadow stimulation on site at 3pm, 21st June 2018

Front façade is exposed to the western sun, while the

back is shaded. Sunlight diffuses into the spaces
though the gaps between the louver cladding.
 1.5 Daylighting Strategies in the Library Design

The diagrams below show how the library responds to external daylight:

1. The front and the rear façade are made up of timber louver panels which act as a shading
device during extremely hot days.

2. The central atrium acts as a lightwell to allow daylighting into the spaces till it reaches the
ground floor. The glass roofing on the atrium acts as a diffuser, allowing adequate daylight into
the spaces below while controlling heat gain in the building.
2. Lighting Analysis and Execution

2.1 List of Formulas

These formulas will be used throughout the report to analyse the daylighting and artificial
lighting conditions in the chosen spaces.

Daylight factor
W Tθ
Average DF= ×
A (1−R)

W: Area of windows

A: Total internal surface area

T: Glass transmittance corrected for dirt

θ : Visible sky angle from the centre of the window

R: Average reflectance of an area

Room Index (RI)

L×W
RI =
H m ( L+W )

RI: Room index

L: Length of space

W: Width of space
H m : Mounted height of fittings above the working plane

Lumen Method
E×A
N=
F ×UF × MF

N: Number of lamps required

E: Required luminance (lux)

A: Area at working plane height

F: Initial luminous flux for each lamp (lm)

UF: Utilization factor, allowance for light distribution of the luminaires and room surfaces

MF: Maintenance factor, allowance for reduced light output due to deterioration and dirt

2.2 Community Library Drawings

Third floor plan showing the media room

First floor plan showing the game space

The two spaces that are analysed are the media room and the game space, which are located
at the 3rd floor and 1st floor respectively. The two spaces are analysed for daylighting and are
also calculated for artificial lighting proposals.
2.4 Space B: Media Room

The media room is located at the 3rd floor of the library. It is an enclosed room with window
openings at the front of the building. The window openings are shaded with the louver façade
system at the front. One side of the space is open towards the void of the space below.

The media room is shaded most of the day due to the overhang on the 4 th floor, adding extra
shade apart from the louver façade system on the openings. The deeper space requires the
application of artificial lighting most of the time, which will be based on PSALI implementation.
The interior artificial lighting is planned in accordance to the MS1525.
2.4.1 Daylight Factor Calculation

A
B
lux
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

The lighting contour shows a range of illuminance throughout the space, from blue representing
darker areas to yellow representing the brightest portion of the space. The window openings
can be seen less effective in providing daylighting due to the overhang above and the recessed
space. The space has more dark areas while bright areas are only limited near the windows.

Area of Openings (W) 9 m²

Total Area of Internal Surfaces (A) 2(6x3.2) + (8x3.2) + (5.5x3.2) + (3.5x3.2) +

2(54) =200.8 m²
Glass Transmittance (Corrected for Dirt) (T) 0.6 (double glazed window in clean
environment)
Visible Sky Angle from Centre of Window ( 20 (obstruction above)
θ¿
Average Reflectance (R) 0.4

Average Daylight Factor Calculation Average DF

= (W/A) x (T θ/(1−R)
= 9/200.8 x (0.6x20) / (1-0.4)
= 0.9%

With a daylight factor of 0.9%, it falls under MS1525‘s regulations as being ‘dark’. Artificial
daylighting is required to brighten up the space.
2.4.2

Artificial lighting calculation

Lighting fixture properties

Artificial lighting is needed in the media room as the room is shaded from daylighting, affecting
the visibility of users in the space.

A vital consideration for the choice of lighting is the environmental impact and the overall
energy consumption. Therefore, an LED based luminaire has been chosen to be the most
suitable for the space.

Fixture name: SmartBright LED Downlight

Manufacturer: PHILIPS

Lighting distribution: Direct

Fixture material: Metal/ Plastic

Luminous flux (LED): 1500lm

LED life approx.: 25,000 hours

Light colour: Warm white (3000 Kelvin)

Power: 18W

Room Index Calculation

Area A

Room Dimension (L x W) 6x3

Total floor area (m²) 18 m²
Ceiling Height (m) 3.2
Luminous Flux (F/m) 1500lm

Height of luminaires (m) 2.7

Height of Working Plane (m) 0.8
Mounting Height ( H m ¿ 2.7 - 0.8 = 1.9m
MS1525 Recommended Room Illumination 300 lux
Level (lux)
Room Index (K) Calculation RI
= L x W / H m (L + W)
= 18/ (1.9) (9)
= 1.1
Room Index Reflectance (%) for ceilings, walls and working plane
(K) 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.00
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.00
0.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.00
0.60 0.37 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.27 0.30 0.27 0.26
0.80 0.44 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.37 0.37 0.34 0.36 0.33 0.32
1.00 0.51 0.47 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.42 0.42 0.39 0.41 0.39 0.37
1.25 0.56 0.52 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.47 0.47 0.44 0.46 0.43 0.42
1.50 0.60 0.55 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.50 0.47 0.49 0.47 0.46
2.00 0.67 0.59 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.54 0.52 0.51
2.50 0.71 0.62 0.69 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.54
3.00 0.73 0.64 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.60 0.58 0.57
4.00 0.77 0.66 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.59
5.00 0.79 0.68 0.76 0.71 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.61

Area B

Room Dimension (L x W) 5.5 X 8

Total floor area (m²) 44 m²
Ceiling Height (m) 3.2
Luminous Flux (F/m) 1500lm

Height of luminaires (m) 2.7

Height of Working Plane (m) 0.8
Mounting Height ( H m ¿ 2.7 - 0.8 = 1.9m
MS1525 Recommended Room Illumination 300 lux
Level (lux)
Room Index (K) Calculation RI
= L x W / H m (L + W)
= 44/ (1.9) (13.5)
= 1.7
Room Index Reflectance (%) for ceilings, walls and working plane
(K) 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.00
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.00
0.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.00
0.60 0.37 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.27 0.30 0.27 0.26
0.80 0.44 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.37 0.37 0.34 0.36 0.33 0.32
1.00 0.51 0.47 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.42 0.42 0.39 0.41 0.39 0.37
1.25 0.56 0.52 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.47 0.47 0.44 0.46 0.43 0.42
1.50 0.60 0.55 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.50 0.47 0.49 0.47 0.46
2.00 0.67 0.59 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.54 0.52 0.51
2.50 0.71 0.62 0.69 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.54
3.00 0.73 0.64 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.60 0.58 0.57
4.00 0.77 0.66 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.59
5.00 0.79 0.68 0.76 0.71 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.61

Lumen Method Calculation

Area A

Lux Required, MS1525 recommended 300

illumination (E)
Floor Area (A) 18
Luminous Flux (F) 1500lm
Utilization Factor (UF) 0.51
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.8
Lumen Method Calculation (N) N
= (E x A) / (F x UF x MF)
= (300 x 18) / (1500 x 0.51 x 0.8)
= 8.8 ~ 8 luminaires
Lighting Layout (S) S
= 1.0 x H m
= 1.0 x 1.9
= 1.9m

The luminaires must be spaced part by not more than 1.9m from each other.
Area B

Lux Required, MS1525 recommended 300

illumination (E)
Floor Area (A) 44
Luminous Flux (F) 1500lm
Utilization Factor (UF) 0.6
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.8
Lumen Method Calculation (N) N
= (E x A) / (F x UF x MF)
= (300 x 44) / (1500 x 0.6 x 0.8)
= 18.3 ~ 18 luminaires
Lighting Layout (S) S
= 1.0 x H m
= 1.0 x 1.9
= 1.9m

The luminaires must be spaced part by not more than 1.9m from each other.
Reflected Ceiling Plan with Lighting Layout

Artificial Lighting Contour

lux
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
2.4.3 PSALI

The lighting arrangement and wiring is designed based on PSALI concept which allows for the
balance use of daylighting and artificial lighting in a space. During the day, only the inner rows
of luminaries is switched on since the room is lit by natural daylight near the window area.
However, during the night, the single row of lights can be switched off and replaced by the other
three rows, thereby saving electricity costs.

PSALI: Only the lights in the deep space and one row of light near the window is switched on
during the day.

PSALI: Lights in the deep space and three rows of light near the window is switched on at night.
2.3 Space A: Game Space

The game space is located on the first floor of the library, and is an enclosed area with daylight
coming in from the window openings on the West of the building. The openings are partially
shaded by the louver façade system. The space is a semi-public portion of the library, meant to
attract people into the library with views to the activities in the space.

Even though the space receives natural lighting, artificial lighting is still required at deeper
areas where daylight is blocked by a higher floor.
2.3.1 Daylight factor calculation

lux
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

The light contour shows bright illuminance throughout half of the space, with another half being
in the dark. The lack of overhang above the space allows more daylight penetration into the
space, as evidenced by the regions highlighted in yellow in the above lighting analysis
simulation.

Area of Openings (W) 18m²

Total Area of Internal Surfaces (A) 2[(6 x 3.2) + (10.5 x 3.2) + (10.5 x 6)]
= 231.6m²
Glass Transmittance (Corrected for Dirt) (T) 0.6 (double glazed window in clean
environment)
Visible Sky Angle from Centre of Window ( 72
θ¿
Average Reflectance (R) 0.4

Average Daylight Factor Calculation Average DF

= (W/A) x (T θ/(1−R)
= 18/231.6 x (0.6 x 72) / (1-0.4)
= 5.6%

With a daylight factor of 5.6%, it falls under MS1525’s regulations as being “good”. Artificial
lighting is still required to brighten up the deeper part of the space.
 2.3.2 Artificial
lighting
calculation

Lighting Fixture
Properties

Artificial lighting
is required at the lobby as the space is also used at night.

A vital consideration for the choice of lighting is the environmental impact and the overall
energy consumption. Therefore, an LED based luminaire has been chosen to be the most
suitable for the space.

Fixture name: RANARP (with LEDARE LED bulb)

Manufacturer: IKEA

Lighting distribution: Direct

Fixture material: Powder coated steel

Luminous flux (LED): 1500lm

LED life approx.: 25,000 hours

Light colour: Warm white (2700 Kelvin)

Power: 13W

Room Index Calculation

Room Dimension (L x W) 10.5 x 6

Total floor area (m²) 63m²
Ceiling Height (m) 3.2
Luminous Flux (F/m) 1500lm

Height of luminaires (m) 2.7

Height of Working Plane (m) 0.8
Mounting Height ( H m ¿ 2.7 – 0.8 = 1.9
MS1525 Recommended Room Illumination 300
Level (lux)
Room Index (K) Calculation RI
= L x W / H m (L + W)
= 63 / 1.9 (16.5)
=2
Room Index Reflectance (%) for ceilings, walls and working plane
(K) 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.00
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.00
0.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.00
0.60 0.37 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.27 0.30 0.27 0.26
0.80 0.44 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.37 0.37 0.34 0.36 0.33 0.32
1.00 0.51 0.47 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.42 0.42 0.39 0.41 0.39 0.37
1.25 0.56 0.52 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.47 0.47 0.44 0.46 0.43 0.42
1.50 0.60 0.55 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.50 0.47 0.49 0.47 0.46
2.00 0.67 0.59 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.54 0.52 0.51
2.50 0.71 0.62 0.69 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.54
3.00 0.73 0.64 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.60 0.58 0.57
4.00 0.77 0.66 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.59
5.00 0.79 0.68 0.76 0.71 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.61

Lumen Method Calculation

Lux Required, MS1525 recommended 300

illumination (E)
Floor Area (A) 63m²
Luminous Flux (F) 1500lm
Utilization Factor (UF) 0.67
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.8
Lumen Method Calculation (N) N
= (E x A) / (F x UF x MF)
= 300 x 63 / (1500 x 0.67 x 0.8)
= 15.7 ~ 15 luminaires
Lighting Layout (S) S
= 1.0 x H m
= 1.0 x 1.9
= 1.9m

The luminaires must be spaced part by not more than 1.9m from each other.
Reflected Ceiling Plan with Lighting Layout

Artificial Lighting Contour

lux
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0
2.3.3 PSALI

Identical to the media room, the lighting arrangement and wiring at the game space is planned
based on PSALI concept, permitting the balance use of daylighting and artificial lighting in a
space. During a bright day, only one row of luminaires is switched on since the room is also lit
by natural daylight. During the night, the single row of lights can be switched off and replaced
by the other three rows, thus reducing electricity costs

PSALI: Only one row of light is switched on during the day.

PSALI: Four rows of light are switched on at night

3. Conclusion

Daylighting analysis is an essential part in the design of spaces in a building. It provides

comfort to the users while using the spaces, particularly in a public library where appropriate
lighting is important.

The PSALI strategy application in combining natural daylight and artificial lighting provides for
both design and economic benefits to the building. It permits the flexibility of regulating
artificial lighting according to the external daylight condition.

Through this project, the analysis conducted on the two spaces have been useful for us to
consider on lighting strategies during the design process of a building.
4. References

Room Illumination Level (2016). Retrieved 15 June 2018 from

http://www.pioneerlighting.com/new/pdfs/IESLuxLevel.pdf