Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Long lecture
0 5 10 15 20
THIRD WEEK QUESTIONNAIRE SUMMARY
GREEN (GO)
Good venue
Average Rating
Good lecture pace/ teaching style
= 4.5/5
Don’t stop improving
Class exercise
Considerate - Thanks
You are an excellent lecturer! Lets score this
course!
Slide content
Active Learning
0 1 2 3 4 5
CONTENTS
• Gas wells’ monitoring is important for the oil and gas industry
because of the growth of the NG economic values
• AOF is the rate at which the well could produce if the BHFP were
maintained at atmospheric pressure, it is also described as maximum
allowable production rates for individual wells
• Static BHP or flowing BHP can also be estimated from wellhead data
(gas specific gravity, well head pressure, well head temperature, and
well depth)
BASIC MECHANICAL ENERGY EQUATION
• Mechanical energy balance in the case of steady-state flow (Lee
and Wattenbarger 1996, Eq 2.26, Eq. 4.21):
144 𝑣 𝑔
𝑑𝑝 + 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑍 + 𝑑𝐹 = −𝑑𝑤𝑠 Eq. (3)
𝜌 𝑔𝑐 𝑔𝑐
• Second term in Eq. (3) & Eq. (4) express kinetic energy, where
changes in kinetic energy for gas flow are typically small
(neglected)
• For a static gas column, the basic mechanical energy balance is:
𝜌
𝑑𝑝 = − 𝑑𝑍 Eq. (7)
144
STATIC BHP FOR SLANTED WELLS
• For slanted wells, the total length L and the depth Z are related:
𝑍
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = Eq. (8)
𝐿
• In differential form:
Eq. (10)
STATIC BHP FOR SLANTED WELLS
Eq. (11)
Basic Energy Equation
• Equation (11) forms the basis for all the methods developed to
estimate BHSP from surface measurements
AVERAGE T & Z – FACTOR METHOD
• Both gas density and gas deviation factor are functions of pressure and
temperature (Lee and Wattenbarger 1996, Eq. 4.9)
• Pressure and temperature dependent and change with well depth.
Because of this dependency, it is difficult to solve the differential equation
(Eq. (11))
• In order to simplify the solution the average temperature and z factor
method is used, it assumes the T and z-factor to be constant:
Eq. (12)
Eq. (12)
Eq. (15)
Eq. (16)
Eq. (17)
POETTMANN’S METHOD
• Equation (17) is re-written in terms of pseudo-reduced pressure for
wider applicability (Lee and Wattenbarger 1996, Eq. 4.14)
• :
Eq. (18)
Eq. (19)
• Re-arranged:
Eq. (20)
POETTMANN’S METHOD
Solution procedure:
3. Using the and , read from the table the value of the
integral
POETTMANN’S METHOD
Solution procedure:
and appendix B
5. With the value of the integral in step 4 above, and the value of
average Tpr, read the value corresponding to Ppr
Using the well data given in Example 1. calculate the BHSP using the
Poettmann Method:
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
BREAK FOR 3 MINUTES
© 2017 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the
copyright owner.
EXAMPLE 3
3. Enter Ppr,ts and 𝑇𝑝𝑟 into table in Appendix B and read = 2.642
EXAMPLE 3
EXAMPLE 3
= 2.712 1.6
Eq. (12)
Eq. (22)
CULLENDER AND SMITH METHOD
• Equation (22) right hand side reduces to:
Eq. (23)
• Left hand side (LHS) of Eq. (23) contains both p and T dependent
variable, it is difficult to evaluate the exact solution
Eq. (24)
23
CULLENDER AND SMITH METHOD
Solution procedure:
Using the well data given in Example 1. calculate the BHSP using
the Cullender and Smith Method:
EXAMPLE 4
pseudoreduced
25
EXAMPLE 4
EXAMPLE 4
EXAMPLE 4
ACTIVE LEARNING 3 – CLOSURE REVIEW PAIRS
Eq. (5)
Eq. (26)
BHFP
Eq. (27)
Eq. (28)
BHFP
Eq. (29)
• gas properties
• gas flow rate
• internal pipe roughness
• type of flow regime (laminar, transitional, turbulent)
• Except for laminar flow, the frictional losses are estimated using
published correlations or develop in the lab
FLOW REGIME DETERMINATION
Eq. (30)
LAMINAR FLOW
• Fluid moves in imaginary layers, each layer gliding smoothly over
an adjacent layer:
• only molecular interchange of momentum
• viscous shear force dominate & dampen turbulence
• friction losses are caused primarily by the shear forces
Eq. (31)
TRANSITIONAL (UNSTABLE FLOW)
Eq. (32)
TURBULENT FLOW
Eq. (33)
JAIN AND SWAMEE’S CORRELATION
Eq. (34)
FANNING FRICTION FACTOR
Eq. (36)
AVERAGE T AND z-FACTOR METHOD
Eq. (37)
Eq. (38)
SOLUTION TECHNIQUE
• For the data given below, calculate the BHFP using the
average temperature and z factor method. Assume that
a one step calculation scheme is sufficiently accurate:
EXAMPLE 5
EXAMPLE 5
EXAMPLE 5
EXAMPLE 5
THANK YOU
© 2013 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
Q&A
Session
Sukkar & Conrnell Method for BHFP
• Similar to the Poettmann’s method for BHSP.Assumes that
Temp. can be represented by avg. value
Eq. (39)
Eq. (40)
Sukkar & Conrnell Method: Derivation
Eq. (41)
Sukkar & Conrnell Method: Tables
• The LHS integrals have been evaluated numerically and
are tabulated in various references similar to the
Poetmann’s method for BHSP.
Cullender & Smith Method for BHFP
• Unlike the two previous methods, this method makes no
simplifying assumptions for the variation of temperature and z-
factor in the wellbore
Eq. (42)
Cullender & Smith Method for BHFP
Dividing the numerator and denominator of the left side of Eqn 32
by (Tz/p)2 and rearranging yields:
RHS
Cullender & Smith Calculations
Cullender & Smith Calculations
Cullender & Smith Calculations
Example 6
With the same data given in Example 4, calculate the
BHFP using the Cullender and Smith method assuming
a two-step calculation scheme is sufficiently accurate.
Example 6
Example 6
Example 6
Example 6
Example 6
THANK YOU
© 2013 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHD
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
Q&A
Session
Further Examples
1. Calculate the static bottom-hole pressure of a gas well having a
depth of 8570 ft. The gas gravity is 0.63 and the pressure at the
wellhead is 2800 psia. The average temperature of the flow string
is 124oF.Use average Temperature and Deviation Factor method.
Ppc=672,Tpc=358.