Experiment No.

TITLE: Temperature Measuring Devices

OBJECTIVES:
1. To be familiar of using various Temperature Measuring Devices.
2. To be able to read

THEORY:

Temperature is measured by Celsius and Fahrenheit scales . It is also measured

by an instrument called Thermometer . It can measure the temperature of a solid such
as food, a liquid such as water, or a gas such as air. The Celsius scale is part of the
metric system. The metric system of measurement also includes units of mass, such as
kilograms, and units of length, such as kilometers. The Kelvin scale does not use
degrees. It uses the kelvin, abbreviated K, as a unit of measurement. Temperatures in
kelvins are never read as degrees kelvin or kelvin degrees.

Temperature and heat are related to each other, however they are not the same.
Temperature is a measure of the ability of the body to give up heat to other bodies or to
absorb heat from other bodies. Heat however is thermal energy that is being absorbed
by one body, which is given up by another body, due to temperature difference. Note
that it is possible for a body to have a high temperature and give off a small amount of
heat, or a low temperature and give large amount of heat. Therefore to determine the
heat given off by a system is to have knowledge in temperature changes that have
occurred, heat absorbed with such changes in temperature is known as possible or
sensible heat.

Basically however, heat may be transferred with the temperature remaining

constant, heat absorbed in this condition is called latent heat. Latent heat is the heat
which produces a change in phase on a substance as it is added, but without showing
any changes in temperature. The phase of the material refers to solid, liquid or gas. The
heat added has caused to molecules to break away from each other but at no increased
in speed, thus registering no change in temperature.

The device temperature scales are Celsius C, Fahrenheit F, Kelvin and the
degree Rankine R scales:
t C = 0.56 (tF - 32)
t F = 1.8 (tC + 32)
t R = t F + 460
The relationships are:
tK = t C + 273
where:
The equality of heat produces by a change of temperature of a body is:
Q = mc (T - T)
Where:
c = specific heat of medium, kJ/kg-k
 Q = produce heat, kJ
m = the mass of substance or body, kg
T1 = initial temperature, K
T2 = final temperature, K

Temperature can be measured in different ways, through changes of some

properties of a substance, medium or body used, these are:
1. Change in volume of fluid while its pressure remains constant, the change in
volume is correlated with changes of temperature.
2. Change in electrical resistivity.
Eq. 1.0, R = a + bt + ct²
where:
t = temperature in °C
R = resistivity in metals (Ω)
a, b, c = constants
3. Change in electrical potential when two different metals of different temperatures
are to be joined together, electromotive force is generated. This force can be
generated with the change in temperature.
4. Optical changes within the instrument, the source of light with brightness
adjusted with some brightness of hot body, where temperature is desire. The
adjustment made to the same brightness is correlated with the temperature of hot
body.

Calibration of the temperature measuring devices can be done by the following

methods:
1. Comparison of a standard temperature measuring devices.
2. Using fixed and acceptable temperature point such as the ice and the steam
point of water at standard atmospheric pressure.

III. APPARATUS

i. Mercury filled glass thermometers (low, medium, high range and

standard)
ii. Water bath and Electric Heater
iii. Barometer
 iv. Digital Thermometer

V. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

TEMPERATURE ROOM ICE POINT BOILING POINT

TEMPERATURE
STANDARD 24 °C 0 °C 97.5 °C
LOW RANGE 27 °C 2 °C 97 °C
MEDIUM RANGE 25 °C 2 °C 97 °C
HIGH RANGE 25 °C 2 °C 97 °C

TRIALS STANDARD LOW RANGE MEDIUM HIGH RANGE

RANGE
1 10 11 11 11
2 20 21 21 21
3 30 28 28 30
4 40 39 39 39
5 50 50 50 50
6 60 60 60 60
7 70 68 68 70
8 80 78 78 80
9 90 90 90 90
10 100 97 97 97

VI. CONCLUSION
VII. RECOMMENDATION
VII. REFERENCES